IMPACT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL,& TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES ON EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION:-
Education has undergone a change in this country in the last twenty years. The changes include technology,
cost, and the choices in education available.   These changes have helped our economy prosper by preparing our
citizens to go out into the society and prosper.
1. IMPACT OF SOCIAL CHANGE ON EDUCATION :-
Meaning :-
It means replacing the old with the new in the society. It can be a modification of the old also if not total
replacement. There are also changes in the field of economics.
Definition :-
 “ social change is a term used to describe variation in or modifications of any aspect of social process, social
pattern, social inter-action or social organization”. ( JONES )
 “ social changes in social behavior and in social structure”. ( B. KUPPUSWAMI )
Concept Of Social Change :-
 Social changes may be used in a collective sense to include both cultural and social ways.
 Social changes are a continous process which may be very slow or rapid.
 Social changes imply changes in the social structure & function of various units which form society.
Factors of social changes :-
Social change is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon social changes due to various factors, some of the
these factors are.
o Endogenous :- internal factors of social changes occur due to interaction and conflict caused by differential
values of the old and the young, the literates and the ill literates, the urban and the rural.
o Exogenous :- external factor of change emphasize on the impact of such forces in a society which are beyond
human control like natural disasters and unexpected development in technology. Some factors of social changes
are technological changes, cultural changes, educational changes etc.
Nature of social change :-
i. Social change is universal : according to sociologist, social change means variation or modification in any
aspect of social process or pattern. Change is the characteristic of every culture and all the society. The rate of
change in such societies may be slow, because the acts are not well- developed.
ii. Social change is not uniform : although social change occurs in all societies but its rate varies from place and
time to time. Social change is relative inters of time, space, and context. Social change, in fact, depends upon
the nature of society itself and upon the readiness of the people to adapt to new innovations and emerging social
institutions and structure social change is deliberate.
iii. Social change cover the whole community.
iv. Duration of change varies : it implies change can be rapid or gradual, continuous or abrupt, long or short. Thus
by definition it occurs over a period of time. Some changes occur within a short time, while other takes
centuries to be notified. Green revolution popularized multiple cropping and high – yielding varieties of seeds
within a decade. Whereas, spread of female education and change in the information technology has brought
rapid changes.
v. Nature and speed of social changes is affected by and related to time factor : for example, in india the speed of
social change after 1947 is faster than before 1947.
vi. Social change is an essential law and it becomes as a necessity : the change is unavoidable. It is one of the
natures of law. Change can occur in two ways, one is unplanned and another is planned.
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 vii. Definite prediction of social change is not possible.
viii. Social change is a network : it occurs as a chine reaction. All aspects of social life are interrelated, so the
changes occurring in one aspect can lead to change in another aspect of social life.
ix. Social change occurs in the form of modifications or of replacement.
Education and social change :-
 The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social development is widely
recognized today. Social change may take place – when humans need change When the existing social system
or network of social institutions fails to meet the existing human needs and when new materials suggest better
ways of meeting human needs.
 According to MacIver social change takes place as a response to many types of changes that take place
in the social and nonsocial environment. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about a change in
outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the pattern of social relationships and thereby it may
cause social changes.
 Earlier educational institutions and teachers used to show a specific way of life to the students and
education was more a means of social control than an instrument of social change. Modern educational
institutions do not place much emphasis upon transmitting a way of life to the students. The traditional
education was meant for an unchanging static society not marked by any change. But today education aims at
imparting knowledge. Education was associated with religion.
 It has become secular today. It is an independent institution now. Education has been chiefly
instrumental in preparing the way for the development of science and technology. Education has brought about
phenomenal changes in every aspect of men’s life. Francis J.Brown remarks that education is a process which
brings about changes in the behavior of society. It is a process which enables every individual to effectively
participate in the activities of society and to make positive contribution to the progress of society.
