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Stepped Footing

The document provides design details for a stepped footing foundation for a column load of 1200 kN. It includes: 1) Calculating the required footing size as 3.4x3.4m based on the soil bearing capacity of 120 kN/m^2. 2) Determining the net upward soil pressure and minimum depth of the foundation as 1.5m. 3) Designing the stepped footing with depths of 750mm, 500mm, and 260mm at the column, first step, and second step respectively. 4) Checking the reinforcement, development length, self-weight, bending moments, shear forces, and stresses at each section to ensure safety.

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V.m. Rajan
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4K views12 pages

Stepped Footing

The document provides design details for a stepped footing foundation for a column load of 1200 kN. It includes: 1) Calculating the required footing size as 3.4x3.4m based on the soil bearing capacity of 120 kN/m^2. 2) Determining the net upward soil pressure and minimum depth of the foundation as 1.5m. 3) Designing the stepped footing with depths of 750mm, 500mm, and 260mm at the column, first step, and second step respectively. 4) Checking the reinforcement, development length, self-weight, bending moments, shear forces, and stresses at each section to ensure safety.

Uploaded by

V.m. Rajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTI STOREYED BUILDINGS

V.M.RAJAN,M.E.(Struct),FIE,
Former CE/Civil/TANGEDCO
Foundation Design – Stepped footing Design
***
DESIGN OF STEPPED FOOTING

Introduction: The construction of sloped footing is sometimes difficult and


when the slope of the top face of footing is more, say more than 1 vertically to 3
horizontally, it may be difficult to finish the top without having concrete slump
too much. In such cases, stepped footing is an alternative. The stepped footing
give least steel quantity, while the slopped footing give least concrete quantity.
Stepped footings are little cumbersome in construction, while the slopped
footings are easier in execution.
Design aspects: For stepped footings, additional checks for moment and
beam shear(one way shear) are required to be made for the portion of the
footing of depth D3 (at edge depth). Normally Do (depth at each edge) is kept as
0.30D to 0.50D in stepped footing. Check for one way shear is checked to be
safe by using first principle.
The design is first done at the section X1-X1 passing through face of the
column. The depth d is determined both on the basis of bending moment and
shear. The depth so found is checked both for one way shear (beam shear) as
well as for two way shear (punching shear).
The area of steel reinforcement is provided as usual.
Let the size of footing at its top, at the next step be B2 x B2 and its depth d2. The
critical section for design will be at section X2-X2. The critical depth d2 should be
safe in compression, tension, shear and development length. The bending
moment at X2-X2 will be the moment of the total pressure acting on the
rectangular area to one side of the section. The resisting width will be B2. From
compression point of view, d2= √Mu2/(0.138fck x B2) where Mu2 is the ultimate
B.M. at X2-X2.
From tension point of view, providing the same reinforcement Ast as at X1-X1.
d2 = Mu2
0.87fy x j xAst
The greater of the two values of d2 is selected. This value of d2 is checked both
for beam shear (at a section distant d2 from X2-X2) and for punching shear (at
perimeter section distant d2/2 from the face of the step) Similarly, depth d3 at
section X3-X3 is determined.
Problem
Design of axially loaded stepped footing

Data :-
Load on column P = 1200 KN
Column size ( b x d) =500 x 500 mm
SBC of soil = 120 KN /m2
Concrete Mix =M20
Steel Grade = Fe 415
Clear cover of bottom slab =50 mm

Design :-
1.Size of footing :

Load on column P =1200 KN


Self weight of footing 5% = 60 KN
-------
Total load on soil P1 = 1260 KN
-------
SBC of soil = 120 KN/m2
Area of footing required = Total load P1 /SBC
= 1260 / 120 =10.5 m2
Provide 3.40 x 3.40 m square footing.
Area provided =11.56 m2 > 10.5 m2
2. Net upward soil pressure :
Load from column P =1200 KN
Area of footing =11.56 m2
Net upward soil pressure p0 =1200 / 11.56 =103.81 KN/m2
< 120 KN/m2(SBC) O.K.
3. Depth of foundation:
As per Rankine’s theory
Minimum depth of foundation =p/w (1-sin Φ /1+sin Φ) 2
where p=gross bearing capacity =120 KN/m2
w =density of soil =18 KN/m3
Φ =angle of response of soil=30 degree
Depth of Foundation below GL = (120/18) x {1-sin 30/1+ sin 30} 2 =0.74m
Provide Depth of Foundation as 1.50m

4.Bending moment :
Let us give first step at 450 mm from column face and second step at 950 mm
from face of column.
B1= b+ 2 x first offset = 500 + 2 x 450 =1400 mm.
B2 = b + 2 x second offset distance
= 500 + 2 x 950 = 2400 mm.
Cantilever projection from X1—X1= (B-a) /2 =(3400-500) /2= 1450 mm
Bending moment @ X1-X1 passing through face of column
= p0 B (B –a)2 /2
= 103.81 x 3.400 x 1.402
2
=345.89 KN.m

Ultimate B.M. Mu1 =1.5 x 345.89 = 518.84 KN.m


The top width of footing at the column base = B1=1400mm
5.Check for depth required:
Effective depth d1 required
d1 = √ (518.84 x 106) / (0.138x20x1400) =366.44 mm
Approximate depth D required =Side of footing/5.5 for SBC 120 KN/m2
= 3400/5.5 = 618.18 mm
For stepped footing increase depth by 20% = 1.20x618.18
=741.82 mm say 750 mm.
Provide overall depth D =750 mm & d1=750-50-12-6
=682 mm
Check for two way shear :
For one way shear, the critical plane is located at a distance of d=682mm from
face of column which lies after the step, where thickness d2 is yet to be found.
For two way shear, the critical plane lies at a distance of d1
2
= 682 = 341 mm from the face of column where
2
bo =(500 +2x 341) =1182 mm
Hence perimeter for punching shear zone
= 4 x 1182=4728mm
Punching shear =103.81 x [ 3.42 -1.1822] = 1055 KN
Factored Shear Vu = 1.5 x 1055 = 1582.5 KN
ζv = 1582.5 x 103 = 0.49 N/mm2
4728 x 682
Permissible shear stress ζc= Ks x ζc where
Ks = (0.5 +1) =1.5 > 1. Take Ks =1
Ks ζc = 1 x 0.25 √20 = 1.12 N/mm2 > 0.49 N/mm2
Hence safe.

