Telecommunication Networks (EEEg-4282)

Chapter One
Introduction to Telecommunication Systems
Outline
 Introduction
 Historical Perspective
 Standardization and Standards Organizations
 Telecommunication Services
 Telecommunication Networks

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Introduction
 Telecommunications has been defined as a technology
concerned with communicating from a distance.
 It includes mechanical communication and electrical
communication.
 Many authorities such as the national post, telegraph, and
telephone (PTT) companies are involved in telecommunications
using both forms.
 The main concern here is electrical and bidirectional, which will
take the major share of telecommunications in the future.
 Telecommunications networks make up the most complicated
equipment in the world.
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Introduction…

Fig.1 Telecommunications Sections [1]

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Introduction…..
 Telecommunications plays an essential role in many areas of
everyday life such as:
 Banking, automatic teller machines, telebanking
 Aviation, booking of tickets
 Sales, wholesale and order handling
 Credit card payments at gasoline stations
 Booking of hotel rooms by travel agencies
 Material purchasing by industry
 Government operations, such as taxation

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Historical Perspective

Fig. 2: Development of telecommunication systems and services [1]

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Historical Perspective…

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Standardization

 Telecommunication networks are designed to serve a wide

variety of users who are using equipment from many different
vendors.
 To design and build networks effectively, standards are
necessary to achieve interoperability, compatibility and required
performance in a cost-effective manner.
 Open standards are needed to enable the interconnection of
systems, equipment and networks from different manufacturers,
vendors and operators.

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Standardization …

 The most important advantages and some other aspects of open

telecommunication standards include:
 Standards make the interconnection of systems from different vendors
possible
 Standards make users and network operators vendor independent and
improve availability of the systems.
 Standards make international services available
 Standards are opportunities to the industries of small countries
 Standards lead to economies of scale in manufacturing and engineering.

 Political interests often lead to different standards in Europe,

Japan and the United States.

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Standards Organizations

 Many organizations are involved in standardization work.

 These standards organizations can be national, continental and
international.
National Organizations:
 The most important national standard organizations include:
 The British Standards Institute (BSI)- United Kingdom
 The Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN)- Germany
 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-United States
 The Finnish Standards Institute (SFS)-Finland

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Standards Organizations …

European Organizations:
 The most important European standard organizations include:
 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 The European Committee for Standardization (CEN/CENELEC)
 The European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT)

Fig. 3: European Standard Organizations [1].

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Standards Organizations …

American Organizations:
 The most important American standard organizations include:
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Fig. 4: American Standards Organizations [1]

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Standard Organizations …

Global Organizations:
 The most important Global standard organizations include:
 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU): ITU-T and ITU-R
 International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT/
ITU-T) and International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR/ITU-R).
 The International Standards Organization (ISO/IEC)

Fig. 5: Global Standards Organizations

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Interested Parties in Standardization
 There are several groups that are interested and involved in
standardization for different reasons.
 Network operators:
 To improve the compatibility of telecommunications systems
 To be able to provide wide-area or even international services
 To be able to purchase equipment from multiple vendors

 Equipment manufacturers:
 To get information about future standards for their development
activities as early as possible
 To support standards that are based on their own technologies
 To prevent standardization if it opens their own markets

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Interested Parties in Standardization …
 Service users:
 To support the development of standardized international services
 To have access to alternative system vendors (multivendor networks)
 To improve the compatibility of their future network systems

 Academic experts:
 To become inventors of new technological approaches

Fig. 6: Interested Parties in Standardization [1] 23

Telecommunication Services
 In general, telecommunication services can classified into three
broad categories.
i. Basic Services
 Services that everyone needs
 Require some cost

ii. Supplementary Services

 Additional services for ease of communication
 Provided without cost

iii. Value-added Services

 Additional services for effective communication
 Require some cost
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Elements of Telecommunication Networks
 All telecommunication networks are made up of five basic
elements that are present in each network environment
regardless of type or use case.
 These basic components include terminals, telecommunications
processors, telecommunications channels, computers and
telecommunications control software.
 Terminals:
 Are the starting and stopping points in any telecommunication network
environment.
 Any input or output device that is used to transmit or receive data can be
classified as a terminal element.

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Elements of Telecommunication Networks …

 Telecommunication processors:
 Support data transmission and reception between terminals and
computers by providing a variety of control and support functions (i.e.
convert data from digital to analog and back).

 Telecommunication channels:
 are the way by which data is transmitted and received.
 are created through a variety of media of which the most popular
include copper wires and coaxial cables.
 Fiber-optic cables are increasingly used to bring faster and more robust
connections to businesses and homes.

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Elements of Telecommunication Networks …
 Computers:
 In a telecommunication environment computers are connected through
media to perform their communication assignments.
 Early networks were built without computers, but late in the 20th century
their switching centers were computerized or the networks replaced with
computer networks.

 Telecommunications control software:

 is present on all networked computers and is responsible for controlling
network activities and functionality.

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Types of Telecommunication Networks
 Telecommunication networks can be classified based on
different characteristics.
i. Based on the information type transmitted over the network
 Voice/speech
 Audio
 Data
 Video
 Multimedia

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Types of Telecommunication Networks …
ii. Based on the service type provided by the network
 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
 Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
 Internet Network
 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
 Circuit Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN)
 Packet Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN)

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