Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Lamut, Ifugao

Instructional Material
in
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT and
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
WITH DRIVING

BY:

TEROY D. PACLIW, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor III
MARVIN M. LUMIGAT, MSCrim.
Assistant Professor III

For Ifugao State University (IFSU) Use Only

1|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION AND
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Learning Outcomes
1. Distinguished the different types of ancient mode of transportation
2. Explain briefly the development of transportation
3. Determine and explain the major causes of traffic congestions
4. Determine and illustrate the different parts of the road
5. Explain briefly the functions of the different agencies involves in traffic
management.

Lesson 1. ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

(A) Manpower. Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own
burdens. More so today, manpower is important in transportation in many
parts of the world.

(1) Carrying Pole – In China and other parts of the Far

East, the carrying pole, balanced on one shoulder is a
popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the
ends of the pole are supported by two men, with goods
suspended from the pole in between.

(2) Back Load and Tumpline - In many parts of the

world, goods are carried on the back. In Subtemala,
pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by
a tumpline across the forehead. In the Andes, the load
is held on the back by a strap passing over the chest.

(3) Sledge on runners – A simple sledge, probably man-

drawn, was in use at the end of the Old Stone Age in
northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden
runners which survived.

(4) Sledge on Rollers - The moving of heavy burdens was

to place them on sledge which rested on a series of
rollers.

2|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(5) Travois - The travois, as the pole arrangement called,

serves as a platform on which the burdens are placed.

(B) Animal Power. The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential
power available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as
conveyances mainly to served labor:

(1) Ox – Cattle, which were first domesticated in

Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw war
chariots.

(2) Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight to

carry heavy loads on dogs backs, and piled goods on a
travois which the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the
dog’s team drawing sledges are the chief means of
transportation.

(3) Donkey - The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the

Middle East. The donkey is still the chief beast of
burden among the farmers of the Near East, the
Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was
introduced from Spain.

(4) Llama – In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the

only new world animal other than the dog capable of
domestication for use in transportation.

(5) Elephant – The Carthaginians used African elephant

war against Rome. In India, elephants were formerly
used in war and are still employed to some extent for
ceremonial processions and big game hunting. In
Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely
used in the lumber industry.

3|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(6) Horse – Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots

appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000 years later,
German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central
Asian conqueror Genghis Khan used Horse.

7. (7) Camel - There are two kinds of Camel, the two-hump

Bactrian camel of Central Asia and the one-humped
dromedaries of Arabia have long been used for
transport.

(8). Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high

altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and Mount Everest.

(7) Reindeer - The first animal domesticated in Siberia in

the beginning of Christian era.

© Wind Power – Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and
learned to utilize such powers to lift rather than to drag.

(1) Ancient Chinese Kite - Kites have been flown as a

popular past time in the Far East since the
beginning of the history. Based
on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for
transport where Korean general employed one in bridge
building.

(2) Da Vinci’s Ornithopther - The great renaissance artist,

scientist and engineer, one who made study of the flight
of the birds.

(2) Montgolfier Balloon - The Montgolfier brothers of

France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have
successfully released several balloons. Balloons were
constructed and made out of linen and inflated with
hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air or

4|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

20 minutes.

(4) Santos Dumont’s Airship - Alberto Santos Dumont, a

Brazilian inventor who designed a lighter than air-craft
balloon called airship.

(5) Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine - Orville and Wilbur

Wright designed the biplane kite.

(6) Lindergh’s Spirit of St. Louis - Capt. Charles

Lindergh made the solo flight in an airplane from Paris
to London in May 1927. The plane was called “Spirit of
St. Louis”.

A. ANCIENT WHEELED VEHICLES

What is Wheel?

Wheel was invented probably in Western Asia. As wheel was perfected, crude
carts and wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley about 3500 years
B.C., and later in Crete, Egypt and China.

The wheel was one of man’s great inventions. It enabled him to transport
burdens beyond the power of man or animals to carry or drag, and permitted
much greater facility of movements than the simple sledge on rollers which had
to be continually picked up and moved by hands as the sledge is advanced.

(a) Types of Ancient Wheels

(1) Solid wheels on fixed axle. This ancient cart

represents an early step in the evolution of wheeled
vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single
piece of wood, rotated on single axle.

5|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(2) Sumerian chariot with flank wheels. This

chariot, of about 2400 B.C., had solid wheels built up
of three pieces, and so was more durable than the one-
piece wheel.

(3) Greek quadrica with spoked wheels. This

drawn by four horses, was a light and elegant
vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. it had
spoked wheels and axles of irons or bronze,
handles for aid in mounting, and seat
formed by a board placed across the handles.

(4). Roman carpentum wheels – a closed, two-

wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when Roman
women journeyed outside the city.

B. URBANIZATION:

What is Nomad?
– (Greek, “to pasture,”) originally referring to pastoralists - groups that migrate
in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic livestock.

Today: includes all non-settled populations, of which there are three types.

Types of Nomads

1. First type - those who wander in search of their food. It is estimated

that 99 percent of all humanity once lived in this way.
2. Second type – those who move with their families, belongings, and herds
of cattle, camel, sheep, or goats through an annual cycle of pastures
whose availability is determined by the alternation of hot and cold or wet
and dry seasons.
3. Third type - gypsies, tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and
complex societies.

6|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

C. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Introduction:
From the time of GALILEO in 19 to 20 centuries to the present days,
science and technology played a vital role in shaping this world. While there is
rapid urbanization, technical and industrial modernization takes place in every
facet of human lives.

In the field of land transportation, great men in science and technology

provided wide range of knowledge in the development of transportation
facilities. ETIENNE LENOIR initiated the development of the internal
combustion engine which paves way for the development of the automobile.
The invention of motor vehicle enable man to go places with much easier when
he was using animal drawn or on foot mode of transportation.

In the Philippines, in her quest to cope-up with the demands of land

transportation adapted invention of other countries, like Japan, united states
and some European countries. This is the beginning of traffic related problems
that traffic management should be introduced.

Transportation- is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from

one location to another.

Man’s needs to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings.
Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruits of the
forbidden tree, they were sent out by God from paradise of Eden. Since then,
the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one place
to another to enable them to survive and others for various reasons.

Man’s behind the history of transportation.

ROMANS- were the major road builders in the ancient world
JOHN L. MACADAM- perfected the MACADAMIZED road in England about
1815.
JOHN PALMER- introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785.
HOBBY HORSE- the first ancient bicycle- the wheel were made of wood, with
tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on
the ground.
th
PNEUMATIC TIRES ( inflated by air) by JOHN BOYD DUNLOP appeared in 19
century.
FRENCHMAN ETIENNE LENOIR- Made possible the introduction of motorized
carriages by his invention of the internal combustion engine.

7|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

NICOLAUS OTTO and GOTTLIEB DAIMLER- pioneered the manufactured of

gas engines.
RUDOLF DIESEL- A German engineer who developed an internal combustion
engine.
HENRY FORD- introduces the model T. vehicle.

MANAGEMENT. It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose,
manner of action or a vital or natural process of activity.
ROADWAY. Refers to that part of traffic way over which motor vehicles pass.
SHOULDER. It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
TRAFFIC. It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either
powered by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to another for
the purpose of travel.

The word Traffic came from the French word TRAFIQUE, also from Italian word
TRAFFICO, and to the word TRAFICARE which means to engage in trade.
TRANSFRICARE "to rub across" or to cross.

Alternative Definitions of Traffic

1. The movement of vehicles, ships, persons, etc., in an area, along a street,

through an air plane, over a water route, etc.: the heavy traffic on Main
Street.
2. The vehicles, persons, etc., moving in an area, along a street, etc
3. The transportation of goods for the purpose of trade, by sea, land, or air,
ships of traffic.
4. Trade, buying and selling, commercial dealings.

TRAFFIC WAY. Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way
or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

Why Traffic Management is Necessary?

With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic
facilities are introduced. However, despite of these modernizations traffic
congestions persist to exist. The only way to at least cope-up with the
prevailing traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management. Traffic
management is therefore designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers,
8|Page
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

expedite the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic

facilities users.

Major Causes of Traffic Congestions

Based on research studies conducted by authorities. The following are found
out as major causes of traffic congestions:
1. Physical inadequacy. This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow
bridges, railroad crossing, and lack of traffic facilities.
2. Poor Control Measures. This is characterized by ineffective
mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor
implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
3. Human Errors. Many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or
poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer’s errors, and poor
planning. These are mostly attributed to traffic accidents.
4. Poor maintenance. Most of the time, motor vehicles are stalled in
traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement
or unfinished road pavement concreting.

D. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management

1.Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

=The DOTC through the LTO is responsible for the implementation of the
Land Transportation Code of the Philippines. ( RA. 4136) particularly on the
issuance of driver’s license, registration of motor vehicles, approval of
franchises for public conveyances ( though the LTFRB), and conducting
traffic safety seminars.
2. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
3. Legislative – Congress/City or Municipal Boards.
4. Philippine National Police (PNP) Highway Patrol Group (HPG)
5. Academic or Learning Institution
6. Courts
7. Philippine Information Agency
8. Citizen Support Groups
9. Media

Parts of the Road

1. Roadway. Refers to the part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles
pass.

9|Page
5
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

2. Shoulder. It refers to either side of the roadway especially along highways.

u
S

d
o

e
r
Roadw

l
ay

4. Traffic Way. Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every
way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for
purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

4. Sidewalk. The part of the road intended for Pedestrians

Sidewalk.

10 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

5. Gutter Gutter

Curbstone
6. Curbstone

Chapter Exercise

I. Multiple choices

11 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Instruction: Choose from the given choices the best answer by writing the
corresponding letter of your choice.
1. The earliest form of travelling used by man was
A. foot travel. C. through domestication of animals.
B. by using sledge pulled by animals. D. by wheeled cart.
2. Wheel is believed to have originated in
A. Europe C. America
B. Western Asia D. Africa
3. Which of the following were considered as the pioneers of road building
in ancient history?
A. Americans C. Europeans
B. Australians D. Romans
4. The Frenchman who attributed the invention of the internal combustion
engine is
A. John Macadam. C. Etienne Lenoir.
B. John Dunlop. D. Henry Fold.
5. Traffic management is the sole responsibility of the police. This
statement is
A. true. C. false.
B. cannot be construed. D. true in some places.
6. The portion on the traffic way which is either of the edges of the road or
highway is referred to
A. shoulder. C. curbstone.
B. sidewalk. D. road lane.
7. Which of the following is responsible for the passing of ordinance
concerning traffic rules and regulations?
A. Municipal Councils C. Barangay Councils
B. City Councils D. Either A or B
8. The Land Transportation Office (LTO) is under
A. DILG C. DOTC
B. DOJ D. DPWH
9. Government office which is responsible in the enforcement of driver’s
licensing is
A. LTO C. PNP
B. DOTC D. DPWH
10. What kind of animal was domesticated in Siberia during the beginning of
Christian era for transportation purposes?
A. OX C. Reindeer
B. Cattle D. dog

12 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

II. Matching Type

Match column A with column B by writing the corresponding capital
letter of your answer.

Column A Column B
1. A carrying device which is A. Tumpline
Used by balance on one shoulder.
2. First domesticated in Mesopotamnia B. Horse
Used as draft animals. C. Yak
3. A long haired type of cattle that
Lives in high altitudes on the D. Elephant
Tibetan plateau.
4. This is being used by Carthaginians E. Reindeer
In their wars against Rome.
5. It give mobility and power to the F. Spirit of St. Luis
German tribes who invaded Europe.
6. The only new world animal in pre- G. Ox
Colombian America.
7. It was first domesticated in the H. Donky
Middle East.
8. Employed by a Korean general in I. Llama
Building a bridge.
9. It delivered the first animal in 1911. J. Kite
10. Utilized to carry loads on the back K. Carrying pole
With a strap passing over the chest. L. Balance pole
11. This is characterized by
lack of roads, narrow bridges, M. Poor Maintenance
railroad crossing, and lack of N. Human Errors
traffic facilities.
12. This is characterized by ineffective O.Poorcontrol measures
mechanical control devices,
inefficient traffic officers, and poor P. Physical inadequacy
implementation of traffic laws,
rules and regulations.
13. It is caused by slow drivers
or poor driving habits, pedestrian
mistakes, officer’s errors, and
poor planning.
14. Most of the time, motor vehicles are
stalled in traffic ways because of

13 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

unrepaired diggings, cracks on

road pavement or unfinished road
pavement concreting.

III. Illustration
Draw and level the complete parts of the road. Its level is equivalent to
one point.

CHAPTER II
THE FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
Learning Outcome:

1. Summarized briefly the functions of the five pillars in traffic management

2. Explained the rules and regulations about driver’s licensing and
registration of motor vehicle
3. Execute the proper hand and whistle signal of the police officer when
directing traffic
4. Identify and distinguish the difference between traffic signs and traffic
lights
5. Identify and explained the meaning of the different pavement markings
and markers.

Lesson 1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PILLAR

A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design and construction of

streets and roads that will best facilitate traffic movement.

It is a science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws
relative to the traffic law and regulations; the application of this knowledge to
the professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to
achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

A. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Fact-finding, survey and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations;

2. Supervision and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices;
and
3. Planning of traffic regulation.

14 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(a) AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). Its scope is

national which includes the responsibility for determining traffic jam,
pattern, draw origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things,
planning, approving, funding and construction of:

 National Roads which interconnect cities and municipalities; network

of national roads through cities and municipalities; and
 Yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening and
re-designing of current road systems.

