Five ways of expressing.

1) condition.
1. With if. Real condition-Type 1. If he gets a taxi, he'll get to the station in time.
Improbable condition. Type 2.If I knew his address, I would give it to you.
Impossible condition. Type 3. If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't
have had that horrible accident.
2. Unless plus affirmative verb. Unless you leave at once, I'll call the police.
3. Suppose/ assuming. Suppose we are late. What can we do?
4. As long as. She may go as long as he goes with her.
5. Even if + clause. Even if you paid me, I still wouldn't do it.
6. In case. In case you need me, I'll be in my office.
7. But four. But for the storm, we would have arrived earlier.
8. Imagine. Imagine you saw a snake. What would you do?
9. Imperative plus And. Finish your homework and you may go out.
2) Hypothetical/unreal situations.
1. Would plus infinitive. It would be nice to live by the sea.
2. Would plus perfect infinitive. It would have been wonderful to meet you.
3. If + past Conditional 2. If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.
4. In case. You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
5. John is coming to visit. He could stay with us.
3) Purpose.
1. To plus infinitive. He went to the market to buy fruit.
2. In order to plus infinitive. I do it in order to improve my skills.
3. For plus verb in ING. This needle is for sewing.
4. For + Noun. I went to the shop for milk.
5. So that plus clause. They wrote the notices so that tourists could read them.
6. Avoid plus gerund. He dyed his beard to avoid being recognised. (just to + infinitive)
4) Cause result reason.
1. So many./Few + Countable nouns + That. I bought so many books that I couldn't
carry them all.
2. So much./Little + Uncountable nouns+ That. we have so little free time that we don't
watch TV.
3. Such a + adjective + that. It was such a good film that I saw it twice.
4. Because. I help you because I like you.
5. Since. We need to hurry up since it's very late now.
6. As. I can't go out as it's raining.
7. Due to. I Came home late due to traffic jam.
8. As a result. He didn't work hard and as a result he was fired.
9. Therefore, consequently. Lucy was ill and therefore she didn't take the test.
10. So. I was tired so I didn't go to the party.
5) Contrast concession.
1. But/ yet. Maria felt ill, but she went to school.
2. Although. Although she was Ille, Maria went to school.
3. Despite in spite of. Despite Her illness./being ill, Maria went to school.
4. All the same. I felt tired all the same. I refused to stop dancing.
5. Nonetheless. It rained all day. Nonetheless, they went for a walk.
6. However. Maria was ill, however, she went to school.
6) Comparison.
1. Like there was a terrible storm, it was like the end of the world.
2. As... as. I can run as fast as he can.
3. Nothing like. Even though they are twins, they are nothing like each other.
4. More /less than. He spends more money than he makes.
5. The... The. The faster we walk, the sooner we will get there.
6. Comparative adjective plus than. She is more beautiful than her sister.
7) Wish.
1. Wish + past simple. I wish I owned a helicopter. (Wish about the present.)
2. Wish + past.perfect. I wish I hadn't eaten so much.(Wish about the past.)
3. Hope +present /will. I hope you have a good time at the party.
4. If only. If only I owned a helicopter.(For emphasis)
5. wish +would. I wish you would stop smoking.
6. Wish +could. I wish I could fly.
8) Obligation.
1. Must. I must be at my office at 9:00 o'clock.
2. Have to. I have to finish my work before 7:00 o'clock.
3. Have got to. I have got to learn English if I want to live in the UK.
4. It's obligatory. It's obligatory that I stop at the red light.
5. It's Necessary. It is necessary that I take a taxi because I'm late.
9) Necessity, duty.
1. Must. I must talk to him.
2. Have to. We have to write a report.
3. Have got to. I have got to go.
4. Need to. I need to see you.
5. Ought to. You ought to buy more bread.
10) Lack of necessity obligation.
