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    SKELETAL SYSTEM-WPS Office

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    Alan Gandidze Motif
    The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body through bones and cartilage. It allows for movement through joints between bones powered by skeletal muscles. The skeleton also protects internal organs and produces blood cells. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The skeletal system is composed of bone, ligaments, tendons, and joints which connect bones and allow movement. There are five types of bones including long bones in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones.

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    SKELETAL SYSTEM-WPS Office

    Uploaded by

    Alan Gandidze Motif
    113 views7 pages
    The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body through bones and cartilage. It allows for movement through joints between bones powered by skeletal muscles. The skeleton also protects internal organs and produces blood cells. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The skeletal system is composed of bone, ligaments, tendons, and joints which connect bones and allow movement. There are five types of bones including long bones in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones.

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    Skeletal system

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    The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body through bones and cartilage. It allows for movement through joints between bones powered by skeletal muscles. The skeleton also protects internal organs and produces blood cells. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The skeletal system is composed of bone, ligaments, tendons, and joints which connect bones and allow movement. There are five types of bones including long bones in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones.

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    113 views7 pages

    SKELETAL SYSTEM-WPS Office

    Uploaded by

    Alan Gandidze Motif
    The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body through bones and cartilage. It allows for movement through joints between bones powered by skeletal muscles. The skeleton also protects internal organs and produces blood cells. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The skeletal system is composed of bone, ligaments, tendons, and joints which connect bones and allow movement. There are five types of bones including long bones in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones.

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    of 7

    SKELETAL SYSTEM

    What is the skeletal system?

    - The system that provides support to an organism, internal and made up of bones and cartilage in
    vertebrates.

    FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM


    Support

    The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis,
    associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal
    cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.

    Movement

    The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g.
    the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement
    is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles,
    bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.

    Protection

    The skeleton helps to protect our many vital internal organs from being damaged.

    The skull protects the brain

    The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

    The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels.

    Blood cell production

    The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone
    marrow. In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur
    and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.

    Storage

    The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store
    iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism.

    Endocrine regulation
    Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar
    (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition
    to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.

    The human skeletal system is divided into two principal subdivisions:

     the axial skeleton


     appendicular skeleton.

    THE AXIAL SKELETON

    forms the central axis of the human body and is composed of 80 bones that include the bones of the
    skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic
    cage. It also provides protection and support for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs, in addition to
    providing a surface for muscles to attach to.

    THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

    consists of 126 bones that include both the upper and lower limbs and bones of the shoulders and
    pelvis.

    COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

    The skeletal system is composed of four main fibrous and mineralized connective tissues : bones,
    ligaments, tendons, and joints.

    BONE:

    A rigid form of connective tissue that is part of the skeletal system of vertebrates and is composed
    principally of calcium.

    LIGAMENT:

    A small band of dense, white, fibrous elastic tissue. Ligaments connect the ends of bones together in
    order to form a joint. They also assist in holding organs in place.

    TENDON:

    A tough, flexible and inelastic band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
    JOINT:

    Joints hold the skeleton and support movement. They can be grouped together by function and
    structure, such as ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints.

    TYPES OF BONES:

    There are five types of bones in the human skeletal system: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

    LONG BONE:

    Helps to facilitate movement and support the weight of the body. Long bones are characterized by a
    long tubular shaft and an articular surface at each end of the bone where ligaments and tendons attach.
    These bones include the major bones of the arms and legs such as the humerus and femur, tibia and
    fibula, and the radius and ulna.

    SHORT BONE:

    Helps to provide stability and movement within the ankle and wrist joints. They provide little to no
    movement. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and are as long as they are wide. Examples of this type
    of bone include the carpals and metacarpals in the wrists and ankles.

    FLAT BONE:

    The primary purpose of this type of bone is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart and lungs.
    It also provides a large surface area for muscles to attach to. Examples of this type of bone include the
    cranium (skull), the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs) and the ilium (pelvis).

    IRREGULAR BONE:

    These types of bones vary in size and structure with the shape usually being very complex. Irregular
    bones serve different functions depending on location. For example, vertebrae protect the spinal cord
    and together make up the spinal column. Another example would be the hyoid bone which helps to
    maintain tracheal and pharyngeal support.

    SESAMOID BONE:

    The function of this bone is to protect tendons and diminish friction and wear on joint surfaces. This
    type of bone is usually small and round and is found in the hands, feet, and knees. A common example
    of a sesamoid bone is the patella (kneecap).

    When you consider the relationship between the axial and appendicular skeleton and the soft tissues of
    the body, it becomes clear that the primary functions of the skeleton are support, protection, and
    motion. Of these functions, support is the oldest and most primitive; similarly, the axial skeleton was the
    first to evolve.
    TYPES OF JOINTS

    SYNOVIAL JOINT
    HINGE JOINT

    BALL AND SOCKET


    Explain how movement occurs in the arm?

    -when the biceps contract the ulna and radius are pulled upwards at the same time the tricep relax

    -when the tricep contract the ulna and radius is pulled downward while the bicep relax

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