Influence of social change on education:-
 The teachers prepare the students to face the challenges of career and life by inculcating in them values
of the culture and developing in them a positive attitude; values and the right attitude helped their own progress
and the progress of their society.
 Education was the key to the alleviation of all social ills. Society engages itself in many activities.
Education is one of the manifold activities of society.
 The present way of thinking, behavior and life is changing so adversely that there is now an urgency to
make value education an integral part of higher education.
Teachers role in social changes :-
Teacher is an agent of positive social changes.
 A believe in social change.
 He should expose himself to mass media and be encouraged to use mass media to increase their own
knowledge.
 The rigidities of the education system should be replaced in an enlighten manner.
 He has to give positive and constructive suggestions for social change.
 He should encourage adult education, women education, education of backward classes. He should participate
in the activities.
 Remove obstacles in the way of social change.
 The teacher must present things before public.
 A teacher has to welcome social change and should be orthodox, narrow minded.
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2. ECONOMICAL CHANGES:-
Introduction :- knowledge is the driving force in the rapidly changing globalised economy and society.
Quantity and quality of highly specialized human resources determine their competence in the global market.
Emergence of knowledge as driving factor results in both challenges and opportunities. The funds for higher
education in india come mainly from three different sources, viz, government, fee income from students and
other sources of income from philanthropy( donation money to help people in need).
Definition:-
Economic change is defined as a transformation that occurs within an economy that increases, sustains, or
depletes its vitality. Efforts to measure transformations in economic change range over periods of
stability,growth, and contraction. Economic changes are typically observed as cycles.
Impact of economical changes on nursing education:-
The adverse impact of economic reforms reflects upon various revenue diversification measures such as student
fees, student loan programmes operated by commercial banks and privatization. Various revenue- raising
measures take place in the form of:
a. Raising tuition fee as a significant source of revenue for the support of instructional cost.
b. Other fees: with regard to fees for admission and examination fee, it is recommended to recover the
recurring cost of operations. While in library, helmet facility,\= clinical, laboratory,sports and similar other
facilities are concerned, it is suggested that these fees must be revised to recover a significant part of the
recurring cost.
c. Full cost recovery of other fees such as institutionally provided hostel and mess fees.
d. Other services: it is recommended to revise appropriately to recover costs. It may include cost of
transport,phone,postage and stationary, typing, computing, photocopying etc.
e. Student loans are currently in operation in more than 80 countries around the globe. Of late, educational
loan is very popular among students because of its simple and appealing logic, despite its inherent
weaknesses.the loan covers both instructional cost and living expenses. A maximum of rs. 7.5 lakhs for studies
in india and rs. 15 lakhs for studies in overseas institutions/ universities is envisaged under the scheme.
f. Privatization in higher education: there is a problem in providing adequate funds by the central and state
government for the higher and professional education and in opening new professional colleges to meet the
growing demands of the increasing number of aspirant boys and girls. The only alternative available before the
government was to allow the entry of private trusts, corporate houses and individuals to set-up ‘ self-financing
institutions’ to provide education as also qualified manpower. The decision by the government of india to allow
entry of private enterprises to set-up self – financing institutions helped the central and state government to
share the burden of ever- growing demand for admission into colleges and professional courses.
The higher education in india continues to be in a financial crisis, with escalating
cost and increasing needs of the system, on the one hand, and declining resources, on the other, despite large
investments made on higher education. privatization of higher education on the basis of funding that “ private
universities may generate large amount of resources from private sources”.
Relation of economical changes and education:-
The relationship between educational systems and the economy is very strong.
 In the economy the educational and cultural qualities obtained by education will transform economical
values.
 The education enrichedbin school is only a continuation of familial education and has the tendency to
preserve the local values and the local culture.

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  Relationships between familial structure, familial education, local cultures, and economic systems are
studied by many economic philosophies.
 Education is strictly related to familial economy.
 In a familial economy,the tendency is to develop children’s qualities as much as possible, in order to
give them the possibility for developing an individual economical niche.
