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There Are Three Different Methods For Design of Steel Structure

There are four main methods for designing steel structures: simple, semi-rigid, fully rigid, and plastic design. Simple design assumes joints act as pins and no moment is transferred between members. Semi-rigid design allows for some moment transfer at joints. Fully rigid design assumes joints are fully fixed and transfer moment. Plastic design focuses on determining the structure's ultimate load capacity and joint strength. The appropriate design method depends on the structure's joint properties and load transfer requirements.

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781 views6 pages

There Are Three Different Methods For Design of Steel Structure

There are four main methods for designing steel structures: simple, semi-rigid, fully rigid, and plastic design. Simple design assumes joints act as pins and no moment is transferred between members. Semi-rigid design allows for some moment transfer at joints. Fully rigid design assumes joints are fully fixed and transfer moment. Plastic design focuses on determining the structure's ultimate load capacity and joint strength. The appropriate design method depends on the structure's joint properties and load transfer requirements.

Uploaded by

umashankaryaligar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design
and semi-continuous steel design. Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned
or rigid to render design calculations manageable. In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect
pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected
members occurs whatever the applied moment. The vast majority of designs carried out today make
one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as
semi-continuous design.

Methods of Steel Structure Design


Following are the methods of structural steel design:
1. Simple Design of Steel Structure
Simple design is the most traditional approach and is still commonly used. It is assumed that no
moment is transferred from one connected member to another, except for the nominal moments
which arise as a result of eccentricity at joints. The resistance of the structure to lateral loads and
sway is usually ensured by the provision of bracing or, in some multi-storey buildings, by concrete
cores. It is important that the designer recognises the assumptions regarding joint response and
ensures that the detailing of the connections is such that no moments develop that can adversely
affect the performance of the structure. Many years of experience have demonstrated the types of
details that satisfy this criterion and the designer should refer to the standard connections on joints in
simple construction.

2.  Continuous Design of Steel Structure


In continuous design, it is assumed that joints are rigid and transfer moment between members. The
stability of the frame against sway is by frame action (i.e. by bending of beams and columns).
Continuous design is more complex than simple design therefore software is commonly used to
analyse the frame. Realistic combinations of pattern loading must be considered when designing
continuous frames. The connections between members must have different characteristics depending
on whether the design method for the frame is elastic or plastic. In elastic design, the joints must
possess sufficient rotational stiffness to ensure that the distribution of forces and moments around the
frame are not significantly different to those calculated. The joint must be able to carry the moments,
forces and shears arising from the frame analysis. In plastic design, in determining the ultimate load
capacity, the strength (not stiffness) of the joint is of prime importance. The strength of the joint will
determine whether plastic hinges occur in the joints or in the members, and will have a significant
effect on the collapse mechanism. If hinges are designed to occur in the joints, the joint must be
detailed with sufficient ductility to accommodate the resulting rotations. The stiffness  of the joints
will be important when calculating beam deflections, sway deflections and sway stability.

3.  Semi-Continuous Design of Steel Structure


True semi-continuous design is more complex than either simple or continuous design as the real
joint response is more realistically represented. Analytical routines to follow the true connection
behaviour closely are highly involved and unsuitable for routine design, as they require the use of
sophisticated computer programs. However, two simplified procedures do exist for both braced and
unbraced frames; these are briefly referred to below. Braced frames are those where the resistance to
lateral loads is provided by a bracing system or a core; in unbraced frames this resistance is generated
by bending moments in the columns and beams.

The simplified procedures are: (i)  The wind moment method, for unbraced frames. In this
procedure, the beam/column joints are assumed to be pinned when considering gravity loads.
However, under wind loading they are assumed to be rigid, which means that lateral loads are carried
by frame action. A fuller description of the method can be found in reference. (ii)  Semi-continuous
design of braced frames. In this procedure, account of the real joint behaviour is taken to reduce the
bending moments applied to the beams and to reduce the deflections.

2.

Structural steel designing is the science of creating the basic framework of


any structure, such as buildings, bridges, skyscrapers etc. This framework
has to be strong enough to withstand all kinds of external forces like
earthquakes and storms. The structural design is the skeleton of a structure,
it should be strong enough to sustain the roof load, imposition of other
building materials, and floor loads.

Structural steel fabricators use certain methods for designing structures.


