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The Definite Integral

The definite integral depends on the function, limits of integration, and can be evaluated using the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. Properties of the definite integral include: reversing limits changes the sign, integrals over a single point are zero, integrals can be broken into pieces and rearranged, and multiplying the integrand by a constant multiplies the integral by that constant. Wallis' formula gives a closed form for integrals of sinusoidal functions.

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135 views13 pages

The Definite Integral

The definite integral depends on the function, limits of integration, and can be evaluated using the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. Properties of the definite integral include: reversing limits changes the sign, integrals over a single point are zero, integrals can be broken into pieces and rearranged, and multiplying the integrand by a constant multiplies the integral by that constant. Wallis' formula gives a closed form for integrals of sinusoidal functions.

Uploaded by

jessica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Definite

Integral
Integral Calculus
Prepared by: Engr. Jessica B. Castillo
The Definite Integral

The definite integral


𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
depends on the function 𝑓 and the limits of integration 𝑎 and 𝑏 but not on the
variable 𝑥. That is, the letter 𝑥 could be 𝑦, 𝑧, or 𝑡. Thus
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Note that the definite integral has been defined only in the case when the function
𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 . Thus if a function is continuous on
𝑎, 𝑏 , then the function 𝑓 is said to integrable over 𝑎, 𝑏 . If the function is not
𝑏
continuous (or is undefined) at some point on 𝑎, 𝑏 , then we call ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬an
improper integral.
Some Properties of the Definite Integral

𝑏 𝑎

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
If 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏, then
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏

න 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑘 = constant
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

න[𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem states that given an integral function 𝑓(𝑥), we can
compute the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) by finding first its indefinite integral F 𝑥 and
secondly by evaluating F(𝑥) at 𝑏, then at 𝑎 and finally subtracting.
𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑏 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎
𝑎
Example 1. Evaluate
2

න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
Example 2. Evaluate
6

න 4 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
Example 3. Evaluate
2

න(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−2
Example 4. Evaluate
1

න(𝑥 2 + 4)𝑑𝑥
−1
If 𝑓(𝑥) is defined in −𝑎, 𝑎 and if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑥) is called an odd
function. It can be shown that for an odd function 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎

න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎

If 𝑓(𝑥) is defined in −𝑎, 𝑎 and if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑥) is called an even


function. It can be shown that for an even function 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎

න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0
Wallis’ Formula
𝜋
2
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 or 1 ∙ 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … 2 or 1
න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2 … 2 or 1
0

where:
𝑚 and 𝑛 are nonnegative integers
𝜋
𝛼 = if both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even
2
𝛼 = 1 if either one or both are odd

It can be shown that if 𝑛 = 0, then the equation reduces to


𝜋
2
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 or 1
න sin𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑚 𝑚 − 2 … 2 or 1
0
𝜋
where: 𝛼 = if 𝑚 is even, 𝛼 = 1 if 𝑚 is odd
2
if 𝑚 = 0, the equation simplifies to
𝜋
2
𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … 2 or 1
න cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
𝑛 𝑛 − 2 … 2 or 1
0
𝜋
where: 𝛼= if 𝑛 is even, 𝛼 = 1 if 𝑛 is odd
2
Example 5. Evaluate
𝜋
2
න sin4 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Example 6. Evaluate
𝜋
2
න sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Example 7. Evaluate
𝜋
6
න cos8 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

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