1. Don't have to. I don't have to drive fast.
2. Don't need to. I don't need to write the report myself.
3. Need not. You need not go if you don't want to.
4. Not necessary. It isn't necessary to take your umbrella.
5. Needn't have. +participle. you need and have done the shopping.
11) Interdiction prohibition
1. Can't. You can't drive unless you are over 18.
2. Must not. You mustn't use your phone in the classroom.
3. Not allowed, you are not allowed to smoke inside the building.
4. It is forbidden. It is forbidden to walk on grass.
5. Prohibited. Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.
6. Not permitted. Smoking isn't permitted in hospitals.
12) Permission.
1. Can could. Can I leave early please?
2. May may I leave early please?
3. Is it alright if? Is it alright if I leave early?
4. Do you mind if? Do you mind if I take your car?
5. Be allowed. You are allowed to see the patient.
13) Ability.
1. Can. I can swim.
2. Could. Kate could swim when she was 10.
 3. Be able to. I am able to ride the bike.
4. Managed to. My father lost control of the car but managed to avoid a crash.
5. Was will be able to. I was able to play the piano when I was young. Will you be able to
ride the horse after 10 hours of practise?
14) Opinion advice?
1. Should opinion. I think the police should arrest hooligans.
2. Should advice. I think you should talk to your teacher about it.
3. Ought to. You ought to read more.
4. Had better. I think you'd better talk to your teacher.
5. Conditional. If I were you, I would go out more often.
6. Questions. Why don't you? Why don't you come for a visit?
7. How about? How about going to a gym?
15) Suggestion.
1. How about? How about going to the cinema?
2. Whynott why don't we go to the cinema?
3. Imperative let's. Let's make pizza tonight.
4. Shall. Shall we meet at the theatre?
5. Could. You could wear your red dress.
6. Thought we might. I thought we might go to town tonight.
16) Criticism.
1. Can plus infinitive. You can be really annoying, you know.
2. Could plus infinitive. George could really help you.
3. Should not plus infinitive. You shouldn't be sitting there just doing nothing.
4. Might plus infinitive. You might be more polite.
5. Ought to. You ought to have been more helpful.
6. I have to say. I have to say I find his performance disappointing.
7. To be fair. To be fair, your homework is poor.
8. Without wishing to. Without wishing to hurt your feelings. I think you need to lose some
weight.
9. Present continuous plus always. She's always crying.
17) Possession.
1. `s Possessive genitive is that Olivia's bag?
2. Of plus possessive pronoun A friend of mine told me about you.
3. Possessive pronoun the dog is mine.
4. Possessive adjective my dog is black.
5. Have got. I have got three children.
6. Own. I own three dogs.
18) Possibility uncertainty.
1. May might. He may know Susans phone number.
2. Can/could Winters in Sweden can be really cold.
3. Maybe? Maybe she will go alone.
4. Perhaps? Perhaps she will visit London.
5. There is a chance. There's a chance she will like the sea team.
6. It is possible that. It's possible that she overslept.
7. Likely I am likely to do the work myself.
19) Impossibility.
1. It is impossible. It's impossible to stay after dinner.
2. Can't possibly. Even a good swimmer can't possibly swim across that river.
 3. May not. We may not be able to swim across that river.
4. There is no chance. There is no chance he will pass the exam.
5. Couldn't have. He couldn't have left. I just saw him.
20) Preference.
1. Prefer plus gerund plus two plus gerund. I prefer swimming To cycling
2. prefer +noun+to +noun. I prefer coffee to milk.
3. Would prefer. I'd prefer to live in New.York.
4. Would rather she'd rather have a salad than a cheeseburger.
5. Would sooner I would sooner read the book, then do my homework.
6. Would rather plus. Present or perfect bare infinitive. I'd rather go shopping tomorrow. I'd
rather have stayed at home last night. With same subject.
7. Would rather plus. Past past perfect. Different subject. I'd rather you stopped. I'd rather
Mike hadn't taken his fathers car yesterday.

