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Application of ANOVA

ANOVA is used to test for significant differences between two or more groups when there are more than two samples. It can be used when multiple t-tests are required on the same attribute. ANOVA decomposes the total variation into two components: within-group and between-group variation. If the between-group variation is large relative to the within-group variation as measured by the F-ratio, then the null hypothesis of no difference between groups is rejected. Post-hoc t-tests can then be used to determine which specific groups differ.

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192 views19 pages

Application of ANOVA

ANOVA is used to test for significant differences between two or more groups when there are more than two samples. It can be used when multiple t-tests are required on the same attribute. ANOVA decomposes the total variation into two components: within-group and between-group variation. If the between-group variation is large relative to the within-group variation as measured by the F-ratio, then the null hypothesis of no difference between groups is rejected. Post-hoc t-tests can then be used to determine which specific groups differ.

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PRIYANK
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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How

How &
& When
When to
to use
use
ANOVA
ANOVA
Gaurav Singh
Lecturer,
R.B.T.T.I., Bareilly
When to use ANOVA
• When the sample groups are more than
two.
• When the number of t-test required on
same attribute are more.
• When there is a chance of insignificant
different among most of the pairs.
• It is a single composite test for null
hypothesis testing.
What is ANOVA
• It is statistical technique to test the
significant difference among more
than two samples on same aspect.
• For two samples, t-test is used.
• It is Analysis of Variance, proposed
by Fisher.
Assumptions of ANOVA
• Each data value is independent and does
not related to any other data value.
• The data of each group is normally
distributed.
• The data of each group have the same
variance, but the cases in large group
should not be more than 1.5 times of
smallest group.
Types of ANOVA
• One way ANOVA
– Effect of one IV on one DV
• Two way ANOVA
– Effect of two IV on one DV
• To test more variables we use
MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of
Variance)
Variance
• Variance is simply the arithmetic average of the
squared deviation from their mean.
• It is Square of Standard Deviation (S.D.)

Variance    2 

• In ANOVA, two kind of Variances are calculated.


•Within Group Variance
•Between Group Variance
“Within Group” Variance
• Average variance of the members of
each group around their respective
group means, i.e. the mean value of
scores in a sample.
• It represents the sampling error in
distributions.
“Between groups”
Variance
• The variance of group means around the
total or grand mean of all groups i.e.
population mean.
• It is the difference between total groups
variance and within group variance.
• It represents the influence of the variable
of interest or the experimental variable.
ANOVA
• It is basically F ratio denoted as,

" between  group "Variance


F  ratio 
" within  groups "Variance
How to Calculate ANOVA
(Step 1)
• 1. Arrangement of table and calculation of
– Sum of Squares, ∑X1, ∑X2…….and Grand Sum, ∑X
– Group Means, ∑X1/N, ∑X2/N…and Grand Mean
∑X/N
– Correction Term ‘C’= ∑X2/N

 X 2 Squareofthegrandsum
C 
N Total  cases
Step 2
• Arrangement of given table in
squared-form table and calculation
of,
1. ∑X12, ∑X22….

2. ∑X2
Step 3
• Calculation of Total Sum of Squares
• It is calculated with the help of formula-

S   x  C
t
2 2
Step 4
• Calculation of Between sum of Squares
• The formula used is-

  x1    x2    x3    xn 
2 2 2 2

S 
2
b    ....... C
n1 n2 n3 nn
Step 5
• Calculation of within group sum of squares
• It is calculated by using the formula-

S 2
w  S S
t
2 2
b
Step 6
• Calculation of number of Degree of Freedom.
Total sum of Square, St2  N  1

Between group sum of Square, Sb2  K  1


Within group sum of Square, S w2   N  1   K  1
Where, N is total number of Observations,
and K is number of groups
Step 7
• Calculation of F ratio

Source of Sum of df Mean Square


Variance Squares Variance
Between 2 K-1
Groups S b
Sb2
K 1

Within 2 N-K
Groups S W
SW2
N K
" between  group "Variance
F  ratio 
" within  groups "Variance
Step 8
• Interpretation of F ratio
• F Significant Null
Hypothesis Rejected
• F Non-Significant Null
Hypothesis Accepted
Step 9
• Using t-test if F is significant.

D Difference..Between..2.Means
t 
 D Standard ..error.of .Difference

Standard error of Difference is Computed as:


1 1 
D    
n
 1 n2 

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