6. Reinforcement :

K= Mu/b d2 = 518.84 x 106


1400 x 6822

=0.80
100 Pt from Table 2 of Design Aid =0.201
Ast = 0.201 x 1400 x 682 = 1919 mm2
100
Provide 19 Nos. 12 Φ RTS on both direction.
(Ast =2147 mm2 > 1919 mm2)
7. Check for cracking :
Clear distance between bars = 3400-50-12 -12
18
=173. mm < 180 mm for Fe 415
8. Check for development length :
Development length Ld = 47 Φ
=47 x 12 = 564 mm
Available length of anchorage =3400 – 50=3350 mm> Ld
O.K.
9. Design of section after first step:
Let the effective depth be d2 mm
Width of footing at top = B2 = 2400 mm
Cantilever projection @ X2-X2 = 3400-1400 = 1000 mm
2
Bending moment M2 just at the face of step
= 103.81 x 3.40 x 1.002 = 176.48 KN.m
2
Factored B.M.Mu2 =1.50 x 176.48 = 264.72 KN.m

From compression point of view, if the same reinforcement as provided at the


column face is to be kept
d2 = √ (264.72 x 106)/(0.138 x 20 x 2400)
=199.91 mm
From Tension point of view, if the same reinforcement as provided at the column
face is to be kept
d2 = Mu/ 0.87 fy Ast j = 264.72 x 106
0.87x415x2147x0.904

=377.76 mm
Check for one way shear :

Pt = 2147 x 100 = 0.167 %


3400x 377.76
Permissible shear stress ζc = 0.33 N/mm2 from Table 61 of Design Aid .
One way Shear force = 103.81 x 3.40 x {(3.4-1.40)/2 -0.378}
= 219.54 KN
Factored SF Vu = 1.50 x 219.54 = 329.31KN
d 2 = Vu
B2 x ζc

= 329.31 x 103 = 415.80 mm


2400 x 0.33

For punching shear, taking d2=415.80 mm (max. of the above three values )
bo= B1+ d2/2 = 1400+ 415.80/2 =1607.9 mm
Shear force = 103.81 x [3.402 – 1.6072] = 931.96 KN

Factored SF Vu =1.50 x 931.96 =1397.94 KN


ζv = Vu / 4 x bo x d2 = 1397.94 x 103
4x 1607.9 x d2

Permissible shear stress ζc = 1.12 N/mm2


d2 required = 1397.94 x 103 = 192.35 mm
4 x 1607.9x 1.12

Max. value of d2 = 415.80 mm


10. Design of section after second step:
Let the effective depth be d3.
This is provided up to the edge of the footing.
Cantilever projection at X3-X3 = 3400-2400 = 500 mm
2

The B.M. M3 just at the face of second steps


M3= 103.81 x 3.40 x 0.502
2
=44.12 KN.m

Factored B.M.Mu3 = 1.5 x 44.12 =66.18 KN.m


From compression point of view
d3= √ (66.18x106)/(0.138x20x3400) =83.98mm
From Tension point of view, using same steel
d3= 66.18 x 106
0.87x415x0.904x2147

=94.44mm
From one way shear point of view
d3= Vu/ B x ζc
Take d3= 94.44 mm
Shear force for one way shear
=103.81 x 3.40 x(0.50-0.09444)
= 143.14 KN
Vu = 1.50 x 143.14 =214.72 KN
For pt = 0.167%, ζc = 0.33N/mm2
d3= 214.72 x 103 = 191.37 mm
3400 x 0.33

For punching shear, taking d3 = 191.37 mm


(Max. of the above three values )

bo = 2400+ 191.37
2
= 2495.69 mm

Shear force = 103.81 x [3.402 – 2.4962]


=553.31 KN
Factored SF Vu = 1.5 x 553.31 =829.96 KN
d3 = 829.96 x 103
4 x 2495.69 x 1.12

= 74.23 mm
Max. value of d3 = 191.37 mm
11. Total Thickness :
At the section before first step, d1 = 682 mm.
Hence effective depth in other section = 682 + 12 = 694 mm.
D1 = 694 + 50 = 744 mm.
Provide D1 = 750 mm.
At the section after second step, d2 = 415.8 mm.
Hence effective depth d2 in the other direction
= 415.8 + 12 = 427.80 mm
D2 =427.8+50 = 477.80 mm.
Provide D2 = 500 mm. This depth is between 0.30D to 0.50D (250mm to
375mm)
For the other edge d3= 191.37 mm for one direction and 191.37+12 = 1203.37
mm for the other direction.
Hence D3 =203.37+50 =253.37 mm .
Provide D3= 260 mm. This depth is between 0.30D to 0.50D (250mm to
375mm)
12. Check for self weight of footing:
Total depth of footing=1.50m
Weight of concrete volume= Column portion+ step 1 +step2+step3
={0.5 x0.5x (1.50-0.75)} +(1.40x1.40x0.25)+(2.40x2.40x0.24)+(3.4 x3.4x0.26)
=0.188+0.490+1.382+3.0=5.06m3
Weight of footing below GL=5.06 (25-18) =35.42KN < 60KN SAFE.
13.SKETCH:

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