21) Emphasis
1. Passive constructions. All roads. To the north have been blocked by snow.
2. Fronting. I don't know where the money is coming from.-> where the money is coming
from, I don't know.
3. Inversion- Never had I seen so many people.
4. Cleft.sentences. It was you who borrowed my bike. What I like is rainy weather.
5. Adding words. Very./Indeed. It was very cold indeed.
- Own. It was my own idea.
- Not at all, really. It was not cold at all.
- The. Surely you are not the David Beckham, are you?
- Do. I do like this film.
6. Time phrases.(Day after day, over and over again.) David read that book over and over
again.
7. Repetition of the main verb. I tried and tried. But it was no use.
8. Question word plus ever. Whoever told you I was getting married.
22) assumption deduction supposition
1. Must. He must be working late at the office.
2. Can't.He can't be outside. His car is still here.
3. Ought to. If they started at dawn, they ought to be here by now.
4. Will. He'll be there by now.
5. Would. He would know the answer.
6. Should. He should be there by now.
23) regret.
1. Wish. I wish I had worked harder.
2. Should have + past participle. I should have sent him an invitation.
3. I regret. I regret the things I didn't do.
4. If only. If only I hadn't eaten so much.
5. Could. I could have saved him, but I didn't.
6. What a pity. What a pity she isn't here.
24) Commands.
1. With verbs such as command instruct, order tell request. The Sergeant told the soldier to
clean the floor.
2. Must. You must write this letter at once.
3. Imperative. Be quiet, Peter.
 4. Be +to infinitive. We are to meet them at 5:00 o'clock.
25) Request
1. Please help me please.
2. Would, will you? Open the door, will you?
3. If... will would. If you will take care of my luggage. I'll buy the tickets.
4. Can could? Could you help me with this essay?
5. May might. May I see your ID?
26) intention.
1. Going to. I am going to hold my birthday party next Saturday.
2. Want to?I want to finish this letter before noon.
3. Will. I will search him no matter what.
4. Would like. I would like to pay you a visit this afternoon.
5. Intend plan mean to. I intend to invite all my friends to my party.
6. It is my intention. It is my intention to solve this problem at once.
27) Willingness.
1. Will. If you will wait here, I will see if Mr. Green is available.
2. Would. He would do anything to make things right.
3. Will not. No matter how hard I try, he won't listen.
4. Wouldn't. When she was young, she wouldn't listen to anybody.
5. Couldn't. I couldn't live without saying goodbye.
28) Apology.
1. Sorry. I'm sorry for that.
2. Apologise I apologise for being late.
3. I apologise for my behaviour.
4.
29) Manner
30) Expectation.
31) Positive addition.
32) Negative addition.
33) Similarity.
34) Clarification.
35) Place.
36) Exception
37) Reference
38) Summarising
39) agreement.
40) Disagreement.
41) Take questions.
42) Habits.
1. Present habits with present simple. I brush my teeth every morning.
2. Past habits with past simple. I woke up every morning at 6:00 o'clock.
3. Used to. I used to clean the windows everyday.
4.
43) Hopes and desire

5 uses of. 5 examples of.

1) May might.
1. Grant or refuse permission. They may go.
2. Having permission we may go.
3. Request permission may I smoke here?
4. Possibility in the present or future. They may might come today, tomorrow.
5. Purpose clauses he studies hard so that he may take the exam.
6. Ideal concession? However frighten you may be, you must remain calm.
7. Speculation about past. He might have left earlier than usual.
8. Uncertain result. If we had taken the other Rd, we might have arrived earlier.
9. Criticism. You might have helped him with his Math.exercises.
10. Wish may you be happy.
11. Strong request. You might tell me why they haven't finished. Painting.
2) Can could?
1. Permission you can take my car for a ride.
2. Strong recommendation you can forget about your holiday.
3. Ability I can swim.
4. Possibility. You can't. Bath there because the river is polluted.
5. Deduction he can't be out. His car is still here.
6. With verbs of perception, I can see a bird in that tree. I looked up and couldn't see
anything.