2. Provincial Government. Responsible for municipalities within the

province.
3. Municipal Government. Responsible for streets and road within the
barangays.
4. Chartered Cities. Responsible of streets and roads within the cities.

(b) OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. To prevent traffic accident.
2. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
3. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
4. To show good police actions and performance makes engineering plans
effective.
5. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the
improvement of Traffic problems.

(C) TRANSPORT PLANNING, TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC

SAFETY
As urbanization becomes more pronounced, traffic management becomes more
challenging. We help our customers meet today’s high demands for improved
transportation systems and increased mobility by navigating the complex
challenges associated with the planning and design of cities and transport
systems. 

15 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Whether we’re working on small-scale traffic projects or extensive national and

international planning projects, our number one priority is to create safe and
flexible infrastructure and transport systems. To achieve this, we focus on
creating the right balance between heavy and light road users. We also build
many types of models – from complicated transport models to 3D visualisations
of a simple junction – to ensure that solutions are as effective as possible.
Throughout the process, we work hard to improve the visual environment in
both urban and rural environments.

(d) Traffic and community planning and strategies

Transport planning can be key to unlocking the value of a site. Our specialists
have a clear understanding of the interplay between public policy and project
needs. We work with planners, developers, architects and operators, as well as
multidisciplinary engineering teams, to develop and negotiate the right
solutions.

Ramble has the expertise and software for carrying out traffic impact studies,
and traffic simulations for road, rail, and pedestrian traffic, regardless of the
country and location. Our planning services include:

 City-wide transport plans

 Parking lots
 Bicycle route planning
 Travel habit studies
 Pre-studies for transport investments
 Evaluations of transport measures
 Transport strategies on local and regional levels
 Public transport
 Urban logistics.

(e) Traffic safety plans

Ramble excels at creating comprehensive traffic safety plans at the community
and municipality level. To facilitate the making of traffic safety plans, we collect
information about the present status of traffic safety and potential problems.

Registration and analysis of traffic accidents having occurred in the planning

area constitute an important part of the process. These are examined with
Ramble’s LITU software and based on geo-information systems. Mobility habits,

16 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

detected problems, and perceived traffic safety are investigated with resident
surveys.

The first phase results form the basis for the problem analysis. Based on the
problem analysis, we set both quantitative and functional goals for traffic
safety and mobility management. Additionally, we define the focus areas of
traffic safety work. These constitute the starting point for developing solutions
to improve traffic safety.

The overall planning work typically focuses on the following:

 The analysis of the correlation between road accidents and road/traffic

conditions
 The analysis of the interplay between drivers, vehicles, the surroundings,
and other factors pertinent to road safety
 Measures to reduce the accident risk in road traffic
 The formulation of road safety aims and visions
 The registration and analysis of road accidents.

(f) Sustainable transportation & environment

 Analysis of environmental consequences

 Analysis of socioeconomic factors.

(g) Traffic analysis and geographic information systems (GIS)

 Road Informatics – Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS)

 Geographic information systems (GIS)
 Traffic simulation with micro, meso, and macro simulation
 Traffic operation (signals, control systems, etc.)
 Surveys
 Demand and impact analyses

Lesson 2. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PILLAR

A. Law Enforcement
It is one of the traffic pillars that mandate the traffic enforcer to implements
traffic laws, rules and regulations and other related statutes.

(a).SCOPE OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to
traffic laws and ordinances regulating the movement and the use of

17 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful

behavior by all potential violators.

2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at

controlling road users, let behaviour by preventive persuasive and
punitive methods in order to effect a safe and efficient traffic movement;
and

3. It applies to all statutes, ordinances and legally authorized regulations

relating to the use of street and highways and operation of motor
vehicles.

(b).TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the responsibility of the PNP-HPG

and LTO-Law Enforcement Service to enforce traffic laws and assist the
prosecutors and the court to deter law violators.

2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the responsibility of the Traffic

Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO to Prosecute, Adjudicate and Penalize law
violators.

(c).THREE IMPORTANT GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

1. To increase safety level. Enforcement effort should be directed towards the

reduction of accidents or minimizing their effects.

2. To increase traffic efficiency. When traffic violators are reduced

particularly those related to traffic obstruction through an effective
enforcement, there will be free-flow of traffic.

3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment. When there is an

increase safety level and increase traffic efficiency, travelling is more
comfortable and luxurious and it may reduce chaotic situations in the traffic
way.

(d). MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and

courts. Legislation defines and specifies correct or incorrect road users

18 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

behavior. Police and courts are charged with the responsibility of

insuring that these laws are adhered to.

2. Road Users System (Traffic way User). This element includes

pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, passengers and others.

3. Road System (Traffic system). This area is composed of the entire road
and vehicle complex, as well as all traffic rules and regulation.

(e). FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

1. Detection –responsibility of the law enforcer for the detection of violators

2. Apprehension – police function which involves the actual taking of violators
of traffic laws and regulations.
3. Prosecution –prosecution pillar
4. Adjudication –prosecution’s function.
5. Penalization –imposition of the penalty upon the accused if found guilty.

(f). REASONS FOR VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC LAWS

1. Physical disabilities or infirmities

2. Ignorance of traffic
3. Lack of training and experience
4. Wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. Driver’s apathy/lack of interest towards signs, signals and markings
7. Influential person violate because the y feel they are exempted from
punishment

(g). CONSIDERATIONS THAT ACT AS DETERRENT TO MOTORIST AND

PEDESTRIANS

1. Fear of fine or punishment

2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive are of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an
example.

(h).KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

19 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a

person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to
answer a charge of law violation before a court.

2. Traffic Citation. To ensure that an apprehended traffic violator will

appear to the court or to the proper authority, the traffic enforcer should
confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and issue Traffic Citation Ticket
(TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator’s Receipt (TVR)

3. Traffic Warning. This is enforcement action which does not contemplate

possible assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of
warning alone. These are three types of traffic warning: visual, verbal,
and written.

(i).PURSUIT IN TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

1. When to pursuit. When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal

reaction is to pursue the violator until you apprehend him. However, due
to traffic congestion or other complications, such action is sometimes
neither practical nor safe.

2. Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an effective

identification of the pursued vehicle, the officer must be familiar with
color, year of manufacture, make, body type, license plate number,
outstanding features and accessories, and unusual features of the driver
or passengers.

(j).OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP

The first reminder for an officer is to establish PLEASANT RELATIONSHIP with

offending motorist or pedestrians.

(k).TRAFFIC DIRECTION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION

Definition of Terms

What is Traffic Direction?

It is an activity of a traffic enforcer that guides drivers to ensure the

harmonious flow of traffic in the roads.

20 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

What is Control and Supervision?

It is another activity of a traffic enforcer that ensures the safety of drivers,

motor vehicles, passengers, and pedestrians while traversing the roads.

(l).TRAFFIC RULES

When directing traffic, the following rules will be observed:

1. Officers will ensure that they are visible by utilizing flashlights, reflective
clothing and flares, especially during hours of darkness or adverse weather
conditions.

2. Officers will utilize the police whistle or voice commands depending on the
situation.

3. Officers will use uniform hand signals and gestures for manual traffic
direction and control. It is important that officers position themselves so that
their hand signals can be seen from a long distance. Two basic hand signals
should be used. Officers should use an open hand, palm out sign to indicate
“STOP”. To start traffic from a stopped position, officers should point towards
the first stopped vehicle. Once the driver’s attention is gained, use the other
hand to motion the driver to proceed.

4. When utilizing flares and cones, set them far enough from the collision scene
to give sufficient warning to approaching traffic.

5. Traffic officers will have the responsibility of manually overriding traffic

control devices when there is an excessive amount of traffic congestion (for
example, special events or sporting events).

6. Officers should be prepared to stop traffic and give priority to other vehicles
that may also be responding to the scene (for example, the Fire Department,
tow companies, or Seattle Department of Transportation).

7. Officers assisting at a fire or rescue scene shall ensure that civilian traffic
does not interfere with the respective operation. In no case should vehicles be
allowed to drive over a fire hose, unless specifically directed by Fire Department
personnel on the scene.

(m).When Directing the Flow of Traffic?

21 | P a g e
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

22 | P a g e
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

23 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(n).Standard Hand Signal when turning to Left, Right, and when about to
Stop

(B). Registration of Motor Vehicles

R.A. 4136, mandates that all motor vehicle shall be registered by its owner at
the designated district office of the LTO.

24 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(a).Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles:

1. Private- these are motor vehicles used for personal use of their
owner
2. Public Utility Vehicle- (PUV) These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and commercial goods
3. Government Vehicle- these are motor vehicles owned by the
government and are being used for official purposes only by
government officials
4. Diplomat Vehicles- these are vehicles issued to foreign diplomats
and consuls assigned in the Philippines.

(b).Plate Numbers and Colors:

Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The
letter and numeral prefixes are based on the date and place of
registration. The letter prefixes indicates the place of first registration,
year and model of registered motor vehicle. it could be determined from
the order of the letter prefixes, the higher the letters prefixes are the later
year of registration and year model of the motor vehicle.

5. Green with white background- issued to private or not for hire

motor vehicle.
6. Black with yellow background- issued to public utility vehicle
(PUV)
7. Red (Maroon) with white background- government vehicles.
8. Blue with white background- assigned for foreign diplomats,
consuls and other foreign diplomats.
9. Commemorative plate- these special plates are issued for specific
purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and
programs.

©.Schedule of Registration
Registration of motor vehicle should be done annually which follows the
numerical prefixes of their plate numbers.

Last Digit of Plate Middle Digit of Plate Weekly Deadline

Number Number (Working Days of the
Month only)

25 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

1 - Jan 6 - Jun 1 23 1234567

2 - Feb 7 - Jul 4 56 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 – Mar 8 – Aug. 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 – Apr 9 – Sep. 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5 – May 0 – Oct. 29 30 31

1981 Series of Geographical Designation

(The first letter of the vehicle/s plate number determines the region of first
registration).

 "A" – Region I (Ilocos Region) and (Cordillera Administrative Region) CAR

 "B" – Region II (Cagayan Valley Region)
 "C" – Region III (Central Luzon Region), Superseded by "R" in September
2003
 "D" – Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), Superseded
by "V" in May 2000
 "E" – Region V (Bicol Region)
 "F" – Region VI (Western Visayas Region)
 "G" – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), Superseded by "Y" in August
2004
 "H" – Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
 "J" – Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM
 "K" – Regions X and XIII (Northern Mindanao and Caraga)
 "L" – Region XI (Davao Region)
 "M" – Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
 "N" – National Capital Region, July 1, 1981-September 1982, June 2009-
May 2010 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
 "P" – National Capital Region, September 1982-April 1991, May 2010-
June 2011 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
 "R" – Region III (Central Luzon Region), overflow Series for Private since
September 2003
 "S" – Government-owned (Red Plate) Vehicles
 "T" – National Capital Region, April 1991-April 1995, June 2011-July
2012 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
 "U" – National Capital Region, February 1995-March 1995, April 1995-
August 1997, July 2012-June 2013 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
 "V" – Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), overflow
Series for Private since May 2000
 "W" – National Capital Region, August 1997-June 2001, June 2013-April
12,2014 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
 "X" – National Capital Region, June 2001-June 2005

26 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 "Y" – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), overflow series for Private since
August 2004
 "Z" – National Capital Region, June 2005-June 2009

Protocol/High-ranking Government Plates

These plates are reserved for the top government officials of the Republic of the
Philippines.

 1 – President
 2 – Vice President
 3 – President of the Senate
 4 – Speaker of the House of Representatives
 5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 6 – Cabinet Secretaries
 7 – Senators
 8 – Representatives (Congressmen)
 9 – Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
 10 – Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals.
 11 – Chairman, Commission on Elections
 12 – Cabinet Undersecretary
 13 – Solicitor-General
 14 – Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Chief of the
Philippine National Police
 16 – Regional Trial Court Judges
 17 – First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court in Cities and Shari'ah Circuit courts),

Vanity Plates

It refers to the optional MV plates having preferred inscriptions for the purpose
of establishing personalized identity of the MV to the registered owner.

A single VLP is issued in conjunction with the regular plate and is installed at
the space allotted for the rear licensed plate of the MV by superimposing or
placing it on top of the regular license plate.

Shall be issued to the owner of MV and shall belong to the owner with an
effectivity period for life unless revoked by LTO due to violation and non-
compliance to the existing mandatory MV registration laws and regulations.

27 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

The physical service life if VLP shall be within a period of 5 years. After which,
the VLP owner shall request for re-issuance of new plate bearing the same
alphanumeric combination upon payment of re-issuance fee.

Categories of Vanity Plates

1. Limited Edition
o It consists of four or maximum of six characters, either all numeric or
all alphas.
o Example: 999999, AAAAAA, SSSSSS
o It can be purchased through public auction with a floor price of PHP. 50,
000.00

2. Premium Edition
o It consist of six characters, a combination of numeric-alpha (reverse of
the current license plate number)
o Examples: 682 XED, 850 SAM, 777 AVE
o Price is PHP 15,000.00

3. Select Edition
o It consists of minimum of three or maximum of six characters.
o Examples: JUST 4 YOU, LUV 8, GANDA
o Price is PHP. 10,000.00

4. Special Plate
o It consists of three alpha characters and a number ranging from 1-100.
o Examples: ABE 42, AVG 25

Commemorative Plates

Plates issued to groups, organizations or associations subject to the approval of

the Office of the President.

(C). Driver’s license:

A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory

qualification as provided therefore.

(a).Confiscation of driver’s licenses:

28 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic officer
must, issue a receipt (temporary operator’s permit) TOP which is good for 72
hours within which the driver may continue to operate his vehicle. Failure to
settle the case within 15 days will cause suspension or revocation of the
license.

