3 Common Indicators Natural Indicator: Acids, Bases and Salts Indicators

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ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

INDICATORS

INDICATOR IS A DYE THAT CHANGES COLOUR IN ACID OR


BASE.

3 COMMON INDICATORS : LITMUS, METHYL ORANGE AND


PHENOLPHTHALEIN

NATURAL INDICATOR : TURMERIC. IT TURNS RED IN BASIC


SOLUTIONS.

A curry stain turns reddish brown on applying soap.

LITMUS PAPER : ACID TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED AND BASE


TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED.

METHYL ORANGE: GIVES RED COLOUR IN ACID SOLUTION &


YELLOW IN BASIC.

PHENOLPHTHALEIN : TURNS COLOURLESS IN ACID SOLUTION


AND PINK IN BASIC SOLUTION.

P18 Q1

OLFACTORY (relating to smell) INDICATORS

Those substances whose smell changes in acidic and basic solutions


are called olfactory indicators.

e.g. ONION and VANILLA EXTRACT. Give no smell in basic


solutions.
ORGANIC ACIDS VS MINERAL ACIDS

ORGANIC ACIDS MINERAL ACIDS


They are present in plants and Prepared from minerals of the
animals earth
Naturally occurring Man made
e.g. Citric acid,lactic acid, oxalic e.g. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
acid
Not harmful Harmful
All Organic acids are weak All Mineral acids are strong

A CONCENTRATED ACID IS ONE WHICH CONTAINS MINIMUM


POSSIBLE AMOUNT OF WATER.

A DILUTE ACID IS ONE WHICH CONTAINS MUCH MORE OF


WATER IN IT.

WHY WHILE DILUTION OF CONC. ACID , ACID SHOULD BE


ADDED TO WATER GRADUALLY WITH STIRRING ( AS HEAT IS
EVOLOVED GRADUALLY AND EASILY ABSORBED BY LARGE
AMOUMT OF WATER ) & NOT VICE VERSA ( AS THEN A LARGE
AMOUNT OF HEAT IS PRODUCED AT ONCE) WHICH CHANGES
SOME OF THE WATER TO STEAM EXPLOSIVELY WHICH CAN
SPLASH ON OUR FACE AND GIVE US BURNS.

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS:

1. HAVE SOUR TASTE


2. ARE CORROSIVE IN NATURE . THEY CAN CAUSE BURNS
ON SKIN and are never stored in metal containers as they
gradually corrode metal and eat it up. They are stored in glass
or ceramic containers.
3. TURN BLUE LITMUS RED
4. THEY ARE ELECTROLYTES AS THEY CONDUCT
ELECTRICITY
5. ACID + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN GAS e.g. Zn + H2SO4
 ZnSO4 + H2 (burns with pop )
6. ACID + METAL CARBONATE/METAL HYDROGEN
CARBONATE  SALT + CO2 + H2O
NaCO3 or NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O

CO2 turns lime water milky. How?


Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 ( white ppt) + H2O
Why milkiness disappears if excess CO2 is passed ?
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  A salt of Ca is formed which is soluble in
water

Remember : CO2 can extinguish a burning substance.

Baking Soda is used as a remedy for acidity as it is basic and


neutralises excess acid in stomach.

7. ACID + BASE  SALT +WATER


The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water is
called neutralisation reaction.
e.g. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
phenolphthalein turns colourless in acid and pink in a base
Take NaOH in a beaker , add phenolphthalein which turns the
sol. pink
Add HCl until indicator turns colourless.
8. ACID + METAL OXIDE  SALT + WATER
CuO + HCl  CuCl2 + H20

CURD & SOUR SUBSTANCES NOT KEPT IN BRASS/COPPER


CONTAINERS as acids in them can react with these metals to
form toxic compounds which can cause food poisoning.
P22 Q1,2,3
SOLUTION OF ACID DILUTED: H+ CONC. DECCREASES
BASIC SOLUTION IN DILUTED WITH BASE: OH- CONC.
INCREASES.
ALL ACIDS HAVE IN COMMON ? H+ IONS
AN ACID IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH DISSOCIATES /
IONISES ON DISSOLVING IN WATER TO PRODUCE
HYDROGEN IONS [ H+ IONS]. E.g. HCl(aq)  H+ + Cl-
HNO3  H+ + NO3-
WHY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF GLUCOSE AND
ALCOHOL DO NOT SHOW ACIDIC CHARACTER?
Because their hydrogen doesn’t separate as hydrogen [H+ ions]
on dissolving in water.
ALL ACIDS CONTAIN HYDROGEN BUT ALL HYDROGEN
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ARE NOT ACIDS.