 Educational system develops and exploits individual skills and is very creative and artistic.
 People feel better in communities, have a cooperative style of life and are economically prosperous with
hard work.
3. Political changes:-
Definition :-
Political changes actually means that whatever the present running government is, is lacking in its ability to
govern so therefore policy changes must be inacted by a new administration.
Impact of political changes on education:-
During the Financial Year 2011-12, the Central Government of India has allocated Rs 38,957 crores for the
Department of School Education and Literacy which is the main department dealing with primary education in
India. Within this allocation, major share of Rs 21,000 crores, is for the flagship program 'Sarva Siksha
Abhiyan'. However, budgetary allocation of Rs 21,000 crores is considered very low in view of the officially
appointed Anil Bordia Committee recommendation of Rs 35,659 for the year 2011-12. This higher allocation
was required to implement the recent legislation 'Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act,
2009. In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in
education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of
the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are;
(a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP.
(b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would
be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of
education due to economic backwardness and poverty.
(d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To
universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.
 However, even after five years of implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been seen on this front.
 Although the country targeted towards devoting 6% share of the GDP towards the educational sector, the
performance has definitely fallen short of expectations.
 Expenditure on education has steadily risen from 0.64% of GDP in 1951-52 to 2.31% in 1970-71 and thereafter
reached the peak of 4.26% in 2000-01. However, it declined to 3.49% in 2004-05. There is a definite need to
step up again.
 As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11.1 per cent in 2000–2001 to
around 9.98 per cent during UPA rule, even though ideally it should be around 20% of the total budget.
 A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability (NSA)] titled “[NSA Response to Education
Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector] provides significant revelation to
this fact.
 Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential
growth in the private expenditure on education also. As per the available information, the private out of pocket
expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around
1150 percent or around 12.5 times over the last decade.
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4. Technological changes:-
Introduction:-
Technology is the practical application of knowledge Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species'
usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its
environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to
humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems,
methods of organization, and techniques.
Definition of technological changes:-
It is a term that is used to describe the overall process of invention, innovation, and diffusion of technology or
processes. The term is synonymous with technological development,technological achievement and
technological progress.
Technological factors influencing education:-
 Growing influence of telecommunication and advances in information technology has significantly influenced
the daily lives, as making the concept of global village a reality.
 Higher education system has to accept this changing environment and adopt new technologies to break its
traditional boundaries.
 Other scientific revolutions have influenced increasingly the areas of research and teaching with greater
emphasis on biomedical environment with the ultimate aim to improve the quality of life.
 Academic autonomy warrants special efforts of the institution to provide appropriate teaching and learning
experiences to the students.
 The institutions and the faculty have to introduce teaching aids and use of technology to make system learner
centered.
 The nature and applications of computer technology are continued to expand rapidly the ranges of resources
available for any subject- specific learning.
 An explosive growth in technology, on the other hand, is providing a new wave of teaching tools, computer
aided video instruction, hypermedia, multimedia, CD- ROMs, LANS, internet connections and collaborative
software environment.
 Video conferencing and internet allow people to communicate more effectively for pleasure, business and
learning.
 The educational paradigm is changing due to educational technology.
Impact of technological changes:-

Education has adapted to new technology which has had affect on the accomplishments of students. In previous
time there was not availability of internet. Students used the computer to play games. Computer technology and
the internet in the educational system give students a larger informational structure. They can use the
technology to research and prepare documents. With the technology available it helps students to prepare to go
out into society and be prepared for the work force. It is important to be prepared now because most of the jobs
out there use technology. On that note it has had an impact on the economy and social part of society. It brings
more diverse individuals into the economy which helps it prosper. Socially it keeps us in touch with family,
friends, and keeps the economy communicating faster.
 Textbooks in some schools were out of date, computer-based courses were often called monotonous, whereas
research on the internet moved quickly, was up to date, and included a wide variety of international sources.