(b).Types of driver’s license:

1. International driver’s license- issued to bonafide tourist to drive motor
vehicle during their stay or sojourn in the Philippines not beyond 90
days.
2. Military driver’s license- this is issued to any member of the AFP to
operate or drive a motor vehicle owned by the government.
3. Professional driver’s license- license issued to a driver hired or paid for
driving or operating a motor vehicle whether private or for hire to the
public. Renewable for every 5 years. The color of its logo is red.

©.Requirements for professional driver’s license:

a. Must be at least 18 yrs old.
b. A student permit issued to the applicant for at least 5 months in his
possession.
c. Doctor certificate attesting that the applicant is:
Physically and mentally fit, has normal and non-impaired vision and
hearing, does not have any contagious ailment, does not have any
history of heavy drinking and drug abuse.
d. A police, NBI or prosecutors clearance
e. Must passed the written examination
f. Must passed an actual road test

4. Non-professional driver’s license- this is issued to owners of privately

own motor vehicle or those not for hire or paid for driving. The applicant
must be at least 17 years old.
A non-professional driver’s license shall be restricted to operate motor
vehicle up to 4500 kgs gross vehicle weight. It is renewable for every 3
years. The color of its logo is green.
5. Students driver’s permit- issued to a person who desire learn how to
drive. A student driver is not allowed to operate a vehicle unless
accompanied by an instructor who is license by professional or non-
professional. The applicant must be at least 16 years old. The student’s
driver’s license is valid up to 12 months from the date of issue.

(d).Driver’s restriction code;

#1- motorcycles/motorized tricycle.
#2- vehicles up to 4500 kgs GVW
#3- vehicles above 4500 kgs. GVW
#4- automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs. GVW

29 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

#5- automatic clutch above 4500 kgs.

#6- articulated vehicle 1601 kgs GVW and below
#7- articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs
#8- articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW
#9- disabled

Driver’s condition:
1. A- Wear eye glasses.
2. B- drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
3. C- drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
4. D- day light driving only
5. E- Accompanied by a person with normal hearing.

New Point System for Driver’s License Renewal

The Land Transportation Office (LTO) Implements New Point System for
Driver’s License Renewal.

The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10930 has
recently been signed and implemented by the Land Transportation Office (LTO).

Under this, the validity period of driver’s licenses has been extended from 3
years to 5 years and 10 years upon renewal, and a new point system has been
created to assess applicants for license renewal.

According to its general provisions, RA No. 10930 aims to “rationalize and

strengthen the policy regarding driver’s license by extending the validity period
of driver’s licenses and to ensure that driver’s licenses are issued only to
deserving applicants with sufficient driving skills and knowledge on road safety
and proper road courtesy.

30 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Most importantly, the LTO has created a point system that will be used to
“assess the fitness and eligibility of driver applicants for their desired license
transactions.” The point system can also be a tool to track down repeat
offenders of traffic laws and ordinances.

Drivers’ offenses will be recorded in the LTO demerit point of registry upon
commission.

These are the three categories of violations and their corresponding demerit
points:

1. Grave Violations – 5 demerit points

2. Less Grave Violations – 3 demerit points
3. Light Violations – 1 demerit point

Public utility vehicle (PUV) drivers will get twice the demerit point in case of
violation.

Accumulation of demerit points by drivers will be calculated from the date of

the initial issuance or last renewal of his/her driver’s license to the day
immediately preceding the date of his/her subsequent renewal. The total
accumulated points will then ensue the following repercussions:

1. One or more demerit points will prohibit a driver from changing the

classification of his/her driver’s license for a certain period of time
(maximum of one year).
2. At least five demerit points will require a driver to complete a driver’s
reorientation course to be conducted by LTO or an accredited service
provider.
3. Drivers with ten demerit points aside from completing the driver’s
reorientation course shall also be required the theoretical
examination before he/she may be allowed to renew his/her driver’s
license. Further, for every ten accumulated demerit points or thrice
repetition of a violation, the driver must undergo a mandatory driver’s
reorientation course conducted by the LTO or an accredited service
provider or a training seminar conducted by the PUV Drivers’ Academy of
the LTFRB for PUV drivers.
4. Drivers with 40 accumulated demerit points will lead to the revocation of
his/her driver’s license. (RA No. 10930 )

(D). GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USED AND CONTROL

(a).Restriction as to Speed:

31 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

o Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at
a careful and prudent speed.
o The speed should not be greater nor less than is reasonable and proper.
(b).Maximum Allowable Speed

o “Through streets” or boulevards clear of traffic, with no blind corners,

when so designated.
o Passenger cars and motorcycles – 40 km
o Motor trucks and buses – 30 km
o City and municipal streets, with light traffic, when not designated
“through streets”
o Passenger cars and motorcycles – 30 km
o Motor trucks and buses – 30 km

©.The Anti-Distracted Driving Act No. 10913

The Anti-Distracted Driving Act took effect on May 18, 2017. under the new
administration of President Rodrigo Duterte. Under the law, drivers are only
allowed to use hands-free functions of gadgets, such as speaker phones,
provided that these do not block their line of sight.
(d).Fines
A motorist caught in violation of the Act shall be fined ₱5,000 for the first
offense, ₱10,000 for the second offense, and ₱15,000 for the third offense plus
suspension of his or her driving license for 3 months. On the fourth offense,
the erring driver shall be fined ₱20,000 plus a revocation of the driving license.
Erring drivers of public utility vehicles, school buses, school service vehicles,
and common carriers hauling volatile, flammable or toxic material shall be
fined ₱30,000 and suspension of their driving license for 3 months. The same
penalty applies to motorists caught in violation of the Act within a 50-meter
(160 ft) radius of school premises.
The LTO, as implementing agency, may increase the amount of fines once every
five years, in the amount not exceeding 10 percent of the existing rates, which
shall take effect only upon publication in at least two newspapers of general
circulation.

Exemptions
The Act does not apply to:

32 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Motorists using mobile phones for emergency purposes, including

emergency calls to a law enforcement agency, health care provider, fire
department or other emergency services;

 Motorists operating emergency vehicles such as ambulances, fire trucks

and other emergency vehicles, in the course and scope of their duties.

(E) DANCING TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

(a).Types of Dancing Traffic Management

1. Dancing Traffic Lights

Dancing Traffic Light aimed to capture the attention of pedestrians and

incentivize more to wait for the green man until crossing the road.

Pedestrians will often ignore the "red man" at pedestrian lights in order to cross
the road sooner. Unfortunately, this leads to accidents. Car manufacturer
Smart created an experiment to see if it could improve safety at traffic lights by
incentivizing pedestrians to wait for the green man.

The Dancing Traffic Light aimed to

capture the attention of people waiting to
cross a road in Lisbon, Portugal, by
displaying a red figure dancing to music
rather than the standard static figure. The
figure is a low-res representation of people
dancing in a nearby booth.

Individuals were able to enter the booth

and choose some music. When it was time
for the traffic to begin moving, the music
begun and the individual was instructed
to begin dancing. A video feed of the
individual's dancing was relayed in real-
time to the pedestrian lights, with the
resulting dancing red figure indicating
that pedestrians should wait.

The dancing figure was conceived as a means of keeping pedestrians

entertained while they waited to cross the road. An element of gasification was
introduced to the concept by allowing people to "be" the dancing figure and
thereby contribute to the project.
33 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Similar examples of using entertainment or gasification for positive social

outcomes were demonstrated as part of Volkswagen's Fun Theory campaign.
These included a Piano Staircase that encouraged people to take the stairs
instead of the escalator and a Bottle Bank Arcade machine that encouraged
people to recycle.

2. Dancing Traffic Enforcer

The dance aims to help traffic enforcers enjoy their work and brush away
stress especially during busy hours. Dancing Traffic Light aimed to capture the
attention of pedestrians and incentivize more to wait for the green man until
crossing the road.
They also hope to entertain motorists and pedestrians.

(F).TRAFFIC PATROL

What is Traffic Patrol?

It refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and
other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law
enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

(a).Types of Traffic Patrol

1. Line Patrol. Refers to moving or observation at a certain route or point of a

major street in a city.

2. Area Patrol. Refers to moving or observation of a certain area which

included a number of streets, roads or sections of a highway.

(b).Types of Stationary Observation

1. Conspicuous Observation. Stationary observation in which observer

remains in full view of traffic conditions.

2. Visible Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is in full

view but located at the side street.

3. Concealed Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is nor

visible
to persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being
observed.

34 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Lesson 3.TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PILLAR

Traffic Safety Education

- The process of giving training traffic and practices in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge.

Road Safety

- It refers to the reduce risk of accidents or injury on the roads, achieved

through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and
traffic management, education and training of road users.

(a).AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION

1. Schools (Public and Private).

Elementary Education Responsibilities:

o Safety courses and guides stressing traffic safety.

o Daily instruction stressing community priority.
o Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety rules involving
students.
o Have students observe and discuss these in the classroom.
o Use pictorial aids and graphic aids such as firms, charts, diagrams,
slides, maps etc.
o Organize school newspaper.
o Promotes safety through – flied trips, excursion and bicycle club.
o Organize school safety patrol.
o Organize pupil safety groups.
o Organize school, community, parents group.

Secondary Education Responsibilities:

o Develop driving habits of the student.

o Initiate driving education programs.
o Organized school safety programs.
o School safety organization.
o Establish newspapers in the school system.

35 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

o Use pictorial and graphic aids.

o School community and parents group.

(b).Higher Education Responsibilities:

o Offer and conduct courses to private and public agencies and persons,
stressing traffic safety subjects.
o Conduct public information programs.

2. All Agencies that have any function relating to traffic such as public
information agency, newspapers, radio and television broadcasting
networks, and non- government organization, etc.

Responsibilities:

o Mobilize all groups into unified working force.

o Develop the citizen’s responsibilities.
o Safe legal and considerate personal conduct in traffic.
o Support public officials in administering traffic programs.
o Conduct organizational campaigns.
o Awareness of accident problems.
o Acceptance of citizen’s responsibilities.

©.BIORHYM

The theory that asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states. Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar
characteristics of most natural phenomena like:

1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness

2. The wet and dry season
3. The waxing and waning of the moon.

Three (3) Controversial Theories

1. 23 day Physical cycle. a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and

courage (the male component of a person). When the Physical is High –
we tend to be energetic, strong, and full of vitality. When the Physical is

36 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Low – we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily.

2. 28 day emotional cycle (equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual

cycle) a.ka. Our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (the female
component of a person). When the Emotional is high - we tend to be
creative, artistic, cheerful and happy. When the Emotional is Low – we
feel moody, irritable, or depressed.

3. 33 day intellectual cycle. All these cycles are present at the time we are
born. When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is
said to be “HIGH” or a person has more energy to spare, i.e.: When the
Intellectual is High – we are able to think quickly and logical. When the
Intellectual is Low – concentrating or remembering is difficult or we are
likely to use poor judgment when any of the curves crossed the center
line. This is called a critical day wherein our systems seem to be in a
state of transition. During a critical day, people tend to get sick easily,
seem to lack coordination and tend to be accident prone.

Importance of biorhythm in traffic management

- In the field of study, it should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not
predict what actually will happen. All it does is to give us a hint on how
we will tend to feel in a certain day.
1. The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm
crosses the center line on a certain day or is totally below the line.
2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can
psychologically cope up with any situation.

(D).TRAFFIC SIGNS

Functional Groups of Signs

(a).Regulatory

The motorist of traffic regulations that apply which would not otherwise be
apparent. Disregard of these signs constitutes a legal offense. Parking &
Stopping Signs: Control parking and stopping and is a sub-class of the
regulatory signs.

37 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(b).Warning

Warning Signs: call attention to potentially hazardous or dangerous conditions

on or adjacent to a highway or street.

38 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

©.Informative

Guide Signs: Display route designations, destinations, direction and distances

to assist motorists in navigating to their destination.

Information Signs: Indicate points of interest and or display other

geographical or cultural information.

39 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(E).TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Steady Red

 Stop at a designated line.

 Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
 Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane
 Unless specified you can turn right after a full stop to
clear traffic coming from the left.

Steady Green

 Go
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop.
 Pedestrian are not allowed to cross the pedestrian
lane in front of you.
 Unless specified, you can move up to the middle on
the intersection and make a left turn when clear.
 Vehicles going straight have the right way.

40 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Do not anticipate a green light.

Steady Green Arrow

 Go
 Vehicles turning left can do so.
 Oncoming straight traffic is still on red to give way for
vehicles turning left.
 Do not anticipate green arrow

Steady Yellow/Amber

 Prepare to stop.
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will
be given the go signal shortly.
 Do not beat the yellow light.

(F). PAVEMENT MARKING AND MARKERS

(a).Types of Pavement Markings and Markers

Yellow lines- separate traffic travelling in opposite directions. White lines

separate traffic travelling in the same direction.

solid Yellow line- at the left of your lane means it is unsafe to pass. ('A' should
not pass.)

41 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Broken line- at the left of your lane means you may pass if the way is clear.
('A' may pass if there are enough broken lines ahead to complete the pass
safely.)

Broken Yellow lines- that are wider and closer together than regular broken
lines are called continuity lines. When you see continuity lines on your left
side, it generally means the lane you are in is ending or exiting and that you
must change lanes if you want to continue in your current direction.
Continuity lines on your right mean your lane will continue unaffected.

Stop line- is a single white line painted across the road at an intersection. It
shows where you must stop. If there is no stop line marked on the road, stop at
the crosswalk, marked or not. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the
sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection.

