CHAPTER ENGINEERING

1 MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Stress
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress

The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is

to provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing
and designing various machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the
determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress.
• Stress: Stress is defined as the intensity of force per unit
area at any point. To designate stress notations σ
(normal stress) and τ (shear stress) are used.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Free Body and Internal Linear Force

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress

• Normal Stress: Stress resulting from force that is normal to

the surface is called normal stress. It can be either tensile
stress or compressive stress. If the normal force is away
from the surface, the resulting stress is tensile normal
stress and if the force acts on an inward direction to the
surface the resulting stress is compressive normal stress.
Notations σ is used to designate normal stress.
• Shear Stress: Stress that results from forces that are along
the surface is called shear stress. Notations τ is used to
designate shear stress.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress (Stress at a point)
• A member subjected to a general combination of loads is cut
into two segments by a plane passing through Q
• The distribution of internal stress components may be
defined as,
Fx
 x  lim
A 0 A
Vxy Vxz
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A 0 A A 0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and opposite internal force and

stress distribution must be exerted on the other segment of
the member.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress
• Direction of Stress: Direction of stress is the direction of force
from which the stress occurs. Two subscripts are required to
completely indicate the direction of stress: the first subscript
indicates the direction of normal to the plane on which the stress
acts, the second subscript indicates the direction of the force
from which the stress occurs.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress
Thus σxx is complete notations of
normal stress that occurs on a plane for
which direction of normal is the
direction of x axis and direction of
force is the direction of x axis, and τxy
is complete notations of shear stress
that occurs on a plane for which
direction of normal is the direction of x
axis and direction of force is the
direction of y axis. For the plane
shown direction of normal is the x
axis, thus first subscript of any stress
acting on this plane is x and the second
subscript is the direction of the force
from which the stress occurs.
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress
Sign convention for stress components: If the direction of the
positive normal stress is the direction of the positive axis on any
plane, the direction of positive shear stress is the direction of
respective positive axis and if the direction of the positive normal
stress is the direction of the negative axis on any plane, the
direction of positive shear stress is the direction of respective
negative axis.
Stress Tensor: A force P can be resolved into three components (in
the direction of the axis system in Cartesian coordinate system) ,
load can be written in vector form.
 Px 
 
P   Py 
 Pz 
 
Analogously, the stress components
can be assembled as follows:

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress
At first glance it appears that a total
of nine stress components (three on
each face x three face) are required to
fully define the state of stress at a
point.
Stress components are defined for the
planes cut parallel to the x, y and z
axes. For equilibrium, equal and
opposite stresses are exerted on the
hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
State of Stress

Consider the moments about the z axis:

M z  0   yx dx.dz .dy   xy .dy.dz .dx
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  xz   zx

It follows that only 6 components of stress are required to define

the complete state of stress
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Differential Equations of Equilibrium`

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Differential Equations of Equilibrium

Note that in deriving the previous equations, mechanical properties of the

material have not been used. This means that these equations are applicable
whether a material is elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic. Also it is very
important to note that there are not enough equations of equilibrium to
solve for the unknown stresses. In the two-dimensional case, given by Eq.
1-5, there are three unknown stresses, and only two equations. For the
three-dimensional case, there are six stresses, but only three equations.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Analysis of Axially Loaded Bars
1-6. Maximum Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Bearing Stress
Sometimes compressive stresses arise where one body is supported by
another. If the resultant of the applied forces coincides with the centroid of
the contact area between the two bodies, the intensity of force, or stress,
between the two bodies can again be determined from Eq. 1-6. It is
customary to refer to this normal stress as a bearing stress. Figure 1-9,
where a short block bears on a concrete pier and the latter bears on the soil,
illustrates such a stress.

These bearing stresses can be

approximated by dividing the applied
force P by the corresponding contact
area giving a useful nominal bearing
stress.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shear Stresses

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shear Stresses

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 1-1

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Ex. 1-1(contd.)

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 1-2

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 1-3

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
1-11. Deterministic Design of Members: Axially Loaded Bars

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example Problems

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 1-6

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contd.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Problems for Solution from Popov, Chapter-1

Solve following problems in addition to solved problems of

different text books mentioned:
9-12, 23, 27-30, 32-36, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 52, 53, 55-58.

NEXT SLIDES
Following are the Practice Problems
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problems
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problems
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections)
at the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force
in each structural member
and the reaction forces at the
supports

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  Cx  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Would like to determine the

stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Must consider maximum

normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are

unstressed since the boom is in compression.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
 25 mm  6 2
A r 
2
  49110 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 491106 m 2

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Shearing Stresses
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 491106 m 2

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sinq

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sinq P
   sinq cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos 2 q  sinq cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Concentration: Hole

Discontinuities of cross section may result in  max

K
high localized or concentrated stresses.  ave

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Concentration: Fillet

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.12

SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm r 8 mm
  1.50   0.20
d 40 mm d 40 mm
K  1.82

• Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
 max 165 MPa
 ave    90.7 MPa
K 1.82

• Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P  A ave  40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa 

 36.3 103 N
P  36.3 kN
END
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