3) Must.
1. Obligation compulsion. You must be back before 5:00 o'clock.
2. Necessity. We must see What can be done about it.
3. Deduction he must be working late at the office.
4. Estimating statements. He must be well over 80.
5. Prohibition. Visitors must not feed the animals.
6. Strong advice, you must not speak like that to your parents.
4) Ought to.
1. Moral obligation. You ought to go and see your grandmother.
2. Logical deduction. If they started at dawn, they ought to be there by now.
3. Unfulfilled duty you ought to have told him that The Bus. had gone..
4. To give advice. It's late, you ought to go home as soon as possible.
5. To express criticism. You ought to have come to me for help. But she didn't.

5) Will would
1. Intention, willingness. I will come with you to the theatre.
2. Impersonal command. You will stay here. Till you are relieved.
3. Supposition. He'll be there by now.
4. Estimation. This hall will hold 1000 people.
5. General Truth Oil will float on water.
6. Subjunctive after wish. I wish he would come with me to the theatre.
7. Invitation offer will you have some more tea?
8. Polite request. Will you show me how to do this?
9. Preference. I would rather stay at home.

6) shall should?
1. Threat. You shall do it, whether you like it or not.
2. Promise. You shall have a bicycle for your birthday if you're good.
 3. Request for others` advice. Shall I tell him what happened?
4. Offers shall I help you pack?
5. Suggestions? Shall we meet at the theatre?
6. Advice? You should eat more fruit.
7. Deduction he should be here by now.
8. Opinion I think the police should arrest hooligans.
9. Negative purpose clause. He Left early so that he shouldn't miss the train.
10. Action not likely to happen. If anyone should Call tell them.. To wait for me.
7) Pronoun it
1. Singular nouns designating a thing place organisation. Animal
have you listened to the concert? It was fabulous.
2. Baby child of unknown sex. How old is it?
3. Reference to the content of a preceding clause. You are late. It's not my fault.
4. Reference to the Content.of the following clause. It was unbelievable. They actually
welcomed me.
5. Fact already mentioned. It all happened a long time ago.
6. Subject of impersonal verbs. It is said that people like the ocean.
7. Demonstrative it does mean that's responsible.
8. To talk about the weather, clock or date it has been raining. It's 7:00 o'clock. It's Saturday.
8) Indefinite article.
1. New.notion. A boy and a girl were arguing in front of me.
2. One a certain. A Mr. Brown called to see you.
3. Example of a class. It is said an elephant never forgets.
4. Instead of a numeral. 100 not a word once at a time, once a month.
5. Before professions. She is a singer.
6. In front of you little. I have a little money left.
9) Definite article.
1. Unique objects or notions. The sun is up.
2. Ships trains, plays. The Orient Express is a great train.
3. Names of newspapers, theatres, museums. I read it in the Guardian.
4. Ordinal numbers. This is the third person. To cross the street.
5. With musical instruments. I played the piano.
6. With superlatives, she is the best.
7. Adjectives used as nouns. The strong should protect the weak.
8. In front of a noun introduced earlier, John bought a cat. The cat was black.
9. With names of oceans. I love swimming in the Pacific.
10. With names of countries that contain Kingdom. The United Kingdom.
10) Zero article.
1. Names of people. I met Tom at the library.
2. Names of universities. He studied at Oxford.
3. Phrases about games. He plays tennis.
4. To talk about languages. I studied English.
5. To talk about holidays or names of festivals. Easter is celebrated in our country.
6. To talk about countries. I live in Japan.
7. To talk about something in general. Cats dislike getting their feet wet.
8. With abstract nouns, his interested in Chinese art.
9. With certain prepositional combinations. I travel on foot. We met by chance.
11) To infinitive.
 1. After certain verbs such as. Hope. Promise. Offer plan. Refuse
he promised to take him to the zoo.