INTERNET has become the need of everyone in this global world. The essence of education lies in learning and

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 not in teaching. Life has distinctly undergone some very dramatic changes ever since the dawn of internet era,
and with each passing day there is growing dependence on it. Learning is the act or process of internalizing
knowledge and new skills.
 INTERNET involves multimedia learning resources combined with cd roms and workbooks. ONLINE
EDUCATION is taking too fast to track. HUNDREDS of universities have been putting some basic courses on
web .COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS have also incorporated some web element into their curriculum.
 INTERNET SIDE EFFECTS is that overdependence on internet can lead children not developing skills in the
fine art of analyzing ,thinking or even constructing thoughts or editing for that matter.
 MODERN TECHNOLOGY can't substitute for a thorough reading of great classes in literature, philosophy and
political science. BEING technologically advance and sophisticated is not the same as being literate and
civilized. Experts on education also feel that computer technology and internet is brilliant means and they
should not be made the end. The other doubts related to the topics on internet are that it may or may not be true
as it is not verified.
IMPACT ON STUDENT AND TEACHER :-
 There is less "teaching" when learning is happening online.
 Teacher from stage on the stage to guide on the side: mentor and coach.
 Teachers collaborate more.
 As teachers became comfortable with the technology, they reported they were enjoying their work more
and feeling more successful with their students. Over time, they also reported that they interact differently with
their students - more as guides or mentors and less like lecturers. In fact, their personal efforts to make
technology an integral part of their classrooms caused them to rethink their most basic beliefs about education
and opened them to the possibilities of redefining how they went about providing opportunities for students to
learn.
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION:-
Professional education includes any programs that improve the knowledge,skills,attitudes, or behaviours of
health care providers. Nursing council act came to existence in 1948 to constitute a council of nurses to
safeguard the quality of nursing education in the country.
Indian nursing council (INC) ia a statutory body that regulates nursing education in the
country through prescription, inspection, examination, certification and maintaining its stands for a uniform
syllabus at each level of nursing education.
Definition :-
Professional education is a scholastic system that prepares beginners for highly skilled occupations, such as law,
medicine and engineering, through theory and practice. The learning process ultimately leads to becoming
certified, licensed or receiving some other formal credential.
Higher education or professional education: refers to a level of education that is provided at academies,
universities, colleges, seminaries, institutes of technology, and certain other collegiate-level institutions, such as
vocational schools, trade schools, and career colleges, that award academic degrees or professional
certifications.
Higher education is an educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary
education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. Tertiary education is normally taken to
include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges,
universities, and institutes of technology are the main institutions that provide tertiary education (sometimes
known collectively as tertiary institutions).
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 There are two types of higher education .Higher academic education, and higher vocational education. Many
institutions may also offer non-degree certificates, which indicate completion of a set of courses comprising
some body of knowledge, but the granting of such certificates is not the primary purpose of the institutions.
How nursing is professional education:-
Generieve and Roy Bixler, husband and wife team of non- nurse who were never the advocates and
supportersbof nursing, first wrote about the status of nursing as a profession in 1945. In 1959, they appraised
nursing according to their original seven criteria, noting the progress made in nursing, as profession. Nursing
profession should keep to its standards and by to work in the direction of these criteria. Their criteria included:
 A profession is one which: utilize in its practice a well define and well organized body of specialized
knowledge which is on the intellectual level of the higher learning.
 Constantly enlarger the body of knowledge: we use improve this techniques of education & services by the
use of scientific methods.
 Entrust the education of practitioner to institutions for higher education.
 Apply the body of knowledge in practical services, which are install to human and social welfare.
 Function automatically in the formation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity.
 Attract individual of intellectual and personal qualities who exact services above personal gain and who
recognize there choose occupation as a life work.
 Spires to compensate its practitioner by providing freedom of action, opportunity for professional growth and
economic security.