Crosswalk- is marked by two parallel white lines painted across the road.
However, crosswalks at intersections are not always marked. If there is no stop

42 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

line, stop at the crosswalk. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the
sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection.

White line- arrow painted on a lane means you may move only in the direction
of the
arrow.

Pedestrian crossover- is marked by two white double parallel lines across the
road with an X in each lane approaching it, and overhead yellow lights. Stop
before the line and yield to pedestrians.

Two solid Yellow lines- painted on the pavement guide traffic away from fixed
objects such as bridge piers or concrete islands. Yellow and black markings are
also painted on the objects themselves as warnings.

(G).TRAFFIC ISLANDS

43 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Classifications of Traffic Islands

(a).Pedestrian Island

Also known as a refuge island, pedestrian refuge or pedestrian island is a small

section of pavement or sidewalk, completely surrounded by asphalt or other
road materials, where pedestrians can stop before finishing crossing a road. It
is typically used when a street is very wide, as the pedestrian crossing can be
too long for some individuals to cross in one traffic light cycle.

(b).Traffic Island

A solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. It can also be a

narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle. If the
island uses road markings only, without raised kerbs or other physical
obstructions, it is called a painted island. Traffic islands can be used to reduce
the speed of cars driving through.

Three Types of Traffic Island

Channeling Island. Triangular in shape that can be seen at intersections

which used to separate traffic.

Rotary Island. A type of intersection that has a generally circular central

island. Entering traffic must typically alter direction and speed to avoid the

44 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

island, creating a circular flow in one direction. In most applications, traffic

circles replace the stop lights and traffic signs that regulate flow in other
intersections.

Divisional Island. Intended to separate opposing flow of traffic in a highway

with four or more lanes. By thus dividing the highway into two one way
roadways, the head on collisions are eliminated and in general other accidents
are also reduced.

(H).Overloading

o All passengers’ automobiles for hire are required to have the registered
passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides
thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cm in height.

45 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

o Motor trucks for passengers or freight, private or for hire, shall have the
registered passenger or freight gross and net weight capacities marked
plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals
not less than 5 cm in height.

(a).Cargo Carrying Devices

The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides of trucks may
be allowed, subject to the approval of the Commissioner, but the total net
weight of the device, including cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos.

Riding on Top of a Motor Vehicle

Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles, but baggage or
freight may be carried on top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is
not more than 20 kilos per square meter distributed in such a way as not to
endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability.

Lesson 4.TRAFFIC ECOLOGY or TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

Traffic ecology or traffic environment- this includes the study of potentially

disastrous population explosion, change in urban environment, air pollution,
water pollution and crowding, specially transport congestion which result
therein.

This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out ,air
pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which
result therein.

The following are the environmental effects of the urbanization of

transportation.
(1) Noise. The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in the
evaluation of the consequences of traffic urbanization to the environment. The
level of noise inside and outside a dwelling is an important indicator of the
quality of life. The exact influence of traffic noise on human behavior is not well
understood. It is known that continued exposure to noise level beyond 80 (Dba
– decibel annually) causes loss of hearing. Average background noise:
a) typical home- 40 to 50 dB
b) heavy trucks-90 Db at 15m/ft;
c) freight trans-75 Db at 15m/ft;
d) air conditioning-60 dB at 6m/ft;

46 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(2) Vibration. Effect can be severe, particularly when there are heavy trucks
and when the building is old. While there are subjective costs from
experiencing vibration, minimum costs of damage or prevention can be
established from experience and experiment.

(3) Air Pollution. It is one of the more difficult problems because of the
complexity of the issues involved. The effect of pollution is also strongly
affected by meteorological and even by micro-climate.

(4) Dirt. These are foul and filthy substances related to motor vehicle use such
as empty can of oils, grease materials, etc.

(5) Visual Intrusion. This can have positive as well as negative effects. If a
motor way blots out an unsightly prison or railway yard, it may have positive
benefits. On the other hand, the appearance of an elevated expressway or
railway above a neighborhood is one of the aspects most frequently complained
of. In general ,visual intrusion can be avoided by putting a highway or railway
at grade or in a cutting. In many cases, there may be cheaper solution.

(6) Loss of Privacy. Loss of privacy from drivers and others being able to look
at ones house and garden frequently disliked environment effect. Walls and
earthworks would prevent this, while at the same time reducing noise.

(7) Change in amount of Light. IT is easier up to a point because part of the

disadvantages can be valued in term of the additional lighting costs of those
affected. But, there is probably a psychological also which it would not be easy
or perhaps necessary, to disentangle where relevant form the last two items.

(8) Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological. This can partly be
quantifies in terms of changed travel time and costs, and accident experience
to pedestrians and traffic.

(9) Relocation. There must be programs that are design to cover compensation
for those who relocate as a consequence of transport investment, whether
property owner of tenants.

(10) Distraction during planning and construction. In some cases, benefits

offset the during costs, which are experienced by people during construction of
new facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt, vibration during constructing
and excess journey costs through diversions because of building.

(11) Accident Experiences. These are evaluated by well established procedures

of which perhaps the only major controversial aspects are the evaluation given
to human life. A certain amount is known about differences in accident
experiences on different roads and in different circumstances.
47 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(12) Pedestrian Journey. The opportunity to make the roads safe and enjoyable
for pedestrians and efficient for vehicles, and a set of roads provided access to
dwelling and is designed primarily for the safety of pedestrians.

Lesson 5.Traffic economy

This deals with the benefits and adverse effect of traffic to our economy.
Example is the un- ending increase of oil prices and our basic commodities.
Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic.
However, with the prevailing traffic jammed during rush hours, traffic
adversely affects the economic status of the commuting public, and the
productivity of an individual.

Chapter Exercises/Activity:

I. Multiple Choices.

Instruction: Choose the correct answer from the given choices by writing the
corresponding letter of your choice on your test paper.

1. Vibration is one adverse effect of traffic to the environment because

A. motor vehicle creates too much noise.
B. heavy trucks caused cracking not only on the road pavement but as well
as on houses.
C. repairing crack road pavement is expensive.
D. of the distraction during construction of traffic facilities.
2. The Land Transportation Office (LTO) when it comes to the registration of
motor vehicles is under what pillar?
A. Engineering C. Enforcement
B. Education D. Ecology
3. The adverse effect of traffic development to our environment is irreversible.
This statement is
A. true. C. false.
B. vague. D. doubtful.
4. The construction and maintenance of roads and highways that interconnect
cities and municipalities is the main concern of
A. Municipal Government C. City Government
B. DPWH D. DOTC
5. What pillar of traffic is responsible for the dissemination of information
regarding traffic?
A. Engineering C. Education
B. Enforcement D. Economy
6. The process of training road users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic
related accidents is referred to as

48 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

A. traffic safety campaign C. safety operation

B. traffic safety education D. safety awareness
7. Driver’s license both professional and non-professional should be renewed
every how many years?
A. Every two years C. Every three years
B. Every five Years D. Every one year
8. When two vehicles approach an intersection at approximately the same time,
which vehicle shall yield the right of way?
A. The vehicle coming from the left side
B. The vehicle coming from the right side
C. The vehicle coming from the center
D. The vehicle which arrives there first

For item number 9-13, based your answer to this statement.

Mr. Covid19, a Philippine Consul to China purchased a Toyota Revo in 2019

for his transportation purposes. Upon registration, Mr. Covid19’s motor vehicle
was issued a plate number with “WXY 268.

9. The month of the renewal is done every

A. March C. August
B. September D. July
10. What week of the month should it be register?
A. 1st C. 2nd
B. 3rd D. 4th
11. What should be the color of the plate number of the vehicle of Mr. Covid19?
A. Yellow C. Green
B. Red D. Blue
12. the vehicle’s registration expires after how many years and days?
A. 2 years C. 365 days
B. 1 year D. B & C E. 360 days
13. What is the type of vehicle of Mr. Covid19?
A. Private C. Government
B. Diplomatic D. Public utility Vehicle
14. When the driver’s condition indicated in the driver’s license is letter C, it
means the driver should
A. wear eyeglasses
B. drive only during day time
C. be accompanied by person with normal hearing
D. drive only during emergency
15. What is the proof that one is given permission by LTO to drive vehicle on
public highways?
A. Driver’s ID C. Driver’s license
B. Franchise D. Operator’ license

II. Identification
49 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Instruction: Read and analyzed carefully the statement below and write what
is being asked. (15 points)
1. What are the three (3) functions of informative signs?
2. What special law which declared the international traffic signs as
part of the Philippine traffic laws?
3. What are the traffic signs that refer to the reduction of speed of all
types of vehicles traversing onto the road?
4. Who were required by law to place guidepost at crossroads in
Britain way back 1648?
5. What is the shape of the stop sign?
6. What is the shape of the yield sign?
7. What is the color of the background of international informative
sign?
8. What is standard length of the sides of triangular and inverted
triangle sign?
9. Refers to traffic signs which inform the motorists of an impending
traffic hazard?
10. These are traffic signs intended to inform road users of certain
traffic law and regulations?

11. When using a whistle, how will you blow your whistle when
stopping a lane of motor vehicle?
12. What shall a traffic officer do when directing traffic during night
time and the light is sufficient?
13. During night time when directing traffic using a whistle, how will
you sound your whistle if you are about to stop a lane of motor
vehicles?
14. Refers to space occupied by two streets at the point where they
cross each other?
15. Refers to the standard body language executed by traffic officers
when directing traffic?

III. True or False

Instruction: Write the word True if the statement is correct and the word
False if the statement is not correct. (10 points)

1. When approaching an intersection with directional arrows, you

should follow the lane as directed by the directional arrow.
2. Pedestrian when crossing on the road should use only the cross
walk.
3. When traversing on a solid yellow or white line with dotted yellow
or white line, you can overtake only when the dotted line is in the
opposite lane.

50 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

4. In mountainous areas with passing lane, the overtaking vehicle

should use the inner lane when passing another vehicle.
5. When traversing on a highway with double yellow line with dotted
line in between, you may overtake at your own risk.
6. On a four- lane two-way road, when there are slow and fast lanes,
never overtake by passing over the solid white line.
7. On a four-lane two-way road, the outer lanes are for slow moving
vehicle.
8. Pavement markings and markers indicate traffic flow regulation.
9. Lines indicating parking stalls or spaces on the edges of a highway
are examples of curb markings for restriction.
10. Inner lanes of four-lane two-way roads are designed for overtaking
and fast moving vehicles.

CHAPTER 3
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Learning Outcomes:

1. Determined and explain the causes and types of traffic accidents

2. Determined and explain the different tire marks after vehicular accident
3. Performed the five levels of activity and steps to be taken by police officer
in traffic accident investigation
4. Prepare or accomplished the final traffic accident report.

Lesson 1.TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

An accident on the road involving motor vehicles and other forms of

transportation that affects the flow of traffic, the lives of people, and the
property whether serious or not.

(A). CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC

1. Gridlock – clogged traffic situation which prevents vehicles from moving in
any direction.

2. Traffic Congestion – overcrowded situation.

51 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Major Causes of Traffic Congestions:

a. Physical Inadequacy - This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow
bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
b. Poor Control Measures - This is characterized by ineffective
mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor
implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
c. Human Errors - Much traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or
poor driving habits, pedestrian’s mistakes, officers errors, poor
planning, poor legislation; and traffic accidents which are mostly
attributed to human errors.
d. Poor Maintenance - Often time’s motor vehicles are stalled in traffic
ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on roads pavement or
unfinished road pavement concreting. This can be attributed to
inappropriate budget for the maintenance of the traffic facilities. On
the other hand, police should also report busted lights/lights out,
damage portion of the traffic way to expedite the action from the
concerned government offices.

3.Traffic Jam –blocked up traffic due to congestion.

4. Bottleneck – a narrow or congested way.

5. Normal Traffic – no problem in movements of persons, goods, and vehicles.

52 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(B).Four (4) Factors that Contribute to the vast Majority of Collisions.

1. Equipment Failure
 Brakes
 Tires
2. Roadway Design
 Hazard Visibility
 Roadway Surfaces
 Traffic Control Devices
 Behavioral Control Devices
 Traffic Flow
 Roadway Identification Signs
 Weather condition
3. Poor Roadway Maintenance
 Salting & Sanding
4. Driver Behavior
 Speed Kills
 Aggressive Drivers – Aggressive tailgating, Aggressive or rude gestures,
and Deliberate obstruction

(C).COMMON TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS

Car accidents can happen at any time. Studies show that most people are
involved in car accidents when they are less than five miles from home.

There are many potential causes of a car accident: speeding, traffic gridlock,
negligence, recklessness and unsafe driving are just a few. A car wreck can
also occur where you may least expect it: on side streets and in parking lots.

What Type of Accident Were You In?

We represent individuals who have been injured in all types of car accidents,
including:
53 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

1. Rear-end collisions — these types of traffic accidents are often caused by

sudden deceleration (slowing down or braking). In some cases, another
driver is following too closely or accelerates to a higher speed than the car in
front of it. Whiplash is a common injury that occurs in a rear-end collision
and usually affects drivers and passengers of the impacted car. Fault is
usually attributed to the driver of the car that rear-ends the other vehicle.

2. Side-impact collisions — Side-impact collisions can cause grave injuries.

Often called "T-bone" or "broadside" collisions, side-impact accidents occur
when the side of a vehicle is hit. It can be impacted by the front or rear of
another vehicle or in some cases a fixed object. Vehicle damage is often
severe and drivers or passengers on the impacted side of the vehicle usually
sustain far worse injuries than they would in another type of crash.