2. After be + adjective in impersonal constructions. It will be nice to see them again. It`s
difficult for him to decide
3. With too/enough. It is too expensive to eat here.
4. To express purpose. He went to the store to buy food.
5. With verbs like ask no, learn, remember plus who/How?/What?
Do you know how to play the piano?
6. As Subject. To swim in the sea is very pleasant.
12) Bare infinitive.
1. With verbs like hear see watch plus person.
I heard him sing.
2. After modal verbs. You can swim.
3. After would rather sooner had better. I'd rather stop now.
4. In expressions. Let go. You need to let go.
5. After Dare/Need. I dare not wake him.
13) Gerund.
1. After preposition. Without saying a word, he left the room.
2. After certain verbs. Rely on step from Insist.on. He insisted on doing all the work alone.
3. Be plus adjective plus preposition. Be afraid of. Be used to. He is afraid of. Walking. At
night
4. after certain verbs like stop finish. Avoid. Imagine. Enjoy.
He enjoys listening to music.
5. After certain expressions. To look forward. To get used to. I look forward to hearing from
you.
6. In certain expressions, keep someone waiting. He kept me waiting for three hours.
14) Verbs followed by gerund or infinitive. With different meaning.
1. Begin. She began singing. She began to sing. As a profession.
2. Stop. He stopped smoking. For health reason. He stopped to rest for a few minutes.
Didn't move anymore.
3. Need. The House needs cleaning. He needs to call his boss.
4. Remember. I remember mentioning the meeting. He remembered to turn off the heater.
5. Mean. The agreement means accepting lower wages. I mean to leave that meeting
without a new contract. I intend.
15) Inversion
1. Questions. Is Mary taking an exam now?
2. After negative adverbials, seldom rarely. Hardly know sooner. Barely. Barely had they
entered the office when everybody shouted, surprise.
3. In the main clause, when the subordinate begins with only after. Bye if when not until.
Only after she closed the door did she realise how dark it was.
4. So neither nor. I love chocolate, so do I.
5. Replacing if. Were I you, I wouldn't trust him.
6. So./Such.... that. Such was the force of the storm that trees were. Uprooted.
7. Not only but also. Not only was the city clean. But it also had. Many trees.
8. In direct speech, when the subject of the introductory verb is a noun. I don't like this
hotel. Said Henry
16) adverbs with difference in meaning. When adding ly.
1. High. The kite flew high in the sky. He was highly placed.
 2. Late. Nick arrived late at work. Lately, what have you been doing lately?
3. Near she lives near. Nearly it took nearly an hour to get here.
4. Hard. She's working hard these days. Hardly, I could hardly hear him at the back.
5. Free. Children under 6 can travel free. Freely, we can now travel freely within Europe.
6. Deep, warm, cold, deeply, warmly, coldly emotional sense. The water was warm. I
warmly recommend you to stop.
17) Subjunctive.
1. After verbs expressing wish will. I wished my brother had been here.
2. After as if as though he looks as if he had seen a ghost.
3. After would rather sooner. I'd rather stay at home. I'd rather she stayed at home.
4. After had better best. You'd better sit down and read something.
5. After it's time, high time, about time. It's high time we left.
6. After suppose. Suppose I be chosen. What can I do?
7. If only. If only he were a better student.
8. After impersonal expressions, it's impossible. It's fair, it's improbable. It's natural, it's
strange. It's impossible that he win the competition.
9. After proposed suggest insist. Order advice demand. I propose that James be made a
member of the committee.
10. Formulate subjunctive. Heaven help us.
Be that as it may. Come what may. Plus subject.
18) Synthetic subjunctive.
19) Present simple.
1. To express general truths.the sun rises in the east.
2. Generic predication. A lion is a wild animal.
3. To express repeated habitual actions.. He walks to school every morning.
4. Sometimes in giving the summary of a story. She goes into the dark room and she hears
a strange noise.
