Solution of

Algebraic &
Transcendental
Equation
Algebraic Equation

Transcendental Equation

What is Solution of Equation?

Methods of the Solution of Algebraic or
Transcendental Equation
Bisection Methods
f ( x) = 0
x=a f (a ) f (a )  f (b )  0
x=b f (b )
a+b f ( x0 ) = ??
x0 =
2
x0 + b a + x0
x1 = or f ( x1 ) = ??
2 2
x1 + b a + x1 f ( x2 ) = ??
x2 = or
2 2
xk − xk −1  0
Algorithm:
Fixed Point Iteration Methods
f ( x) = 0
x=a f (a ) f (a )  f (b )  0
x=b f (b )

x0  (a , b )

xn − xn −1  0
Problem 1 : Find the real root of the equation Sin x − 5 x + 2 = 0 that lies on [0, 1] using fixed
point iteration method.

Solution: Given That , Sin x − 5 x + 2 = 0

You have to do
Let , f ( x) = Sin x − 5 x + 2 = 0 mode on radian to
 f ( x) = Sin x − 5 x + 2 your calculator.

For x = 0, f (0) = sin 0 − 5  0 + 2 = 2  0

For x =1, f (1) = sin1 − 5 1 + 2 = − 2.1585290152  0

Since f (0) and f (1) are the opposite sign , So the root lies on [0, 1]
 Now we rewrite the equation f(x) = 0
Now check 𝒈′(𝒙) < 𝟏 for 𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, 𝟏)
Step 2:
Sin x − 5 x + 2 = 0
 Sin x − 5 x + 2 = 0  g (0) =
1 1
cos 0 = 0.2 & g (1) = cos1 = 0.1081
 − 5 x = − 2 − Sin x 5 5

 5 x = 2 + Sin x
2 + Sin x S𝐨, 𝒈′(𝒙) < 𝟏 for 𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, 𝟏)
 x= = g ( x)
5
2 + Sin x
 g ( x) =
5
1
 g ( x) = cos x
5
 You have to do mode
on radian to your
calculator

We take Initial Value, x = x0 = 0.5 , then successive approximation using fixed point iteration
method are tabulated below.
Values of n
Valuesof xn 2 + Sin xn
xn = g ( xn ) =
5
01 0.5 0.495885107
02 0.495885107 0.4951620663
03 0.4951620663 0.4950348517
04 0.4950348517 0.495012463
05 0.495012463 0.4950085238
06 0.4950085238 0.4950078304

Sin ce x6 − x5  0.000001 = 0
Hence the root of the given equation is equal to 0.4950078304
.
Problem 2:
Find the real root of the equation x- lnx - 2 = 0 that lies on [3, 4] using fixed point iteration method.

Solution: Let , f ( x) = x − ln x − 2 = 0

For x = 3, f (3) = 3 − ln 3 − 2 For x = 4, f (4) = 4 − ln 4 − 2

= −0.0986  0 = 0.61370  0

Hence there exist a root in (3, 4).

Now,
x − ln x − 2 = 0
1
 x = ln x + 2  g ( x) = +0
x
 g ( x ) = x = ln x + 2 ( say ) 1

 g ( x) =
x
 For (3, 4)
1
 g (3) = 1
3

Now let the initial value , x = x0 = 3

Then successive approximation using fixed point iteration method are tabulated below.

Values of n
Valuesof xn
xn = g ( xn ) = ln xn + 2

01 03 3.098612289
02 3.098612 3.130954362
03 3.130954 3.141337866
04 3.141337 3.144648781
05 3.144648 3.145702209
06 3.145702 3.146037143
07 3.146037 3.146143611
3.146143611
08 3.146143 3.146177452
3.146177452

Sin ce x8 − x7  0.0000 = 0 Hence the root of the given equation is equal to 3.1461
Fixed Point Iteration Methods
f ( x) = 0
x=a f (a ) f (a )  f (b )  0
x=b f (b )
x0  (a , b )
f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 −
f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f ( x1 )
f ( xk −1 )
xk = xk −1 − , k = 3, 4,5,......etc.
f ( xk −1 )
xk − xk −1  0
Problem 1: Find the root of the equation x sin ( x) + cos ( x) = 0 ,using Newton-
Rapshom method.