3. Sideswipe collisions — Sideswipe collisions occur when two cars that are
parallel touch. In many cases, the damage is only minor, as the cars have
just "swiped" each other. Injuries and damages are typically minimal, unless
one of the drivers loses control of the vehicle as a result of the collision.

54 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

4. Vehicle rollover — Vehicle rollover accidents are extremely dangerous and

frightening. A rollover occurs when a vehicle literally flips over onto its side
or roof. Any vehicle can be involved in a rollover accident, but cars with a
high center of gravity such as SUVs (sport utility vehicles) are especially
prone to this type of accident. Often caused by sharp turns at high speed,
rollover accidents can lead to serious injuries, including spinal cord injuries
and brain trauma.

5. Head-on collisions —These types of collisions are often fatal. Head-on

collisions are exactly what they sound like — they occur when the front
ends of two vehicles impact each other.

6. Single-car accidents — Accidents involving only one vehicle are also

common. They occur when a vehicle strikes an object such as a pole, a tree,
a fire hydrant or a wall. In some cases, they may involve pedestrians and
other innocent bystanders. Single-car collisions can result in driver and
55 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

passenger injuries, pedestrian injuries, and often extensive property

damage.

7. Multiple vehicle collisions — Multiple vehicle collisions are sometimes

referred to as "pile-ups" and often occur on busy roads such as highways
and freeways. They can involve many vehicles and be the most dangerous.
Vehicles can be impacted multiple times and it may be difficult to escape. It
is also difficult to determine fault in these cases.

8. Hit-and-run accidents — An accident where one driver leaves the scene is

known as a hit-and-run accident. It can be very difficult to determine the
identity of the driver or vehicle.

Consideration of Hit-and-Run Accident Investigation:

56 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

=The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver
responsible for the accident. His reason for flight are often more important
than the simple evasion of responsibility.

=The suspect will often report damage to his own vehicle as having been the
result of another hit and run incident.

Elements of Hit and Run

1. Prove that the suspect is driving a Motor Vehicle.

2. The suspect is really involved in an accident that resulted to death, personal
injury and damage to property.
3. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity when ask by
law enforcer.
4. The suspect had knowledge of the accident.

Classes of Hit-and-Run Drivers

1. Drunk driver
2. Criminals fleeing from the scene of the crime
3. Improper licensed drivers with no license or with revoked or expired license
4. Drivers who fear publicity and prosecution
5. Ignorance of the accident
6. Insurance or financial reason
7. Driver who flees in panic
8. Drug addicts
9. Juveniles

(D). WHAT TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES?

1. What happened?
2. Who and what was involved?
3. Where did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. How did the accident occur?
6. When did the accident happen?

TIRE MARKS

57 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

1. Centrifugal Skid Marks

A marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire

and a wheel of a speeding vehicle on a curve
when the speed of a vehicle is above the critical
speed of the curve and the centrifugal force
entirely or partially overcomes the friction
between the mass of the vehicle and its tires and
the surface of the roadway.

2. Impending Skid Marks

Mark caused by the forward rotation of the

wheels being slower than the movement of the
vehicle. The shadowy beginning of an skid mark
along the approach path of the vehicle is the
impending skid mark (Known also as shadow
marks), while darker markings are the skid
marks which begins in the impending skid mark
and ends at a point or collision or final rest.

3. Yawn Marks

A scuff marks made while a vehicle is yawning

the mark made on the road by a rotating tire
which is slipping in a direction parallel to the
axle of the wheel.

4. Skip Mark
A braking skid mark interrupted at frequent regular intervals; the skid
mark made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from
turning.

58 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

5. Scuff Mark (Side Skid Mark)

It is a roadway marking left by the tire and

wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a
result of force other than centrifugal force.

6. Gap Skid

A braking skid mark which is interrupted

by release and reapplication of brakes or
which terminates by release of brakes
before collision.

(E). KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

1. Non – Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

2. Motor Vehicle Non- Traffic Accident
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident
- As to key Event-
- Running off road
- Non-collision on road
- Collision on road

(F). CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

1. Running off road. This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on

the roadside or on a cliff along mountains roads.

2. Non-collision on road. This does not an example of which is overturning.

3. Collision on road. This type of accident includes all forms of accident as

long as there is a collision. Examples of this are motor vehicle colliding with
pedestrian. Other motor vehicle in traffic, parked motor vehicle, railroad,
Bicycle, Fixed object.

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

a. Property Damage Accident

59 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

b. Slight
c. Non- fatal Injury Accident
d. Less Serious
e. Serious
f. Fatal
(G). CAUSES OF MOTOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

1. Simultaneous Factors:
o Road conditions
o Driver’s attitude or behavior
o Weather condition

2. Sequential Factors
o Speed is greater or less than safe.
o Defective vehicle.

3. Operational Factors
o Road hazards
o Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.

4. Perception Factors
o Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
o Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.

(H). CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

1. Perception of Hazard - It is seeing, feeling, hearing and understanding

unusual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of
the accident about to happen.

2. Start of Evasive Action - It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to

escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid hazard.

3. Initial Contact - The first accidental touching of an object collision course

or otherwise avoids a hazard.

4. Maximum Engagement -
It is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. The force between the traffic
unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement.

60 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

5. Disengagement - It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an

object with which it has collided. The force between the object ceases at this
time.

6. Stopping - This is when the traffic units involved come to rest. It usually
stabilizes the accident situation.

7. Injury - It is the receiving bodily harm. These event does not necessary
occur after the accident but within any of the chain of events. It may also
happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved or during
the initial contact.

(I). FIVE (5) LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

1. Reporting. This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a
motor vehicle, traffic and persons, property and planned movements involved.

2. At-Scene Investigation. This level involves all action taken by the

investigator at the scene of the crime or accident.

3. Technical Preparation. This involves delayed traffic accident data collection

and organization for study and interpretation.

4. Professional Reconstruction. This involves efforts to determine from

whatever information is available, how the accident happened.

5. Cause Analysis. This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes
of accident which are bases for the prevention of similar accident

(J). STEPS TAKEN BY THE POLICE DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION

 Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence.

 Return to the scene if necessary.
 Locate also if necessary
 Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court.
 Enlarge scale diagram made for court use.
 Pre-trial conference with the prosecution witnesses to review testimony
 Insure that subpoenas are issued.

61 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Testify in court
 Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference.
 Insure that the disposition of case is recorded in driver’s record and
other reports.

THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT

In the preparation of the traffic accident investigation report, the officer of the
case must consider the following:

 Uniform traffic Accident Report System.

 Preparation

Format of traffic accident investigation report

File NR-------
_____________________
_____________________
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
I.WHERE:
(Near/Km Post Nr.) (Near Intersection/Landmark)
( Hwy/rd/st.) ( mun./city) (prov.)

II. WHEN: (Days of week) (date) (time)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
III.WHAT: Vehicle vs.
1. another vehicle 6. scooter
2. pedestrian 7. Railroad train
3. animal 8. Fixed object
4. motorcycle 9. Non-collision(fell/overturned, etc.
5. bicycle
TYPE OF ACCIDENT: 1. Fatal 2. Non-fatal 3. Property Damage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV.HOW:
1. head-on 4. Sideswipe-same direction
2. rear-end 5. Sideswipe- opposite direction
3. angle 6. Others(specify)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.VEHICLE: ( number of vehicle involved)
Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPE: -------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------

62 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Make and Model: -------------------------------------

Plate nr: ------------------------------------------------
Classification and place of issue: ------------------
Driven by: ---------------------------------------------
Address: -----------------------------------------------
Occupation: -------------------------------------------
Driver’s license no. ----------------------------------
Nationality: -------------------------------------------
Age: ----------------------------------------------------
Sex and status: --------------------------------------
Driving experience: ----------------------------------
Vehicle owner: ---------------------------------------
Address: ----------------------------------------------
Estimated damage: ---------------------------------

VI.WHAT THE DRIVER WERE DOING:

1. going straight 6. stopped
2. turning right 7. backing
3. making u-turn 8. overtaking
4. abrupt stopping 9. evading object
5. parked 10. Others(specify)

VII.WHAT was the bumped vehicle/ animal / pedestrian were doing

VIII.CONDITION OF MOTOR VEHICLE

IX.VIOLATIONS INDICATED
1. disregarding traffic signs and signals
2. exceeding lawful speed
3. operating defective vehicle
4. on wrong side of road
5. defective brake and lights
6. etc.(specify)

X.CONDITION OF DRIVER BEFORE THE ACCIDENT

1. absolutely normal
2. apparently sleepy
3. was absolutely drunk
4. others(specify)

XI.ROAD CHARACTER/CONDITION
1. Straight road
2. Curve

63 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

3. Upgrade
4. Muddy/dusty
5. Others(specify)

XII.WEATHER CONDITION
1. Cloudy/foggy
2. stormy
3. others(specify)
XIII.POINT OF IMPACT:
1. front end
2. right front
3. front right/left side
4. rear end
5. others (specify)

XIV. BRIEF NARRATION:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

XV. CASUALTY LIST:

1. name, age, sex, status, and address
2. hospital taken

XVI. WITNESSES: Name Address

1. ------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
2. ------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
3. ------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
XVII. ACTION TAKE:-------------------------------------------------------------------
XVIII. RECOMMENDATION:----------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
XIX. STATUS OF CASE:---------------------------------------------------------------
XX. REPORTED BY:-------------------------------------------------------------------
XXI. INSURANCE COVERAGE DATA:----------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
XXII. INVESTIGATED OR PREPARED BY:------------------------------------------
(Office) (Signature over printed name)

Chapter Exercises

I. Multiple Choices

64 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Instruction: write the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the given
choices onto your test paper.
1. As a traffic investigator, what is the immediate action to be undertaken at
the scene?
A. Check for casualties C. Interview witnesses
B. Check for hazard D. Call for assistance
2. Any circumstances contributing to a result without which the result could
not have been occurred, an element which is necessary to produce the result,
but not by itself sufficient is known as
A. cause. C. primary cause. E. modifier.
B. factor. D. attribute.
3. In any chain of events, injury usually occurs after stopping.
This statement is
A. false. C. vague.
B. true. D. absolute true.
4. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in
the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor is
A. cause. C. primary cause. E. modifier.
B. factor. D. attribute.
5. The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of
which result could not have occurred is
A. cause. C. primary cause. E. modifier.
B. factor. D. attribute.
6. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the
probability of a traffic accident is referred to as
A. cause. C. primary cause. E. modifier.
B. factor. D. attribute.
7. A circumstances that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily is
known as
A. cause. C. primary cause. E. modifier
B. factor. D. attribute.
8. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and
traffic situation ahead and usually determined by the road rather than the
particular driver of a vehicle is
A. speed limit. C. allowable limit.
B. minimum limit. D. safe speed.
9. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like
Steering, braking, and accelerating to avoid collision or other accident is
known as
A. strategy. C. tactic.
B. technique. D. evasion.
10. The adjusting speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving
signals of intent to turn or slow, or any other action in situations involving
potential hazard is known as
A. strategy. C. tactic.

65 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

B. technique. D. evasion.
11. The distance traveled before the driver applied the brakes is known as
A. braking distance. C. reaction time.
B. reaction distance. D. braking reaction.
12. The mark cause by the forward rotation of the wheels being slower than the
forward movement of the vehicle is
A. shadowy mark. C. impending skid mark.
B. skidding gap mark. D. skip mark
13. A braking skid mark interrupted at frequent regular intervals or the skid
mark made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from turning
is known as
A. skip mark. C. gap mark.
B. yawn mark. D. shadowy mark.
14. The tire marks left on the road side by tires when the wheels are still in
motion is
A. skid mark. C. rotating mark.
B. flat tire mark. D. scuff mark.
15. The marks left on the road surface caused by metal parts of the vehicle and
may serve as a clue in investigation is
A. scuff mark. C. scratches and gouges.
B. skid mark. D. flat tire skid mark.

II. Group Activity

Instruction: Basing from your actual traffic accident investigation simulation/

video on the vehicular accident assigned to your group, prepare and submit a
final vehicular accident police report using the traffic accident investigation
report format. Your score is depending on the correctness of entry you put in
the report format. The perfect score should be 25 points. (per group)

CHAPTER 4
PRACTICAL DRIVING
Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply road safety when driving a vehicle

2. Apply driver’s etiquettes when driving vehicle
3. Appreciate the importance of driving practice
4. Safely drive a motor vehicle.

Lesson 1. Road Safety Minimizing the Risks

66 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Driving a car, bus or heavy vehicle is one of the riskiest activities that people
perform on a daily basis. Each year, there are thousands of crashes in the
Philippines, often involving death and injury. Driving is complicated and
presents many challenges every time you drive. It requires a lot of time and
practice to develop the skills to become a safe driver.

Certain behaviors or conditions are major contributors to high risk driving and
crashes. This includes:

 Speeding
 Weather Conditions
 Driving under the influence of Alcohol
 Driving under the influence of Drugs
 Distraction and Inattention
 Mobile Phone Usage
 Driver Fatigue

Severe penalties apply to drivers and riders who commit road traffic offences,
including those involving the above behaviors. As driver, you are responsible to
obey all Philippine Road Regulations. A driver that choose to defy Road
Regulations they will find them possibly prosecuted under Philippine traffic
Laws. In most cases, penalties increase in line with the seriousness of the
offence and whether the offence is a first, second, third or subsequent one. The
penalties include fines, license disqualification or even imprisonment in some
cases, and are designed to send a clear message to drivers and riders about the
dangers such risky behaviors pose for the safety of themselves and other road
users.