Below is a list of some commonly used methods:

Simple Design
This is the most commonly used type of design. In this design, it is assumed
that no moment is transferred from one connected member to the other
members or the structure as a whole. This method assumes the design
structure to be pin jointed. Simple design method involves following a few
assumptions:
 All connections of beams, girders, and trusses are virtually flexible and
proportioned for reaction shears applied at the appropriate eccentricity.
 The plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

Continuous Design
In this design, it is assumed that members are rigid and the moment is
transferred between members. Continuous design is way more complex than
simple design, so various software are used to analyze the frame. In this
design, frames are capable of resisting lateral loads without relying on the
additional bracing system for stability.

The two main advantages of this method are:


 Connections perform better in load reversal situations or earthquakes.
 Beams can be less deep in comparison to beams in the simple design method.

Semi-Continuous Design
This design method is more complex than simple and continuous design
methods. Analytical routines to study the behavior of close connections
requires sophisticated computer software. It is to solve this problem that there
are two simplified procedures for braced frames and unbraced frames.

-The wind moment method for unbraced frames.

-The semi-continuous design method for braced frames.

Plastic Design
This method of design is relatively newer compared to the other designs. This
design is difficult to implement. One major drawback of the plastic design is
that structural usefulness of the material is limited up to the ultimate load.
Therefore it is important to determine the ultimate load capacity and strength
of the joint. The stiffness of the joints is important when it comes to
calculating beam deflection, sway deflections and sway stability. The plastic
design method is more economical compared to simple and continuous
designs.
Structural steel fabricators have to be adept with these methods to work on
huge construction projects. It is for this purpose that structural fabricating
companies hire certified metal fabricators. Northern Weldarc has a team
of specialized structural steel fabricators who can take care of all your fabrication
needs.
3.

All parts of a structural steel framework of a structure shall be capable of


sustaining the most adverse combination of dead loads, the prescribed super
imposed roof and floor loads, wind loads, seismic forces where applicable, and
any other forces or loads to which the building maybe reasonably subjected
without exceeding the permissible stresses.

The following methods may be employed for existing steel framework:


1. Simple design
2. Semi-rigid design
3. Fully rigid design
4. Plastic design
The above mentioned methods are used as per their requirement.

For example, Simple design Method is used where the end connections of the
members in the structure do not develop restraint moments that would affect the
structure.

Lets discuss the Simple Design Method in detail.

Simple design
This method is based on elastic theory and applies to structures in which the end
connections between members are such that they will not develop restraint
moments adversely affecting the members and the structure as a whole and in
consequence the structure may, for the purpose of design, be assumed to be pin
jointed.

The method involved following assumptions:


1. Simply supported beams are used.
2. All connections of beams, girders, or trusses are virtually flexible and are
proportioned for the reaction shears applied at the appropriate
eccentricity.
3. The members in compression are subjected to forces applied at the
appropriate eccentricities.
4. The members in tension are subjected to longitudinal forces applied over
the net area of the section.
5. The plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending. The
stress-strain relationship for steel is linear.
These assumptions are to be essentially followed for the successful
implementation of the Simple Design Method.

Let us now discuss “Semi-rigid Design Method”.

Semi-rigid design Method


 Semi-rigid Design Method permits a reduction in maximum bending
moment in beams suitably connected to their supports as compared to the
Simple Design Method. In case of triangulated frames, it permits rotation
account being taken of the rigidity of the connections and the moment of
interaction of members.
 In cases, where this method of design is employed, it is ensured that the
assumed partial fixity is available and calculations based on general or
particular experimental evidence shall be made to show that the stresses
in any part of the structure are not in excess of those laid down in IS: 800-
1984.
Fully rigid design Method
 The assumptions in this method of design are different from that of the
Simple Design Method and Semi-rigid Design Method.
 As the name suggests, this method involves assumption of the end
connections being fully rigid and capable of transmitting moments and
shears.
 If the method is used in convenient cases, it also gives economy in the
weight of steel and saves construction costs.
 The end connections of the members of the frame shall have sufficient
rigidity to hold virtually unchanged original angles between such members
and the members they connect. The design should be based on accurate
methods of elastic analysis and calculated stresses shall not exceed
permissible stresses.
Plastic Design Method
 Plastic Design Method is a recently developed method of design as in it
evolved in 1935 but even today there are many difficulties and problems in
using this method and engineers are trying to solve it.
 One of the drawback that the structural usefulness of the material is
limited upto the ultimate load. This  method has its main application in the
analysis and design of statically indeterminate frame structures.
 This is the most economical method of design as compared to Simple
Design Method, Semi-rigid Method and Fully rigid Design Method.
 Structure provides striking economy as regards to the weight of the steel.

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