5. In step by step instructions or demonstration, first I take the potatoes and slice them.
6. In sports commentaries. The goalkeeper passes to Maradona. But he intercepts.
7. Instantaneous actions I open the door.
8. In exclamations beginning with here or there. here comes the train. Here they come.
9. Unrestrictive statements I like ice cream. With stative verbs.
10. For future time. Tomorrow is Monday.
11. In direct speech to introduce Quotations, Shakespeare says. Neither a borrower nor
lender be.
12. Future in Subordinate clause of time. As soon as Susan comes. We should have tea.
20) Present continuous.
1. Action performed in the moment of speech. He's writing a letter.
2. To express a frequent repetition of an activity which has a meaning of annoyance,
irritation or sarcasm. He's always borrowing money from his friends.
3. Repeated actions over a period of time. I'm taking swimming lessons in this summer.
4. Future arrangements In the near future. I'm visiting my relatives tomorrow.
5. Idiomatic use. To show progression. Day by day we are getting nearer to death.
6. To express a temporary action. We usually go to work by bus, but today we are going by
cab.
7. To express a transition from one state to another. Or to express progression. It is getting
dark. Our parents are getting older and older. Your English is getting better.
21) Past simple.
 1. Ended actions. I lived in London for 10 years. I no longer live there.
2. Unique event in the past. Napoleon died on St Helen.
3. Immediate post, what did you say asked Anne?
4. Past ability. The little girl swam like a fish.
5. Habitual actions in the past. Everyday we got up early and we went to the beach.
6. Hypothetical meaning. If I had enough money, I wouldn't have to work so hard.
7. In direct speech, to introduce somebody's words. Where are the children mother asked?
8. In indirect speech, to express a present tense from direct speech. The girl said they lived
in a big house.
22) Past continuous.
1. Temporary action in progress in the past. This time last year they were sailing down the
Nile.
2. To describe the background situation for a sudden event in the past. When he got home,
the fire was still burning.
3. Simultaneity of two continuous activities in the past. While Mary was doing the
shopping, her husband was washing the car.
4. Imply gradual development. It was getting darker.
5. Frequently, repeated actions in the past. Which annoy the speaker. The child was always
asking disturbing questions.
6. Making polite inquiries. I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
7. Reference to future time. The beauty contest was taking place the next day.
8. Indirect speech to express the present continuous form from direct speech? Little Kate
explained that her doll was sleeping then.
23) Past perfect.
1. Action which happened before another past action. Or stated time in the past. He had
already gone to bed when his dad came home.
2. Action which finished in the past and whose result was visible. In the past. When I saw
Peter yesterday, he was happy he had won the lottery.
3. Past equivalent of simple past present perfect in reported speech. He said that he had
left everything in its usual place on Friday.
4. Adverbial clauses of time instead of future perfect. Her son told her that he would write
as soon as he had got home.
5. Action started before a given past moment and still going at the Past moment. I had
been at home for about 2 hours. When you rang me up.
6. To express duration up to a certain moment in the past, by the time the rain started, we
had dug the whole garden.
7. In conditionals to talk about something that cannot be changed. I would have given her
the book if I had met her.
24) Past perfect continuous.
1. To underline the continuity of a past action up to a past moment or just before it. The
pupils had been reading the lesson for five minutes when the schoolmaster entered the
classroom.
2. In indirect speech, to express a past tense, continuous or a present perfect continuous
from direct speech. Harry explained to his mother that he had been watching TV at 7:00
o'clock.
25) Future Simple.
1. To express promises. I won't make such a mistake again.
2. A prediction about the future. Without proof. It will rain.
 3. A future action in the main clause of a conditional sentence. If the rain stops, the boy will
play in the garden.
4. Decision taken on the spur of the moment. I will answer the door.
5. To express beliefs or opinion about the future. I think they will win.
6. To talk about future habitual actions, spring will come.
7. Threats. I will throw your phone out the window.
26) Future continuous.
