Prepared by : Mr.

Jaymel Briones
Lecturer, Basic Calculus
 Learning Outcomes of the Lesson
• Determine the relationship between
differentiability and continuity of a function;
• Apply the differentiation rules in computing
the derivatives of algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and
inverse trigonometric functions.
 Differentiability Implies Continuity

A function f is differentiable at the

number c if
𝒇 𝒄 + 𝒉 − 𝒇 𝒄
𝒇′ 𝒄 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
 Differentiability Implies Continuity
Remark:
(a) If 𝑓 is continuous at x = c, it does not mean that 𝑓 is differentiable
at x = c.
(b) If 𝑓 is not continuous at x = c, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at x = c.
(c) If 𝑓 is not differentiable at x = c, it does not mean that 𝑓 is not
continuous at x = c.
(d) A function f is not differentiable at x = c if one of the following is
true:
i. 𝑓 is not continuous at x = c.
ii. the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = c.
iii. the graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = c.
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
C. DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
D. DIFFERENTIATING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 1: Constant Rule

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 where k is a constant, then f’(x)=0. The
derivative of a constant is equal to zero.
Examples:

1.Dx 15 = 0 3. f(x)= 3
2. 𝑦 = 𝜋
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
𝑦′ = 0
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 2: Power Rule

If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒏 where 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, then 𝒇’(𝒙)=𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 .
Examples:
2 −4 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2. ℎ 𝑥 = x 1
𝑦′ = 2𝑥 2−1 ℎ′ 𝑥 = −4𝑥 −4−1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
ℎ′ 𝑥 = −4𝑥 −5 1 1−1
𝑦′ = 2𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
or 2
4 1 −
1
ℎ ′ 𝑥 =− 5 𝑓 ′ (x) = 𝑥 2
𝑥 2
′ 1
or 𝑓 (x) =
2 𝑥
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 3: Constant Multiple Rule

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒉 (𝒙) where 𝒌 is a constant, then 𝒇’(𝒙) = 𝒌 𝒉 ‘(𝒙) .
1
Examples: 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
2
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 2. ℎ 𝑥 = 3x −4 1 1
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 3 −4𝑥 −4−1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑦′ = 2 2𝑥 2−1 2
𝑦′ = 4𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥 = −12𝑥 −5 1 1 1−1
or 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥2
2 2
−12 1 1
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 5 −
𝑓 ′ (x) = 𝑥 2
𝑥 4
1
or 𝑓 (x) =
′
4 𝑥
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 4: Sum and Difference Rule

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) ± 𝒉(𝒙) where 𝒈 and 𝒉 are differentiable
functions, then 𝒇’(𝒙) = 𝒈’(𝒙) ± 𝒉’(𝒙).
Examples: 3
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 x 2 − 3 3 𝑥 + 7𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 2 1
𝑦 ′ = 2 2𝑥 + 5 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 + 7𝑥
2 1 1 2
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 + 5 − −
𝑓 ′ (x) = 2 𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥 3 + 7
3 3
4 −1 2
−3
𝑓 ′ (x) = 𝑥 3 −𝑥 +7 or 𝑓 ′ (x) =
4
−3
1
+7
3 3
3 𝑥 𝑥2
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 4: Sum and Difference Rule

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) ± 𝒉(𝒙) where 𝒈 and 𝒉 are differentiable
functions, then 𝒇’(𝒙) = 𝒈’(𝒙) ± 𝒉’(𝒙).
Examples: 3. 𝑔 𝑤
1
= 2− 3
2
𝑤 𝑤
𝑔 𝑤 = 𝑤 −2 − 2𝑤 −3
𝑔′ (w) = −2𝑤 −3 − 2(−3𝑤 −4 )
𝑔′(𝑤) = −2𝑤 −3 + 6𝑤 −4
or
′
−2 6
𝑔 (w) = 3 + 4
𝑤 𝑤
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 5: Product Rule

If 𝒇 and 𝒈 are differentiable functions, then
𝑫𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
Alternate:
𝐷𝑥 1st . 2nd = 𝐷(1𝑠𝑡)(2𝑛𝑑) + 𝐷(2𝑛𝑑)(1𝑠𝑡)

Examples:
1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 5)(5𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 ′ = 2 5𝑥 − 3 + 5(2𝑥 + 5)
𝑦 ′ = 10x − 6 + 10x + 25
𝑦 ′ = 20x + 19
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 5: Product Rule

If 𝒇 and 𝒈 are differentiable functions, then
𝑫𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
Alternate:
𝐷𝑥 1st . 2nd = 𝐷(1𝑠𝑡)(2𝑛𝑑) + 𝐷(2𝑛𝑑)(1𝑠𝑡)