Types :-
A. General higher education
B. Professional level education
A. General higher education : The general higher education and training that takes place in a university,
college, or Institute of Technology usually includes significant theoretical and abstract elements, as well as
applied aspects. In contrast, the vocational higher education and training that takes place at vocational
universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications, with very little theory.
B. Professional level education : In addition, Professional-level education is always included within Higher
Education, and usually in Graduate Schools, since many postgraduate academic disciplines are both
vocationally, professionally, and theoretically/research oriented, such as in medicine, the law, dentistry, and
veterinary medicine. A basic requirement for entry into these graduate-level programs is almost always a
bachelor's degree, and for many of the top-level medical schools nearly all of the entering students already
possess a Master's Degree or a Ph.D. in a relevant, supporting subject, such as chemistry, biology, physics, or
chemical engineering. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely
competitive, and admitted students are expected to perform well.
Nursing education :-
There are six levels of nursing education in india today. They are:
1. Multi purpose health worker female training ( ANM or MPHW-F )
2. Female health supervisor training ( HV or MPHS –F )
3. General nursing and midwifery ( GNM )
4. B.Sc. Nursing
5. M.Sc. Nursing
6. M.Phil and PhD

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The ANM, LHV, and GNM are conducted in schools of nursing. The last 3 are university level courses and the
respective universities conduct examinations. Beside there are several certificate and diploma courses in
specialties.
CURRENT TRENDS IN NURSING EDUCATION
 Enrollment of men as nursing students :-
Previously nursing was considered as a profession of females only. Less number of males were entering this
profession. But now the trend is changing. Males are also becoming members of this profession.
 Diversification of nursing students :-
Students have become greatly diverse in terms of age, race, gender, economic status, learning style etc.
 Computers in nursing education:-
Computers are used in all the fields with the advent of technology. Also, in nursing there is wider use of
computers for different purposes. That’s why computer education has been introduced in nursing curriculum.
 University Based Education:-
Previously the GNM and ANM courses were offered in school of nursing that were not affiliated to any
university. Now B.sc nursing and M.sc nursing courses are being offered to nursing students in colleges of
nursing affiliated to universities . E.g Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot in Punjab .
 Expanded Nursing Literature :-
Nursing litersture greatly expanded with new journals, annual reviews, standars and policy statements.
 Advance Nursing course :-
Previously ,the nursing courses offered to nursing students were preparing them for first line nursing posts i.e.
clinical nursing .but now the Advanced nursing course like m.sc nursing and ph.d nursing have started which
prepares nurses for the posts of nursing educators .
 Advanced Calinical Nursing Education:-
Nurses are supposed to performed different roles ,apart from from the role of direct care provide . education
plays important role in preparing nurses to assume the expanded roles. Therefore the advance courses, which
prepare nurses for advanced posts are coming up like nurse midwife, practitioner, nurse anesthetist, nurse
specialist etc.
 Creative Thinking in Nursing Education:-
Creative thinking in solving problems has been introduced in nursing education. For example- the baccalaureate
program at Gwynedd—mercy collage fosters the personal development of nursing students and challenges them
to use creative thinking in solving nursing problems. This innovative approach has been introduced as one
modal for developing 21st century nurses.
 Community health Oriented Nursing Education :-
Previously there was more emphasis on education related to care of patient at hospital. Now a days community
health oriented nursing education has been given emphasis in curriculum of nursing education.
 Supervised Training By Nursing Eductaion :-
Previously due to short age of nursing teachers there were inadequate supervision of nursing students . now the
ratio of teacher to student has improved and students are able to get supervised training.
 More Experienced Teaching Staff :-
More experienced and educated staff is now available in nursing institutes for teaching nursing students. This
has been possible due to introduction of advanced courses in nursing.
 Proficiency Scoring:-

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Nursing is a profession which develops and refines the skills of students, clinical performance appraisal of
nursing students is a tough challenges for evaluators. The introduction of proficiency scoring in nursing
education has eased the job of nurse educator.