1. To express a future activity that will begin before and will continue after a certain
moment in the future. This time tomorrow we will be watching TV.
2. To indicate that an activity or state will extend over a whole future. Lucy will be writing
letters all day long.
3. To express future events that are planned. We will be spending our next holiday in the
mountains.
4. When we ask about someones plans for the near future, what we want to know is if our
wishes fit in with their plans. Will you be using the photocopier for long?
27) Be going to.
1. To talk about an action in the future which has been planned or prepared. My uncle is
going to buy a boat next year.
2. To make predictions based on existing evidence. It is going to rain in a few minutes.
3. To express intention and premeditation. What is Jane going to tell us?
4. To express ambitions, I'm going to become a famous. Painter one day.
28) Future perfect continuous.
1. To express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future. At 6:00 o'clock
your sister will have been sleeping for two hours.
29) Future perfect simple.
1. To indicate an action which will be finished before a certain moment or another action in
the future. It's 9:00 o'clock. I'm sure my sister will have written her essay by 11:00
O'clock.
2. To indicate the duration up to a certain time in the future. Tomorrow we will have been
on holiday for one month.
3. To indicate possibility or assumption. If Jack has taken a taxi, he will have arrived at the
Railway station in time.
30) Future in the past.
1. To express the future action or state Seen.from a viewpoint in the past. She told me that
she would go there soon.
31) Present perfect simple.
1. Past with present relevance. The taxi has arrived. It is here.
2. Period up to the present. I've lived in Chicago since 1992.
3. Indefinite past he has always played tennis.
4. When the past action continues in the present, and perhaps it will go on into the future
to. Many pupils have learned in this school.
5. To express completed activities in the immediate past. The train has just left.
6. With how long? When concerned with the period of time extending into the present.
How long have you been ill? You are still ill.
32) Present perfect continuous.
1. To talk about an action that started in the past and lasted for a certain time and it might
be still going on in the present and the future. The focus is on duration. She has been
washing that car for five hours.
 2. To talk about Repeated actions seen as a continuous process process rather than
separated activities. She has been writing letters all morning. Instead of she has written
20 letters.
3.
33) State verbs with change. In meaning.
34) Time words.
35) Compound adjectives.
36) Passive voice.
1. When the doer of the action is so obvious that there is no need to mention it. The letter
was brought this morning.
2. When we want to emphasise the direct object. That difficult exercise was done only by
Jack.
3. In scientific technical texts, were the questions of who is the agent? Is unimportant.
Oxygen is obtained by the hydrolysis of water.
4. Sometimes to disclaim responsibility for an unwelcome announcement. Our trip has
been postponed because Of the railway. Men
5. To avoid the clumsy change of subject within a sentence. The ship went out to sea and
was caught by a terrible storm.
6. With the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in news
headlines, newspaper articles. The new hospital will be opened. On May 15th.
37) Could.
1. To express a past physical or mental ability. When she was young, she could skate very
well.
2. To express the present conditional you could get there in time if you took a taxi. A
hypothetical situation.
3. To express a polite request. Could you show me the way? To the station.
4. To express the past possibility depending on certain circumstances. At the seaside, we
could buy a lot of souvenirs.
5. To express past permission. As we had all our papers in order, we could pass through the
customs very rapidly.
6. To express past occurrences which are no longer possible today. Before World War Two,
such cars could often be seen in the street.
38) Present participle
39) past participle.
1. As an adjective, I saw a broken window.
2. Is a predicitive. The enemy was defeated.
3. Is part of the passive voice. I was helped by them.
4. Is an equivalent to an attribute cause. But all the people injured were being looked after
by the nurses.
5. Is an equivalent to an adverbial clause. Asked about the accident, he could not give us
further details.

40) Negation.
41) Imperative.
1. To express a command jump.
2. To express an order. Bring the letters to me.
3. To express an invitation. Have some cake.