(A). Care, Courtesy & Common Sense

=You must drive or ride at all times with due care and attention, with
reasonable consideration for other road users, and while exercising courtesy
and common sense. We must all share the road together.
=You have a duty to avoid collisions and, where necessary, to give way to other
vehicles and pedestrians. The law does not give anyone indisputable 'right of
way'. Even when you feel that you have right of way, you must still make sure
the other driver is going to give way before proceeding because the other driver
may be unaware of your approach.
=You may see other road users behaving aggressively or engaging in unsafe
driving practices. Don't be pressured by other driver/s and try to stay calm and

67 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

in control of your vehicle at all times. Don't over-react to thoughtless or

deliberately aggressive driving by another driver.
=You should also be in control of the inside of your vehicle. Don't let your
passengers distract you, obstruct your vision, or influence your decisions by
giving advice that may not always involve driving safely.
=When you are driving, you should always be able to see everything that is
happening on the road. You need to be able to 'scan' or 'read' the road - not
just looking ahead but continually moving your eyes and taking sweeping looks
at all areas of the road, both close to your vehicle and further down the road.
Be aware of what is behind you, as well. Use your mirrors at frequent intervals
so that you know what other road users are doing and can anticipate their
actions.
=Be aware of where your vehicle is in relation to the road and to other vehicles
and road users.
=Watch out for people or anything that is moving or could move, and be ready
to take action. Make extra allowance for children, parents with babies, the frail
or elderly who may not be able to move quickly.
=When you are driving near parked vehicles, you should look out for
pedestrians, especially children, who may step out onto the road.
=Children are small and can be unpredictable, so be sure to look around and
watch out for them. This could save a child's life.
=Remember that causing injury or a death would not only be devastating for
the family and friends of the victim, but also for you as the driver.
=Motorcycles & Bicycles are classified as vehicles, and bicycle riders have the
same rights and responsibilities as all other drivers.

(B). Driving on the Road

Keeping Right
When driving on any road that does not have marked lanes you must keep
your vehicle as near as practicable to the far right side of the road, except:
 When about to make or making a left turn
 When overtaking another vehicle
Lanes

68 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

On a road marked with two or more lanes for traffic travelling in the same
direction, if the speed limit is greater than 80 km/h or on any road that has a
'Keep Right Unless Overtaking' sign, you must not drive in the right lane
except:
 When overtaking another vehicle
 When turning or about to turn left and you are giving a left change of
direction signal
 When avoiding an obstruction
 When the other lanes are congested

Dividing Lines- A dividing line is a road marking formed by a white line or two
paralell yellow lines (broken or continuous) designed to separate the road to be
used by vehicles travelling in the opposite direction.
Broken Line (or broken line to the right of a continuous line)
You must keep to the right of these lines. You may cross them to overtake, or
enter or leave the road, or to perform a U-Turn where permitted, but you must
only do so if it is safe.
Single continuous line (or single continuous line to the right of a broken
line)
You must always keep to the right of these lines. You must not cross these
lines to overtake or make a U-Turn, unless to avoid an obstruction.
Two continuous parallel lines
You must keep to the right and must not cross these lines, unless you have to
avoid an obstruction
Avoiding an Obstruction
You are permitted to cross single or double continuous lines in order to avoid
an obstruction - this does not include a slower moving vehicle or a vehicle
stopped in a line of traffic, but may include a fallen tree, a crashed vehicle, or a
car that has broken down or is illegally parked. Before crossing the line, you
must have a clear view of the road ahead and it must be safe. You must also be
very sure you cross safely because the onus is on you to assess the danger
when doing so.
Overtaking
Overtaking is when you approach from behind and pass a vehicle travelling in
the same direction.

69 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Most drivers and riders consider overtaking to be crossing to the 'wrong' side of
the road to pass a vehicle in front. But, even if you do not cross to the 'wrong'
side of the road, you are overtaking if you move into another lane or line of
traffic either side of you to pass another vehicle.
Even if you do not cross over to the 'wrong' side, there are some important
safety rules you must follow. The rules for overtaking on a multi-lane or un-
lane road are similar to those for a single-lane road.
Before overtaking another vehicle, you must:
 Be sure it is safe to do so
 On a single lane road, be sure that the road ahead clear for sufficient
distance
 Be sure you have sufficient distance to return to the same lane or line of
traffic without endangering the vehicle being overtaken or any vehicle
coming from the opposite direction
 Be sure no other vehicle is overtaking your vehilce by checking the road
behind in your mirrors and blind spot
 Signal your intention to overtake for long enough to give sufficient
warning to all other road users
When you overtake, you must:
 Leave a safe gap between your vehicle and the vehicle you are overtaking
 Not return to the lane or line of traffic until you are far enough past the
other vehicle to avoid collision
 Not obstruct the other vehicle
You must not overtake:
 on the left of a vehicle that is turning left, or making a U-turn from the
center of the road, and is signaling to turn left
 where there is a single continuous dividing line or a single continuous
dividing line to the right of a broken dividing line, unless you can do so
without any part of your vehicle crossing the line
 where there is a double continuous dividing line
 on the approach to a children's or pedestrian crossing where another
vehicle is stopping or has stopped to give way to pedestrians
 to the side of a vehicle displaying a Do Not Overtake Turning Vehicle sign
if it is signaling and in the process of turning to that side
 if there is a sign saying No Overtaking
 approaching a crest, bend or dip in the road where there is not a clear
view for a sufficient distance ahead to allow you to overtake with safety
 On any road where, owing to an intersection, overtaking cannot be
completed safely.
Being Overtaken

70 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

When driving a vehicle being overtaken by another vehicle, you must

 keep to the right, if safe, to allow a reasonable space for the overtaking
vehicle to pass or
 keep within your lane and
 do not increase your speed until the other vehicle has completely
overtaken your vehicle and returned to the lane or line of traffic
Driving Signals
You must always use your direction indicators (signaling device) to tell other
road users what you intend to do. They cannot know your intentions unless
you tell them by giving early and adequate signals.
It's also important to remember that giving a signal does not mean that other
road users must give way to you or that you can automatically change
direction without taking care and giving way.
In every case, you must give sufficient warning of your intention to alter
direction to allow other drivers, motorcycle riders, bicycle riders and
pedestrians to act on your signal.
In the case of leaving a stationary position at the side of the road, you must
signal for at least five seconds to allow sufficient warning to be given to other
road users, especially bicycle & motorcycle riders.
You must signal your intention with your direction indicators to:
 move to the left or right
 turn left or right, This includes leaving the continuing road at a modified
T-intersection when you intend to go straight ahead
 change from one lane to another
 pull into or out of a curb or side of the road
 make a U-Turn or 3-Point Turn
 leave a roundabout

You must stop giving the change of direction signal as soon as you complete
the change of direction

71 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

You must signal your intention, by means of your vehicle brake lights to:
 stop your vehicle or
 suddenly slow your vehicle
If a vehicle's direction indicators or brake lights are not in working order, or the
vehicle is not fitted with indicators or brake lights, you must give a hand signal
to turn left, stop or slow down suddenly.
Turning
Before making a turn, you must follow this sequence:
 decide on the direction you want to go as early as possible
 look ahead, behind and to each side for other vehicles and road users,
including motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians, to make sure it is safe
to turn
 signal as early as possible – certainly before beginning to slow down and
start your turn – to give the other road users sufficient warning of your
intention
 take up the correct position on the road before you reach the intersection
 make your turn, when safe
The correct position
On a single-lane or un-lane road:
 turning right – you must start from as near as practicable to the far right
side of the road
 turning left – you must approach the intersection to the right of, as near
as practicable to and parallel to the dividing line, median strip or the
centre of the road
 when turning left, you should pass as near as practicable and to the left
of the centre point of the intersection. You will risk a collision if you cut
across the lane of the vehicles coming from the right - start your turn
when you are close to the centre of the intersection
 in a one-way road, you must turn left from as near as practicable to the
far left side of the road.
The correct position
On a multi-lane road:
Approach the intersection from the correct lane - you can only turn right from
the right lane and left from the left lane. You can only turn from any other lane
if it has turning arrows indicating the direction you intend to take. When
approaching an intersection and there is a continuous white line separating
lanes, you cannot change lanes across this line.
If you enter an intersection:
72 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 you must turn only in the direction of the arrow or arrows in your lane
 if there are arrows in your lane offering a choice of directions, you may
go in either of the directions indicated
 if there are two turning lanes, you must obey any road markings
indicating which lane of the new road you must enter
 if there are no markings and you are turning right into a multi-lane road,
it is safest to turn into the lane on the new road closest to the middle of
that road
 when turning left, you should pass as near as you can to the left of the
centre point of the intersection. Do not cut across the corner as you will
risk a collision with a vehicle that is coming from the left - start your
turn when you are close to the centre of the intersection
 if you are driving a vehicle with a Do Not Overtake Turning Vehicle sign
and you are within 50 metres of the intersection, you may use either or
both lanes if necessary to turn left or right if it is safe to do so
When turning from any two-way road, you must not stop your vehicle in a
position that could obstruct traffic coming from the opposite direction. It is
against the law to enter an intersection if you cannot drive through and into
the road you plan to enter. However, when turning left, you can proceed into
the intersection and wait near the centre of the intersection for the oncoming
traffic to pass (as long as it is safe and the road you are turning into is clear).
The correct position
Turning, but not at an intersection:
When turning in order to enter or leave the road you must obey the same rules
as when turning at intersections.
U-turns
A U-turn is a turn made within a road to take you to the other side, facing the
opposite direction, in one turn. There are several restrictions on where you can
make a U-turn.
At intersections on any road with a dividing line or median strip, you must
start a U-turn from the lane immediately to the right of the middle of the road
or dividing strip.
At any other intersection you may start your turn from any position on the
road (right of the middle), except from a bike lane or bus lane, providing it is
safe to do so.
When making a U-turn you must give way to all other traffic and pedestrians
and not unreasonably obstruct traffic approaching from the front or behind.
You must not begin a U-turn unless:

73 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 you have a clear view for a sufficient distance of any approaching traffic
 you can safely make a U-turn without unreasonably obstructing the free
movement of traffic
You must not make a U-turn:
 where there is a No U-turn sign at an intersection or a break in the
dividing strip or median strip
 where there is a No U-turn sign at any other place that applies until the
next intersection or the end of the road
 at an intersection where there are traffic lights
 across a single continuous dividing line, dividing strip or painted island
 across a double continuous dividing line or dividing strip
 on a one-way road
 unless U-turn permitted sign is displayed on traffic lights.

3-point turns
The rules for U-turns also apply to 3-point turns.
 You may do a 3-point turn by using the forward and reverse gears when
the road is not wide enough to complete a U-turn.
 You may only do a 3-point turn if it is safe to do so and allowed by the
road rules, and you must always take care not to obstruct other road
users.
 Check the road carefully before starting a 3-point turn and, if the traffic
is heavy, it is better to avoid a 3-point turn by driving around the block.

(C).Giving Way
Giving way at Pedestrian Crossings and School Crossing
At a pedestrian crossing, you must:
74 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Give way to any pedestrian on the crossing.

At a children's crossing, you must:
 stop, remain stationary and give way to any pedestrian (child or adult)
who is on or entering the crossing
 if there is a dividing strip, remain stationary and give way if the
pedestrian is on your side of the dividing strip.
At both types of crossings you must:
 drive at a speed that will enable you to stop if necessary
 not overtake a vehicle that is slowing or that has stopped in order to give
way to pedestrians

Giving way to Buses

When in a built-up area, you must give way to any bus displaying the Give Way
to Buses sign if the bus is indicating to move out from the kerb.
On a multi-lane road, this only applies to the right lane. If the right lane is a
bike lane or is obstructed (e.g. a parked car), drivers in the lane next to the
right lane must also give way.
The bus driver must exercise due care and only move out if it is safe.
Giving way at Stop and Give Way signs
At an intersection, if you are facing a Stop sign/line or a Give Way sign/line,
you must give way to a vehicle coming from any other direction except:
 if going straight ahead, to an oncoming vehicle turning right if a Stop
sign/line or Give Way sign/line applies to the other vehicle
 to a vehicle turning right using a slip lane
 to a vehicle making a U-turn.
If turning left or right at the intersection, you must also give way to any
pedestrian crossing the road you are entering.
If you are proceeding straight ahead and a pedestrian is intending to cross the
road, you must drive with due care and attention and, if necessary, take action
to avoid a collision.