Solution : Given that , x sin ( x) + cos ( x) = 0

Hints: Calculator must be in radian Mode.

Let , f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x)

f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x)
f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x)
for , x = 2, then f (2) = 2sin (2) + cos (2)
for , x = 3, then f (3) = 3sin (3) + cos (3)
=1.40  0
= − 0.56  0

So, at least one point lie between 2 to 3

we know that from Newton-Rapshon method ,
f ( xn )
xn +1 = xn − ............(1)
f  ( xn )
Sin ce , f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x)
d d
 f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x) f ( x) = x sin ( x) + cos ( x)
dx dx
f ( x) =  x cos ( x) + sin ( x).1 − sin ( x)
 f ( xn ) = xn sin ( xn ) + cos ( xn )

 d d 
f ( x) =  x sin ( x) + sin ( x) x  − sin ( x)
f ( x) = x cos ( x)
 dx dx   f ( xn ) = xn cos ( xn )
 f ( x) = x cos ( x) + sin ( x) − sin ( x)
= x cos ( x)
So from (1), we get
xn sin ( xn ) + cos ( xn )
xn +1 = xn −
xn cos ( xn )
 Now Putting n = 0 and Let , the initial value, x0 = 2.79 in the above equation of (1)
Iteration 1:
x0 sin ( x0 ) + cos ( x0 )
x0+1 = x0 −
x0 cos ( x0 )

2.79sin (2.79) + cos (2.79)

x1 = 2.79 −
2.79 cos (2.79)
= 2.7984
From the above, we get ,
Iteration 2:
x1+1 = x1 −
x1 sin ( x1 ) + cos ( x1 )  x1 = 2.7984 and  x2 = 2.79834
x1 cos ( x1 )
 x2  x1
x1 sin ( x1 ) + cos ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
x1 cos ( x1 ) The approximate root is correct to three
2.7984sin (2.7984) + cos (2.7984) decimal places.
= 2.7984 −
2.7984 cos (2.7984) Hence the require root is 2.7984.
= 2.79834
Problem 02: Find the real root of the equation x 2 − 4sin ( x) = 0 correct to four decimal
places using Newton-Rapshon method. Solution
You have to do mode
Solution : on radian to your
calculator
Given that , x 2 − 4sin ( x) = 0

f ( x) = x 2 − 4sin ( x) f ( x) = x 2 − 4sin ( x)
for x = a = −1, then f (a ) = a 2 − 4sin (a) for x = b = −2, then f (b) = b 2 − 4sin (b)

 f (−1) = (−1) − 4sin (−1) = − 2.36  0

2
 f (−2) = (− 2) 2 − 4sin (−2) = 0.36  0

Since f (-1) and f (-2) are of opposite sign , so at least one real root lies between -1 and -2.

we know that from Newton-Rapshon method ,

f ( xn )
xn +1 = xn −
f  ( xn )
 let , f ( x) = x 2 − 4sin ( x) f ( x) = x 2 − 4sin ( x)
d 2 d  f ( xn ) = x 2 n − 4sin ( xn )
 f ( x) = x − 4sin ( x)
dx dx
 f ( x) = 2 x − 4 cos ( x) f  ( x) = 2 x − 4 cos ( x)
 f  ( xn ) = 2 xn − 4 cos ( xn )
So we get,
x 2 n − 4sin ( xn )
xn +1 = xn −
2 xn − 4 cos ( xn )
Now Putting n = 0 and Let , the initial value , x0 = − 1.9

For , n = 0, let x0 = − 1.9 For , n =1, and x1 = − 1.93

x 2 0 − 4sin ( x0 ) x 21 − 4sin ( x1 )
x0+1 = x0 − x1+1 = x1 −
2 x0 − 4 cos ( x0 ) 2 x1 − 4 cos ( x1 )
(−1.9 ) − 4sin ( −1.9 )
2 (−1.93) 2 − 4sin (−1.93)
 x1 = − 1.9 − = − 1.93  x2 = − 1.93 − = − 1.9338
2(−1.9 ) − 4 cos (−1.9 ) 2(−1.93 ) − 4 cos (−1.93)
The approximate root is correct to two decimal places. Hence the require root is -1.93