BASIC SOLUTION TOO HAVE H+ ions coming from ionisation


of water. They are basic as conc of OH- ions is more than H+
ions.
ACTIVITY: GLUCOSE OR ALCOHOL SOLUTIONS DO NOT
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY due to absence of ions BUT
AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF HCl CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY
due to presence of ions in it and ions carry current.
DISTILLED WATER DOESN’T CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
As it does not contain any ionic compounds like acid and base
RAIN WATER CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY
While falling to earth dissolves an acidic gas CO2 and forms
Carbonic Acid( H2CO3) which gives H + and CO32- ions to rain
water.

TEST HCl gas with dry litmus paper : doesn’t change colour
because it has no hydrogen [H +] ions
TEST HCl gas with wet litmus paper : turns red. HCl gas
dissolves in water forming HCl solution which then produces H+
& Cl- ions.

P25 Q 1 TO 6
CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS ON THE BASIS OF DEGREE
OF IONISATION

STRONG ACID : An acid that completely ionises in water and


produces a large amount of hydrogen ions is called a strong
acid. E.g. HCl(aq)  H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
WEAK ACID : An acid that partially ionises in water and
produces a small amount of hydrogen ions is called a weak acid.
E.g. CH3COOH(aq)  CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
BASES
1. THEY HAVE BITTER TASTE
2. A BASE CAN NEUTRALISE AN ACID.
3. BASES TURN RED LITMUS BLUE.
4. THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY as they split up into ions
5. ALL METAL OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES ARE BASES. E.G.
NaOH, Na2O, Ca(OH)2, CaO etc.
6. A BASE WHICH IS SOLUBLE IN WATER IS CALLED AN
ALKALI. E.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
7. ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON ? OH- IONS i.e. all bases
produce OH- ions when dissolved in water.

CLASSIFICATION OF BASES ON THE BASIS OF DEGREE OF


IONISATION

STRONG BASE : A base that completely ionises in water and


produces a large amount of hydroxide ions (OH- ions) is called a
strong acid. E.g. KOH(aq)  K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
WEAK BASE : A base that partially ionises in water and
produces a small amount of hydroxide ions (OH- ions) is called a
weak base. E.g. Mg(OH)2 (aq)  Mg2+ (aq)+ OH- (aq)

8. BASE + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN GAS


NaOH (aq)+ Zn(s)  Na2ZnO2(aq) +H2 (g)

9. BASE + ACID  SALT + WATER (Neutarlisation Reaction )


Mg(OH)2 + HCl -- MgCl2 + H2O
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

10. BASE + NON-METAL OXIDES  SALT + WATER


Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
pH SCALE : It gives the strength of acid and base solutions. This
scale has a value from 0 to 14.

The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of


hydrogen ions in it.

pH 7 means Neutral sol.

pH<7 means Acidic sol. lower the pH stronger the acid

pH>7 means Basic sol. higher the ph stronger the base

UNIVERSAL INDICATOR

It tells us the relative strengths of acids and bases.

It is a mixture of dyes and gives different colours for different pH


values

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Water gives green colour.

pH and everyday life

Our stomach has pH of 1.4. If excess acid causes indigestion antacid


Milk Of Magnesia [Mag hydroxide] & Baking Soda [sodium hydrogen
carbonate] are given.

1. Tooth Decay starts if pH of acid in the mouth falls below 5.5.


Rinse mouth regularly & thoroughly. Our toothpastes are
alkaline to help prevent tooth decay & neutralize excess acid.
2. If soil is too acidic having less pH then treated with quicklime,
slaked lime and limestone etc. as they are basic in nature. If
soil is too basic then manure or compost are added as they
contain acidic materials.
3. Calcium Carbonate is added to acidic lake to neutralise the acid
coming from acid rain which poses threat to aquatic life.
SELF DEFENCE
4. Honey bee , ant sting injects acid into our skin . RUB BAKING
SODA.
5. Nettle plant leaves inject methanoic acid into our skin on
touching it. RUB BAKING SODA / Dock plant leaf rub

Milk has pH of 6 . when it changes to curd it even falls more as


curd is acidic.
Milk man adds little baking soda to fresh milk to make it alkaline
so that it doesn’t get sour due to formation of lactic acid. This
milk takes longer to set into curd as lactic acid being formed
during this curdling has to neutralise the base/alkali present in
it.