 Research in Nursing education :-
One of the criteria for a profession is research. Nursing profession is evolving at, rapid pace not only in service
domain but also in education and research field. Nurses should be prepared to do research so that they can gain
insight into nursing problems. Research has become a major area in curriculum of nursing education.
 Periodic Revision of Curriculum:-
Accrediting bodies of respective countries are revising the curriculum of nursing education from time to
time, for example, INC in india. This is required so that the nurses can be prepared according to the changing
society, emerging health problems, advanced technology used in health care facilities.
 Distance Education in Nursing :-
Different universities all over the world have started offering nursing courses through distance education. For
example, in india IGNOU has started the B.Sc nursing post basic nursing course.
 Privatization Of Nursing Education :_-
A large number of nursing institutes are being established in private sector. This has resulted in flourishing of
nursing education thus strengthening the nursing profession.
 Advanced Educational Technology :-
Advanced education technology media like OHP’s, slide projector,computer models etc. Are now used by
nursing teacher to provide effective learning experiences to students.
 Collaboration With Foreign Universities:-
Collaboration with different foreign universities has been established. The students who have successfully
completed the basic course in nursing and fulfil the requirements are sponsored to foreign universities for
further education.
 Integration Of Theory And Practice In Nursing Education:-
Nursing is a profession, which emphasizes the knowledge and skills related to patient care. Therefore,
nowadays there is more stress on integration of theory and practice in nursing education.
 Nursing Theories In Nursing Education:-
Nursing theories should be applied for providing effective nursing care to patients. So, the nurse should be
equipped with knowledge of these nursing theories. Nursing theories have become an important component in
curriculum of nurses.
 Emphasis On Legal Aspects In Nursing:-
Consumers in today’s world have become more aware due to the consumer protection act. Therefore, the nurses
should be provided in depth information about legal aspects in nursing. Legal aspects in nursing are also
included in the curriculum for nurses.
 Introduction Of OSCE:-
For making the clinical evaluation more objective, objective structured clinical evaluation has been introduced
by nursing teachers. This has proved to be very beneficial.
 Accreditation Of Nursing Institutes:-
All the nursing institutes that are coming up nowdays need to get accreditation from state nursing council and
INC. this is required for checking that all the required facilities for providing nursing education are being
fulfilled.
 Quality Assurance In Nursing Education:-

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 More emphasis on provision of quality education to the nursing students is also an important trend. For
achieving this, the governing bodies have established the standards of nursing education. periodic inspections of
nursing institutes are also carried to see whether the education is provided according to these standards.
 Self Evaluation:-
Previously, the evaluation was totally the duty of teachers. But now the trend is changing. Self – evaluation by
students is also given emphasis so that the students will get more insight of his or her performance.
 Financial Assistance From Government And International Agencies:-
Government and international agencies have started giving financial aid to the nursing institutes for promotion
of nursing education. For example - ministry of health and family welfare and WHO are providing funds to
national institute of nursing education, PGIMER, Chandigarh for organizing workshops.
 Scholarships And Awards For Students:-
Scholarships and awards are given to the students who secure distinguished positions at different levels like
college level, university level, state level and national level. For example – TNAI grant scholarships like TATA
memorial scholarships fund, kapadia memorial fund etc.
REFRENCES :-
 K.P. Neeraja,”Textbook of Nursing Education” 5th edition Jaypee publishers Pp234-56
 Basavanthappa B.T.;” Nursing Education”1st edition; jaypee publishers pp-342-347
 Mrs. Swinder Kaur; “Professional Adjustment and Trends in nursing” 3rd edition lotus publishers Pp-13-15
 http://www.completeselfimprovement.com/
 Raj D.Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj, Bhaskar Nima. text book of nursing education.ed1st. Banglore: EMMESS publisher; Pp- 24-30

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