Examples:
2. t(s) = (s−2 + s −3 )(s5 − 2s3 )
t′(s) = −2s −3 − 3s−4 s 5 − 2s3 + (5s4 − 6s2 ) (s−2 + s −3 )
t ′ s = −2s2 + 4 − 3s + 6s −1 + 5s2 + 5s − 6 − 6s−1
𝑡 ′ (s) = 3s2 + 2𝑠 − 2
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 6: Quotient Rule

Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be two differentiable functions with
𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0. Then
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 − 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝑫𝒙 =
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟐
Alternate:
𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑫 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 − 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝑫(𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝑫𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝟐
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 6: Quotient Rule 𝑫𝒙

𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉
𝒍𝒐𝒘
=
𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑫 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 − 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝑫(𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝟐
Examples:
5𝑥+3
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥−3
2𝑥 − 3 𝐷𝑥 5𝑥 + 3 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝐷𝑥 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
2𝑥 − 3 2
2𝑥 − 3 (5) − 5𝑥 + 3 (2)
=
2𝑥 − 3 2
10𝑥 − 15 − 10𝑥 − 6 −21 −21
= => 2 or 2 −12𝑥+9
2𝑥 − 3 2 2𝑥 − 3 4𝑥
 A. DIFFERENTIATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 6: Quotient Rule 𝑫𝒙

𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉
𝒍𝒐𝒘
=
𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑫 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 − 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝑫(𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝟐
Examples:
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−6
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
2𝑥 −3𝑥+7
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 𝐷𝑥 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 𝐷𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 2
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 6𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 4𝑥 − 3
=
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 2
12𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 14 − 12𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 18
=
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 2
 B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(a)𝐝𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (d) (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮 .
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(b)𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (e) (𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮 .
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
𝟐
(c)𝐝𝐱 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (f) (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮) = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 .
𝟐
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
 B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Remark :
(a) Whenever Rule 7 is applied to problems where the
trigonometric functions are viewed as functions of angles, the
unit measure must be in radians.
(b) Every trigonometric function is differentiable on its domain.
In particular, the sine and cosine functions are everywhere
differentiable.
 B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(a) 𝐝𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (d) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(b) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (e) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(c) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (f) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮) = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
Examples:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(a) 𝐝𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (d) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(b) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (e) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(c) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (f) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮) = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
Examples:

2. 𝑦 = 5 sec 𝑥 − 2 csc 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 2 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑦′ = 5 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
 B. DIFFERENTIATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(a) 𝐝𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (d) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(b) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐮) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (e) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
(c) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱 (f) 𝐝𝐱 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐮) = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝐮 . 𝐝𝐱
Examples:

3. 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 sin 4𝑥 + 2 cot 2𝑥
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥(4) + 2 (−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2𝑥)(2)
𝑔′(𝑥) = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − 4 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2𝑥
 C. DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 8: Derivatives of Exponetial and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential Function Logarithmic Function

d u du d 1 du
(a)dx u
e = e . (c) (log a u) =
dx u ln a
.
dx
dx
d u u du d 1 du
(b)dx a =a ln a. (d) (ln u) = .
dx dx u dx
 C. DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 8: Derivatives of Exponetial and Logarithmic Functions

d 1 du
d du (c) (log a u) = .
(a)dx eu = e .
u dx u ln a dx
dx
d 1 du
d du (d) (ln u) = .
(b)dx au = u
a ln a. dx u dx
dx
Examples:
2. 𝑦 = 52𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 52𝑥 ln 5 . 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 . 3 𝑦′ = 52𝑥 ln 5 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦′ = 52𝑥 ln 25
 C. DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

RULE 8: Derivatives of Exponetial and Logarithmic Functions

d du d 1 du
(a)dx eu = e .
u (c) (log a u) = .
dx dx u ln a dx
d du d 1 du
(b)dx au = u
a ln a. (d) (ln u) = .
dx dx u dx

Examples:
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = log 5 (2𝑥 + 3) 4. 𝑦 = ln sin 𝑥
1 1
′
𝑔 𝑥 = .2 𝑦′ = . cos x
2𝑥 + 3 ln 5 sin 𝑥
cos x
2 𝑦′ =
𝑔′(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 ln 5 𝑦′ = cot 𝑥
 C. DIFFERENTIATING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

RULE 9: Derivatives of an Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d 1 du d 1 du
−1
(a)dx sin u = 2
. (d) (sec u) =
−1
2−1
.
1−u dx dx u u dx
d 1 du d 1 du
−1
(b)dx (cos u) = − 2
u. (e) (csc u) = −
−1
2−1
.
1−u dx dx u u dx
d 1 du d 1 du
−1
(c)dx (tan u) = 1+u2 . dx (f) −1
cot u = − 2 .
dx 1+u dx