• Quality Assurance Plan in Road Construction

Project Quality
• Dr. Rajendra P. Adhikari
• March 29, 2010

Management
• Kathmandu

1
 What is quality?
(ISO 8402)
• The totality of features and characteristics
of a product or service that bear upon its
ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.

2
 Other definitions
• Fitness for purpose or use (Juran)
• Conformance to requirements (Crosby)

What the
customer
really needed

3
http://www.projectcartoon.com/cartoon/11920
Which is a quality?
• A high cost product or
services?
• What product or
services that I am
dreaming for?
• What I require now?,
or
• Within the time and
cost that I can afford,
what I can have?
4
 Common misconceptions
1. Quality is difficult to define, but you
can recognize it when you see it
2. Quality is expensive
3. Quality is craftsmanship
4. Quality is luxury
5. Quality is in short supply
5
 Quality Gurus
• Dr Edward Deming
– Total Quality Management
– Plan-Do-Check-Act
– Rule of 85
• 85% of the cost of quality is responsibility of Management
• Dr Joseph Moses Juran (Quality Planning, Quality
Control, Quality Improvement)
• Phillip Crosby (Conformance to Requirements,
Prevention, Zero Defect, Cost of Non
_conformance)
 Quality Determinants

Needs or Wants

Human resource Specifications Finance

Design Materials Production/Constr

uction/Services

quality

Conformity Reliability

7
 Basics of QA/QC program
• QA/QC involves developing a “mind-set” on
quality as an essential element to optimum and
flawless performance. (American and Japanese
mind set)

• Assurance of quality is deemed to have been

established in a project when standard practices
and procedures of quality control are in-built as
an integral part of the methods and procedures
of project implementation and institutionalized
within an organization.

8
 Quality management

• All control and

assurance activities
instituted to
achieve the quality
established by the
contract
requirements.

9
 Total Quality Management
(TQM)
• Total – made up the whole
• Quality – Degree of excellence a product
or service provides
• Management – Act, art or manner of
handling, controlling, directing etc.

10
 TQM
Basic approach
1. A committed management
2. Focused on customer
3. Involvement and utilization of the total work
force
4. Continuous improvement
5. Treating suppliers as partners
6. Establish performance measures for each
components/ persons
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 TQM
Tools and techniques
1. Bench marking
2. Information technology
3. Quality management systems
4. Environment management system
5. Quality function deployment (Customer
requirements led design)

12
6. Quality by design
7. Failure mode analysis (Reliability)
8. Product liability
9. Total productive maintenance
10. Management tools
11. Statistical process control

13
 Kaizen
• Kaizen, Japanese for "improvement", or "change for the
better" refers to philosophy or practices that focus upon
continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing,
engineering, and business management.
• The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as:
– Standardize an operation and activities.
– Measure the operation (find cycle time and amount of in-
process inventory)
– Gauge measurements against requirements
– Innovate to meet requirements and increase productivity
– Standardize the new, improved operations
– Continue cycle ad infinitum
• Just In Time
– Zero Inventory Cost
– Beat the Cost

• Lean Production
• An integrated view of TQM, Kaizen, JIT
• Economical, Efficient and Not Wasteful, Effective and Defect
Free Production
• Lean means less head count, less space, less inventory, less cost,
less defects and moderately agile management system
Improving IT Quality Management
• Leadership that Promotes Quality
• Develop Awareness on Cost of Quality
• Focusing on Organizational influences and
workplace factors
• Following Maturity Models
 Project Management Maturity Model
• Ad-Hoc
• Abbreviated
• Organized
• Managed
• Adaptive
 Quality Planning
• Expected Level of Quality can only be achieved
through necessary quality planning during
project initiation
• Attributes of Quality Requirements
– Completeness Criteria
– Correctness Criteria
– Usefulness Criteria
 Quality assurance
• The system to make certain the Quality
Control is functioning and the specified
end product is realized.

19
 Activities to be performed
for QA/QC
1. Prepare a written QA organizational plan
2. Site, location or receivable planning
3. Identify training needs for clear
understanding of QA/QC responsibilities
among office and field staff
4. Review work loads and staffing needs

20
 QA/QC program for
design phase
• Use standard design criteria
• Cost estimate
• Contract packaging
• Preparation of work schedule
• Prepare standard contract
document
• Tendering process
• Bid evaluation and award 21
 QA/QC program for
Implementation phase

• Supervision and QC
• Progress reporting
• Measurements and payments
• Corrective actions
• Training for Operation and maintenance

22
 Quality assurance plan
1. The quality control descriptions –
acceptance/rejection
2. List of sources of materials
3. List of tests
4. Spot, sequence, activity and time for
inspection

23
 Exercise
Quality assurance plan
Activity/ Activities Inspection Frequency Who is Who is
material involved/ /test and dates responsible for responsible
special required inspection/test for control
features report
preparation

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 PDCA Cycle

Plan Do

Act Check
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Quality Control Charts

Pareto Chart is a type of chart

that contains both bars and
a line graph, where individual
values are represented in
descending order by bars, and
the cumulative total is
represented by the line.
 Quality Charts
• Control Charts
• Flowcharting
• Histogram
• Pareto Chart
• Run Chart
• Scatter Diagram
 Testing Of IT Systems
• Unit Test
– To test each individual component to ensure they are defect free
• Web Test
– Series of HTTP request for testing websites
• Integration Testing
• Occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components
• System Testing
• Tests entire system as one entity
• Load Testing
• Used for stress testing for various load setting, network type and client
configurations
• User Acceptance Testing
• Performed by the end user prior to accepting the delivered system
29
 Reference
• Dr Rajendra Adhikari, MSTIM, IOE, Project
Management Lecture Slides