75 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

You must also give way to any vehicle or pedestrian at or near a Stop sign/line
or Give Way sign/line at any other place.
Stop signs and Give Way signs are described in more detail under Road Signs.
Importantly, if you are approaching a Give Way sign/line, and there is no
danger of colliding with another vehicle or a pedestrian crossing the road, you
do not have to stop at the Give Way sign/line before proceeding but you must
slow down and prepare to stop if this becomes necessary
Giving way at T-intersections
A T-intersection is where two roads meet; one that continues and one that
terminates. At most intersections, one road will physically terminate and it is
important to understand which the ‘terminating’ road is and which the
‘continuing’ road is:
 if there are no road markings or signs indicating otherwise, the
terminating road is the 'stem' of the 'T.'
 When there are road markings or signs indicating otherwise, the
terminating road can be either of the roads that meet at the T-
intersection. This is a modified T-intersection
If you are on the terminating road, you must give way to all vehicles
approaching from either direction on the continuing road and to any pedestrian
at, near or crossing a continuing road.
You must also give way to any pedestrian crossing the road you are entering
Giving way to oncoming traffic when turning left
Before starting to turn left, you must give way to vehicles approaching from the
opposite direction to you, including vehicles turning right, but not if they are
turning right from a slip lane .If you are driving on a continuing road at a
modified T-intersection and intend to turn into the terminating road, you are
'turning left' and you must give way to oncoming traffic on the continuing road.
You must also give a left turn signal
Giving way to pedestrians when turning
If you are turning at an intersection, you must give way to any pedestrian who
is crossing the road you are turning into. You must also Give Way to a
pedestrian who is crossing a slip lane if you are turning right at the slip lane.
Giving way when leaving a parking space
When leaving a parking space at the edge of the road or moving off from the
kerb, you must give way to any vehicles, including motorcycles and bicycles,

76 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

travelling along the road. You must also give a change of direction signal for at
least five seconds to warn other road users.
Giving way when doing a U-turn
You must give way to all vehicles and pedestrians when doing a U-turn and a
3-point turn.
Giving way to the left at intersections without lights, signs or road
markings
You must give way to any vehicle or vehicles, including bicycles, approaching
from the right at an intersection not controlled by signs or traffic signals and
not a T-intersection. This is known as the 'Give Way to the Left' rule
Giving way when lines of traffic merge
If you are on a road where the traffic is merging from two lines to one line, you
must give way to a vehicle on your left or right if any part of that vehicle is
ahead of your vehicle. This is called the Zip Merge
Giving way when changing lanes
If you are driving on a multi-lane road and want to move into another lane of
traffic, either to your right or left, you must first check that it is safe to change
lanes, give a change of direction signal clearly for long enough to warn other
road users, and give way to traffic in the other lane. This also applies to bike
lanes and where the road is wide enough for two lines of traffic but there are no
lanes marked on the road.
Giving Way to emergency vehicles
You must give way to a police or emergency vehicle with a warning siren
sounding or displaying red and/or blue flashing lights to ensure that it is
provided with a clear and uninterrupted passage.
Giving way at roundabouts
You must Give Way to any vehicles already on the roundabout. Remember to
look out for bicycles at roundabouts.
Approaching and Entering a Roundabout
A roundabout is an intersection with an island at its center. When in a
roundabout, you must always keep to the left of the center island.
Roundabouts will be marked with a Roundabout sign and can either be single-
lane or multi-lane roundabouts.

77 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

When approaching a single-lane roundabout, you must decide which exit

you want to leave by:
 If you intend to turn right (leave before you are halfway round), you must
give a change of direction signal to your right as you approach.
 If you intend to turn left (leave before you are halfway round), you must
give a change of direction signal to your left as you approach.
 If you intend to go straight on, you do not need to give a change of signal
as you approach
When approaching a multi-lane roundabout, you must:
 Decide which exit you want to leave by
 Position your vehicle in the correct lane before you reach the roundabout
 Signal (left or right) if you intend turning at the roundabout
On a multi-lane roundabout, lane arrows and signs will tell you which lane to
use, depending on where you want to exit the roundabout.
In a roundabout
At all times, you should signal with your indicators to let other drivers know
your intentions. Immediately before leaving the roundabout (i.e. when passing
the exit before your exit) you must signal with your right indicator, unless it is
impracticable to do so. For example, the roundabout may be too small to allow
your indicator to operate. This tells drivers waiting to enter the roundabout
where you intend to exit.

(D). Freeways and Expressways

There are a number of freeways (also known as expressways) in the
Philippines. They are designed to move large numbers of vehicles at higher
speeds than on normal roads. Access is controlled and the driver never comes
into contact with opposing flows of traffic, unless traffic has been diverted
during major road works. All roads that cross a freeway/expressway pass
either over or under it by means of bridges.

78 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Joining a freeway or expressway from an entry road:

 As you enter the entry road, give a change of direction signal early
 Wait well back in the entry road until you see a safe gap in the
freeway/expressway traffic
 Take care that traffic in front of you has cleared the entry road
 When safe, accelerate along the entry road to merge with the
freeway/expressway traffic at the same speed
 On entering the freeway/expressway, keep a safe following distance for
the higher speed.
Leaving a freeway or expressway
If you are not going to the end of the freeway or expressway, you will leave by
an exit road:
 watch for signs warning you that the exit is near
 move into the appropriate lane in good time
 give a signal as early as you can
 keep indicating when you join the exit road and then reduce speed in the
exit road
 take care - when you have been driving for a while at a steady fast speed,
it is hard to judge slower speeds - 80 km/h may seem like 60 km/h.
Check your speedometer.
On a freeway or expressway
 The left lane must be kept for overtaking unless the road is congested,
and you must move out of it when you can.
 Do not move out to overtake without first checking your rear-view and
side mirrors and signalling your intention.
 When changing lanes, Give Way to vehicles in other lanes.
 Look over your shoulder to check your blind spot (which is not covered
by your mirrors)
 Take care - traffic coming from behind may be moving faster than you
think
 Maintain a safe distance from other vehicles at all times, but especially
when overtaking.
 Watch for other vehicles merging at entry roads and adjust your speed if
necessary. To help other vehicles enter the freeway/expressway, change
lanes if it is safe.

(E). Traffic Obstruction

1. Blocking an intersection

79 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

You must not enter or attempt to cross an intersection if the intersection or

road you wish to drive into is blocked by other vehicles.
2. Driving too slowly
Blocking or obstructing other road users is not only discourteous but
potentially dangerous.
You must not drive so slowly that you obstruct the vehicle or vehicles following
you. For example, driving at 20 km/h without a good reason where a speed
limit of 80 km/h applies.
3. Emergency vehicles
It is an offence to obstruct a police or emergency vehicle with the warning siren
sounding or displaying red and/or blue flashing lights. You must not move into
the path of, and must move out of the path of and Give Way to ensure that the
emergency vehicle is provided with a clear and uninterrupted passage. You are
allowed to disobey other road rules in order to move out of the way, but only if
it is safe to do so.
4. Parking
You must not park or stop your vehicle in a way that could be likely to obstruct
other road users or be a danger to other road users.
(F). Driving at Night or in Poor Visibility
When driving between sunset and sunrise or in hazardous weather conditions,
when rain, dust or fog cause reduced or poor visibility, your vehicle's
headlights, rear lights and number plate light must be turned on. It is an
offence to drive a vehicle displaying only parking lights during these times.
Visibility can be said to be poor any time when, owing to insufficient daylight or
unfavorable conditions, people or vehicles on a road are not clearly visible at a
distance of about 100 meters to a person of normal vision.
Pedestrians, Motorcycles and bicycles are sometimes hard to see at night and
in bad weather. Watch carefully for them.
When driving at night or in poor visibility
 Your driving speed at night should be adjusted to the range of your
headlights. Drive so that you can stop well within the distance you can
see to be clear ahead.
 Do not look directly at oncoming headlights. You may be dazzled. Look at
the right hand side of the road and drive well to the right. If you are
dazzled, slow down. If you cannot see, stop.

80 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 You can momentarily flash your headlights on high beam to indicate to

another driver that you intend to overtake. This should be done with
extreme caution as per the overtaking section of this procedure
 Keep your windscreen and lights clean.
 Always dip your lights within 200 metres both when an oncoming vehicle
is approaching you and when you are approaching the rear of another
vehicle. It is an offence to use your lights in such a way that you dazzle
other road users.
 Front or rear fog lights can also be used in fog or other hazardous
weather conditions causing reduced visibility - but you must switch
them off when visibility improves.
 To reduce the effect of being dazzled by the headlights of on-coming
vehicles at night, before starting your journey, thoroughly clean your
windscreen inside and outside of insects and dust. Regularly clean your
windscreen and lights throughout your journey (usually at refueling or
rest stops).

(G). Hazard warning lights

You must not use your hazard warning lights unless your vehicle is stopped or
going slowly and causing an obstruction, or is stopped in an emergency lane.
Hazard warning lights can be used by drivers:
 In hazardous weather conditions
 As part of an anti-theft device
Parking at night or in poor visibility
If you leave your vehicle on the road at night or when visibility is poor, it must
have front and rear parking lights alight unless it is made clearly visible from a
distance of 200 meters by a lighted street light or other lamp.
If your vehicle is 2.2 meters wide or wider, you must always have the clearance
and side marker lights alight at night or in poor visibility.
Rear vision mirrors
Your vehicle must have a mirror or mirrors fitted so that you can have a clear
view of any vehicle approaching from behind. If, for any reason, your view from
an internally-fitted mirror is obscured, external mirrors must be fitted that
provide a clear view.

81 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Sharing the Road with Heavy Vehicles

Blind spots
A blind spot is where you as a driver lose sight of the vehicles around you. You
know where your blind spots are when travelling on the road. Know where a
truck driver's blind spots are:
 beside the truck's right door
 directly behind the truck for quite a distance - if you cannot see the
truck driver in the truck's mirror, then the truck driver cannot see you
 Immediately in front of the truck.
Get clear of a truck driver's blind spots as soon as you can. Move to a position
well in front of or behind the truck, where the driver can see you.
(H). Overtaking
Unsafe overtaking is something the driver/s sees all too often. People can
become impatient behind trucks on hills or when there are few passing
opportunities. Some people take a very large risk for only a few seconds' gain.
So allow plenty of room passes quickly but safely and pull back in, only when
you can see both headlights of the truck in your rear view mirror. This allows a
safe space, but don't then slow down in front of the truck.
Before attempting to overtake ask yourself the following:
 What will I achieve?
 What are the risks?
 Is it safe and is it legal?
 How far is it to the next overtaking lane?
 What type of vehicle am I overtaking?

82 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

It is also important to avoid being pressured into overtaking by other following

vehicles. Keep your cool behavior and if necessary let them pass.
(I). Parking
Parking is when you stop and allow your vehicle to stay in one place, whether
or not you leave the vehicle unattended. Parking is allowed in many places on
the road and in road-related areas and you should always obey any signs.
At all times when stopping or parking, you must not open the doors of the
vehicle so as to endanger bicycle riders, pedestrians or other road users.
1. Parallel parking
Unless there are signs or markings on the road to indicate some other method,
you must park parallel to the edge of the road and footpath. The rules are:
 park your vehicle so that it is facing in the same direction as the moving
traffic
 in a two-way road, park your vehicle parallel to and as near as
practicable to the right edge of the road
 in a one-way road, park parallel to and as near as practicable to the left
or right edge of the road
 where parking bays are marked on the road, leave your vehicle entirely
within a single bay, unless the vehicle is too wide or long to fit completely
within the bay
 where there are no parking bays, leave at least one metre between your
vehicle and the vehicles in front and behind
 unless permitted by a parking sign, leave a minimum of three metres
between your vehicle and any continuous dividing line, dividing strip or,
if on a narrow road, the other side of the road
 if your vehicle is a heavy or long vehicle, it must be parked in the
minimum number of parking bays, if there are parking bays available.
2. Angle parking
Angle parking is indicated by signs or road markings. It means you must park
your vehicle at the appropriate angle to the curb, as indicated by the sign or
markings on the road and you must park entirely within a parking bay.
If a sign states Angle Parking but does not give the exact angle, you must park
at 45 degrees with front to curb.
If a sign or markings indicate 90 degrees parking, you may park with front to
the curb unless a sign states otherwise.

83 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Heavy vehicles
If your vehicle is a heavy or long vehicle:
 it must not obstruct other road users or pedestrians
 it must not be parked on a road in a built-up area for more than one
hour unless:
 a sign or traffic control device allows a longer period
 the driver is dropping off or picking up goods and stays for no longer
than is necessary to complete the task
No Stopping
To 'stop' a vehicle means to stop and remain stationary for even a short period
of time. You must not stop or park your vehicle in any area where a 'No
Stopping' sign or a continuous yellow edge line applies, even to pick up or set
down passengers or goods.
No Parking
You must not park your vehicle in an area where a 'No Parking' sign applies,
unless:
 you are dropping off or picking up passengers or goods
 you do not leave the vehicle unattended - that is, move more than three
metres away and
 you complete the dropping off or picking up as soon as possible - in any
case, within two minutes.

Please note: a No Standing sign has the same meaning as a No Stopping sign.

84 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

General Exemptions to Stopping and Parking rules

 to avoid a collision
 if your vehicle is disabled
 because of the condition of driver or passengers, in the interests of safety
 to deal with a medical emergency
 to obey the directions of a police officer
 to comply with another law.
In each case, you must not park or stop for any longer than is necessary in the
circumstances and you should move your vehicle as soon as you can
(J). Mobile Phone Usage
You must not use a hand-held mobile phone while your vehicle is moving or is
stationary in traffic (for example, at traffic lights). You may, however, use a
hand-held mobile phone while your vehicle is parked.
(The Anti-Distracted Driving Act No. 10913)
 If a person wishes to make or receive a call, including dialing a number
and needs to touch any part of the phone to do so, that phone must be
mounted (in a mounting commercially designed and manufactured for
that purpose).
 If the phone is being used via blue tooth, a headset or earphones without
touching, holding or resting the phone on their body, the driver may
touch the earpiece or headphone to operate the phone (the phone may be
located anywhere in the vehicle, including the driver's pocket or pouch
they are wearing).
 It is an offense to create, send or look at a text, video message or email
on a mobile phone.
 Drivers of police or emergency vehicles are exempt.
This does not apply to a driver's aid, such as vehicle system equipment,
dispatch system, ticket issuing machine, navigational system, rear view screen,
or closed circuit security camera.

