CHM 115 Lecture Notes

Lecture Intro

 Page 14-15 schedule (lecture lab), page 16 are assignments

Lecture 1.1

 Topics: SI units, prefix for factors and fractions, dimensional analysis

 Prefixes with SI units: T is tera (10^12), P is pico (10^-12), f is femto (10^-15)

 Dimensional analysis!

Lecture 1.2

 Topic: sig figs, which allows us to determine what is meaningful and what is not
 Every measurement has some uncertainty
 The rightmost digit of any quantity is always estimated
 The more digits (sig figs) the more certain
 ALL DIGITS IN A MEASUREMENT ARE SIGNIFICANT
 Zeros in the beginning don’t count, zeros in the end do if there is a decimal 5300. (5300 only 2)
 For mult and div: answer contains same number of sig figs as # with least sig figs, apply sig fig at end
 For add and sub: answer contains same # of decimals as measurement with fewest decimals
 17.75 goes to 17.8 because 7 is odd, 17.65 goes to 17.6 because 6 is even
 17.6500 goes to 17.6 because followed by zero, 17.6513 goes to 17.7 because followed by non-zero
 ROUND AT THE END! But when doing different operations still need to do sig figs
 Measuring device tells you # of sig figs possible
 EXACT numbers have no uncertainty, 1g = 1000mg, would not do sig figs
 Precision – how close measurements in a series are to each other
 Accuracy – refers to how close measurements are to actual value
 Systematic error – values produced are all either higher or lower than actual (error is part of
experimental system)
 Random error – produces values that are both higher and lower than actual, always occurs

Lecture 1.3

 Conservation of Mass: total of mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction; i.e.
sum of mass of reactants = sum of mass of products; mass is neither created nor destroyed
 BOTH mass and energy are conserved: , c=3x10^8, Joule (kgm^2/s^2); basically says conservation of
mass is a close APPROX, chemical reactions occur
 Law of Definite Composition: given compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts
(fractions) by mass, i.e. ratio stays constant; mass fraction = (mass of element)/(mass of compound);
mass percent=mass fraction x 100
 Law of Multiple Proportions: if elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different
masses of B that combine with fixed mass A can be expressed as the ratio of small whole #’s (CO2,
CO, proportional by 2, for every carbon, twice amount of O)
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory: all matter consists of atoms (indivisible units, can’t create nor destroy),
atoms of one element cannot be converted to atoms of another (do change identity), atoms of an
element are identical to one another in mass and other properties (isotopes, same element diff
mass) and diff in mass/properties from other elements, compounds result from chemical
combinations of specific ratios of different elements
 Mass conserve (1, 2), definite composition (3, 4), multiple proportions (1, 3, 4)

Lecture 1.4

 Structure: negative electrons, mostly empty space, positive nucleus (proton neutron) (most of mass)
 Mass # A = N+Z (neutron + proton), element where superscript is A and subscript is Z atomic #
 Z (protons) is same for same element, isotopes have different number of neutrons
 Atomic mass in periodic table is averaged, to average multiply abundance (%) by mass and add all
 Periodic table: horizontal is period (property of elements changes across), vertical is group (similar)
 First 2 groups and last 6 groups are main group elements, middle is transition metals, bottom is
actinides and lanthanide, group 7 is halogen
 Ionic Compound: often metal + non-metal, crystalline solids (made of ions), high melting and boiling
points, conduct electricity when melted, many soluble in water but not in nonpolar liquid
 Covalent Compounds: often non-metal + non-metal, gases/liquids/solids (made of molecules), low
melt and boil points, poor electrical conductors in all phases, soluble in nonpolar liquids not water
 Common Monatomic Ion: anions (attach electrons), cation (lose electrons), most main group
elements only form one monatomic ion, charge depends on group!

 Prefix for hydrates and binary covalent compounds, mono di tri tetra penta hexa etc
 Common polyatomic ions (covalent bonds!)

 Ionic compounds need to be electrically neutral!!!!

Lecture 1.5a

 Binary Ionic Compounds (cation and anion) naming: first say cation before anion, anion is named by
adding – ide to end, cation is same name as metal, both cation and anion are monatomic
 Most main group elements form one monatomic ion (meaning you get one charge from each
element; one atom), transition elements (can have multiple oxidations) form two monatomic ions
 Metals can form more than one ion (+1 or +2), M^+X^2-, can cross and put superscript down M2X
 Polyatomic Ions (more than one atom), naming is put cation first, include oxidation state (number)
 Polyatomic ion has covalent bond with unbalanced charges, binary ionic compound ionic bond

Lecture 1.5b

 Precipitation Reactions: two soluble ionic compounds react to gave an insoluble product, called
precipitate (solid)

Week 2 Recitation