P28 Q1 to 4

SALTS AND THEIR FAMILY

Salts having same +ve or -ve ions are said to belong to a family. E.g.
NaCl & Na2SO4 (Sodium salts)

NaCl & KCl (Chloride salts)

Salts of strong acid & strong base are neutral (pH = 7)

Salts of strong acid & weak base are acidic (pH < 7)

Salts of strong base & weak acid are basic (pH > 7)

COMMON SALT -- Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

 It is neutral salt.
 It occurs naturally in SEA WATER ( by the process of
evaporation) & ROCK SALT ( Mined from underground deposits
like coal. It was formed when the ancient seas dried up by
evaporation)
 Used in making many chemicals e.g. NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3
etc.
 Used in cooking & as preservative in pickles.
 Used to melt ice on the roads in cold countries.

CAUSTIC SODA -- Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Prepared using CHLOR-ALKALI process : Electricity is passed


through an aqueous solution of NaCl ( called brine):
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l)  2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2 (g)
[anode] [cathode]

BLEACHING POWDER – Calcium oxychloride (CaOCl2)

 Chlorine gas is passed over dry slaked lime Ca(OH)2.

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  CaOCl2 + H2O

 Uses
In textile industries (for bleaching cotton &linen)
In paper factories (for bleaching wood pulp)
In laundary ( for bleaching washed clothes)
In drinking water to make it germ free.
BAKING SODA – Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate ( NaHCO3)

Made from NaCl:

NaCl + H2O + CO2 +NH3  NH4Cl + NaHCO3

 Used as antacid itself being alkaline neutralises excess acid.


 Used in soda acid fire extinguishers.
 Used in Kitchen for making crispy pakoras.
 Used for faster cooking. Following reaction occurs when heated
during cooking:
 NaHCO3 -- Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2
 Used for making baking powder ( NaHCO3 + mild edible acid like
tartaric acid)
when baking powder is heated or mixed with water:

NaHCO3 + H+  CO2 + H2O + Na salt of acid


this CO2 produced can make the bread or cake rise making
them soft & spongy.

WASHING SODA (Na2CO3.H20):

Recrystallisation sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is basic in


nature.

Na2CO3 + 10H2O  Na2CO3.H20


used in glass, soap, paper industries, manufacturing of Na compounds
like borax, as cleaning agent for domestic purposes & for removing
permanent hardness of water.

PLASTER OF PARIS (CaSO4.1/2H2O)

On heating gypsum at 373K it loses water molecules and becomes


CaSO4.1/2H2O called POP calcium hemihydrate:

CaSO4.1/2H2O + 1/2H2O  CaSO4.2H2O

(POP) (Gypsum)
 POP is a white powder.
 POP has a property of setting into hard mass on wetting with
water due to formation of gypsum due to hydration.and it
expands slightly in volume & hence used to make casts for
statues, toys.
 Used by doctors as plaster for supporting fractured bones in
the right position.
 Used for making designs on ceilings of houses & buildings

POP should be stored in moisture-proof container as moisture


can cause slow setting of POP due to hydration.
P33 Q1 to 5

WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION

The water molecules that form part of the structure of a salt are
called water of crystallization.

e.g. 1

Copper Sulphate CuSO4 (Anhyrous) Copper Sulphate CuSO4.5H2O


(Hydrated)

e.g. 2

Washing Soda Na2CO3.10H2O (Hydrated)

Soda Ash Na2CO3 (Anhydrous)

e.g. 3

Plaster Of Paris CaSO4. 1/2H2O

Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O

Remember:

CuSO4 + H20 --------- CuSO4.5H2O


(anhydrous) white (hydrated) blue
Copper Sulphate Copper Sulphate

CuSO4.5H20 --------- CuSO4 + H2O


hydrated (blue) anhydrous (white)

The water molecules that form part of the


structure of a salt are called water of
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION
crystallization.
NCERT BACK EXERCISE PG 34

e.g. 1
Copper Sulphate CuSO4 (Anhyrous) Copper
Sulphate CuSO4.5H2O (Hydrated)

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