85 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

(K). Miscellaneous Rules

1. Keeping within a vehicle
You must not drive with any part of your body outside the vehicle, except:
 when giving a hand signal
 You must not allow any passenger in a vehicle you are driving to have
any part of his or her body outside the vehicle.
2. Riding outside a vehicle
You must not allow any person to ride on the roof or bonnet of your vehicle, or
any other external part of the vehicle. For example, if you are driving a 4WD
vehicle, you must not allow any person to ride on the side or rear steps, or the
roof rack ladder.
3. Carrying passengers in utilities
You must not drive with a person or people in or on a part of a vehicle
primarily designed for the carriage of goods. This means passengers cannot
travel in the back of a utility
4. Opened doors
You must not cause a hazard, nor must your passengers cause a hazard, to
any other road user by opening a vehicle door or leaving it open. You and your
passengers must not endanger others when getting out of or off of your vehicle.
You (and your passengers) must keep your whole body within a vehicle, and
must not travel on the outside of a vehicle, in a utility or trailer
5. Televisions and Visual Display Units
You must not drive a vehicle that has a television receiver or visual display unit
(such as a DVD player) that is in operation and visible to the driver or the
driver of another vehicle. This does not apply to driver's aids such as
navigational equipment.
6. Unnecessary noise or smoke
You must not start or drive a vehicle in a way that makes unnecessary noise or
smoke.
For example, causing the wheels of a vehicle to spin and lose traction may
make unnecessary noise or smoke.
If a situation occurs pull the vehicle over and report immediately to the
Logistics Department
7. Obeying directions

86 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

You must obey directions given by a Police officer or another authorised

person.
If traffic is being controlled by a Police officer or another authorised person, the
directions must be obeyed in preference to traffic signals or signs.
If traffic is being controlled at a road works site by traffic lights or hand-held
Stop-Go signs, you must obey the directions given
(L). Speeding and Inappropriate Travel Speeds
Within the Philippines the maximum default speed limit outside a built-up area
is 100km/h. The maximum default speed limit in a built-up area is 50km/h.
unless a road sign or a license condition indicates otherwise, these are the
maximum speeds at which you are allowed to drive. Driving above the speed
limit is illegal, because it creates unacceptable safety risks.
 100km/h Freeway/Expressway
 80km/h National Highways
 50km/h General Roads
 35km/h School Zones
Travel speed affects both the risk of a crash happening and the severity of any
injuries in a crash. Even small increases in vehicle speed significantly impact
on road safety risks.
Speeding can be compared to driving under the influence of alcohol. Every
5km/h increase in speed in a 60km/h zone is equal to an increase in 0.05 in
BAC
Speeding and inappropriate travel speeds are estimated to directly contribute
to at least 40% of deaths on Philippine roads each year.
Also, speeds just 5km/h above average in urban areas and 10km/h above
average in rural areas are sufficient to double the risk of a casualty crash.
Keep your speed down
For a fit and alert driver, in good driving conditions, at 60 km/h it takes about
3/4 of a second or 12 meters of travel for you to realize that you have to brake
and at least another 20 meters to stop. At higher speeds, the distance will be
even greater.
In good clear driving conditions, you must drive within the posted speed limit
however in certain circumstances, driving at the speed limit for that road can
be dangerous. Conditions such as bad weather, heavy traffic, encountering
children or pedestrians may require you to reduce speed to suit those road
conditions. If you keep your speed down, you will have more time to avoid
87 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

crashes and will reduce the seriousness of any injuries or damage. You may
also save a life - possibly yours. You must only drive at a speed that would
allow you to stop your vehicle within the distance that you can see ahead.
(M). Keeping a safe following distance
The 'following distance' is the space between your vehicle and the vehicle
immediately in front. This distance varies, depending on the speed you are
travelling and the braking ability of both your vehicle and the vehicle in front.
The acceptable minimum following distance, which is considered reasonably
safe, is the distance your vehicle will travel in three seconds. This distance -
about eight or nine car lengths at 60 km/h - allows you time to glance at
mirrors, signs, side roads and vehicles further ahead while maintaining a
sufficient safety space should the vehicle ahead suddenly brake.

To estimate the following distance, use the time lapse formula, which applies
for any travel speed.
Time Lapse Formula
 Allow three seconds to pass between the time when the rear of the
vehicle ahead passes some stationary object, for example a signpost, and
when the front of your vehicle reaches that point. To estimate that time,
as the rear of the vehicle ahead passes the selected point, count... 1001,
1002, 1003 and your vehicle should not have reached that point before
that time.
Often you may need more than three seconds. This includes
 when the road is wet or slippery
 when visibility is poor
 if conditions are dark
 when you have a heavy load
 when the road is unsealed.

(N). Total Stopping Distance

The distance a vehicle travels from the time you see an event occurring to the
time the vehicle is brought to a stop is called the total stopping distance.

88 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Total Stopping Distance = Reaction Distance + Braking Distance

Reaction distance (or thinking distance) is the distance travelled by a vehicle
while the driver realizes the need to brake and actually starts to physically
apply the brake. For a fit and alert driver, it would average about 3/4 of a
second or 12 meters at 60 km/h.
If you double the speed, you double the reaction distance.
Note that you can reduce your reaction distance by scanning the road ahead to
anticipate potential problems. If you notice a driver in front of you driving
erratically or waywardly, moving your foot to 'cover' the brake pedal will reduce
your reaction time if sudden braking is required.
Braking distance is the distance travelled by the vehicle once the brakes have
been applied.
 The braking distance increases if the road is wet, slippery, uneven or
unsealed.
 The braking distance increases when going downhill because of the effect
of gravity.
 The braking distance for heavy vehicles, including buses, is much
greater. Take extra care when changing lanes to move in front of them.
 The braking distance increases at a greater rate than the increase in the
speed you are travelling - if your speed doubles, your braking distance
will increase by four times (2 x 2); if your speed trebles, your braking
distance will increase by nine times (or 3 x 3). For example, if your
vehicle travels 20 meters in braking to a stop from 50 km/h, at 100
km/h it will take approximately 80 meters to come to a stop on the same
road surface (i.e. 4 x 20 meters).
Approaching a corner or bend too fast may cause you to lose control of your
vehicle. You should brake to a safe speed before entering the corner or bend
because the vehicle will remain more stable and controllable if braking is done
in a straight line.

(O). Alcohol, Drugs, Medicines & Driving

89 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Alcohol, drugs and certain medicines reduce your ability to drive safely and
increase your risk of being involved in a crash. Not only do these substances
impair driving ability, but the effects of mixing them can be even more severe.
As a driver, you need to be alert and able to concentrate on what you are doing
so that you can react to whatever is happening around you on the road.
It is illegal to drive while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including
some over-the-counter and prescription medicines if they impair your driving
ability.
(P). Seatbelts
Wearing a seatbelt doubles your chances of surviving a serious crash yet
despite the benefits shown by road safety research, time and time again too few
people buckle up their seatbelt.

Wearing a seatbelt can be a life or death decision - both for you and your
passengers. Seatbelts should be worn even if you are only travelling a short
distance because most road crashes happen close to home. For someone not
wearing a seatbelt, a crash at 40km/h is like falling from a two storey building
onto concrete. Passengers not wearing seatbelts can kill or seriously injure
others in the car if, for example, the driver has to brake suddenly.
While airbags help reduce injury, they are no substitute for wearing seatbelts.
The airbag increases the benefit of a seatbelt.
(Q). Driver Distraction and Inattention
Driving is a complex task requiring coordination of a wide range of skills. To
anticipate and avoid hazards on the road, drivers must give their full attention
at all times. Any lapse in concentration (inattention), or distraction away from
driving, increases the risk of a crash.
Too often, drivers engage in activities that distract them from the driving task.
These include using mobile phones, eating, drinking, smoking, conversing with

90 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

passengers, using audio equipment, and responding to distractions caused by

children or other passengers. There are also distractions outside the vehicle,
such as roadside advertising that can take the drivers' attention away from the
road.

Research has also found that carrying passengers poses a greater distraction
for young drivers and, coupled with peer pressure, can increase the risk of a
crash.
An increasing number of in-vehicle information, communication and
entertainment systems including DVD players are being used in cars, which
can contribute to a driver being distracted.
Avoid the temptation of doing other tasks and getting distracted while you are
driving. Taking your eyes off the road or diverting your attention even for just a
few seconds can be fatal.
(R). Driver Fatigue
It is estimated that fatigue is a factor in up to 30% of fatal crashes and 15% of
serious injury crashes.
Fatigue is more likely to be a factor in crashes in rural areas as they can
involve long trips and extensive periods of continuous driving, however anyone
can be affected by fatigue, even when driving in the city or suburbs.
Driver fatigue is particularly dangerous because one of the symptoms is
decreased ability to judge your level of tiredness. Research has shown that not
sleeping for more than 17 hours has an effect on driving ability the same as a
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.05. Not sleeping for 24 hours has the
same effect as having a BAC of 0.10

91 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

If you don't get enough sleep you will go into sleep debt and will 'owe' yourself
more sleep. The only way to repay this debt is by sleeping. Until you catch up
on your sleep, before driving, you will have a greater risk of having a fatigue-
related crash.
Fatigue can cause a driver to drift across to the incorrect side of the road that
caused head collision with another vehicle. It is important you are aware of the
signs of fatigue.
Listening to the radio, drinking coffee and opening the windows or vents for
fresh air are not sufficient to prevent fatigue over long trips. If you are tired, the
best thing you can do is to pull well off the road and sleep. There is no
substitute for sleep if you are tired.
How do I avoid fatigue?
 Get enough quality sleep before you begin driving. Be sure to have seven
to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep before your trip.
 The worst time to begin your trip is after work - you will be tired already,
even if you do not realize it.
 Take regular 15 minute breaks at least every two hours. Get out of the
car, get some fresh air and some exercise.
 If possible share the driving with your spare driver. Get your passengers
to tell you if you look tired or if you are showing signs of tiredness.
 Eat well balanced meals at your usual meal times. Avoid fatty foods,
which can make you feel drowsy.
 Avoid alcohol and medicines that can cause drowsiness. Avoid driving at
night. The chances of crashing are much higher late night and early
morning.
(S). Hazardous Driving Situations
Remember that hazardous driving situations can happen at any time. Always
be aware of what is in front of you, behind you and beside you, so that you are

92 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

ready for unexpected hazardous situations and have the time to take necessary
actions. Use your rear-view mirror and your side mirrors at frequent intervals,
especially before signaling, braking and turning, to check what other road
users are doing. Drivers can only use front and rear fog lights in hazardous
weather conditions. They must not be used at other times. Always ensure that
you and your passengers are wearing properly fastened and adjusted seatbelts.
1. Broken windscreen
Most modern vehicles are fitted with laminated glass, so a windscreen will only
'crack' under impact however, if the glass shatters and you can't see, slow
down and use another way to see ahead, such as opening the side window and
looking out, gently put your foot on the brake to warn following traffic that you
are about to stop. Come to a stop slowly and carefully. Stop off the road or as
close to the left side of the road as you can with safety.
2. Gravel and other loose surfaces
Driving on gravel roads or other roads with loose or shifting surfaces requires
much care and attention. Driving on these roads is more hazardous than
driving on bitumen roads. As control of the vehicle and braking are more
difficult, drivers should slow down to maintain safe control.
When driving on a gravel road, which has half of the tyre grip or friction of a
bitumen road, a driver will need double the distance when braking to a stop as
compared to the braking distance normally required on bitumen.
Similarly, when driving around a bend on a gravel or unsealed road, loss of
control of the vehicle (skidding) will occur at a much lower speed, compared to
the control you would have when driving around a similar bend on a bitumen
road.
3. Water on the road
After heavy rain or a burst water pipe, if a large puddle of water appears across
part of the road and you need to drive through the water, slow down before
driving through the water to avoid losing control of your vehicle. If you drive too
quickly through a puddle you risk the car aquaplaning or sliding and becoming
uncontrollable. If water over the road could be too deep for your vehicle, stop
and check the depth before driving any further.
After driving through water, always check your brakes to be sure they are
working effectively. If water has reached the brake linings, the brakes will not
be as effective. An easy way to dry them out is to drive for a short distance with
your foot pressed gently on the brake.

93 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

4. Footbrake failure
If the footbrake sinks to the floor, the first thing to do is to pump the brake
pedal several times to see if you can raise enough pressure in the brakes'
hydraulic system to bring the vehicle to a safe stop, if this doesn't help, ease
the handbrake on, increasing the pressure gradually (sudden pressure can lock
the back wheels and cause a skid) and change to a lower gear. Do not continue
to drive if your brakes have failed.
5. Animals on the road
When driving in country areas, it is not uncommon to encounter livestock (e.g.
cows, dogs or sheep), which may have wandered onto the road, or may be being
moved across or down a road.
Animals such as cattle and even dogs and cats can be hypnotized by the glare
of headlights. If an animal is on the road in front of you, brake slowly, sound
your horn and flash your headlights - don't swerve. Try to pass smoothly
behind the animal.
6. Tire blows out (puncture)
If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull towards the side with the blown
tire. If it is the rear tire, the rear of the vehicle will also tend to sway from side
to side. Do NOT brake suddenly. Try not to over-react with the steering. Ease
off the accelerator, keep a firm grip on the steering wheel and brake GENTLY to
stop, keeping the car's steering straight ahead.

Lesson 2. DRIVER’S ETIQUETTES

Here are some simple rules of the road to remember when driving motor
vehicle:

1. When driving, pay attention to the task at hand.

2. Do not stay in the left lane if you are going slower than the traffic to
your right.
3. If you are not passing another car, remain in the right lane.
4. If a car is approaching from the rear, flashing its light move over as
soon as
you are able.
5. Do not tailgate; leave a 2 second space between you and the car
ahead you.
6. Do not slam on your brakes if a car is tailgating you.
7. Do not ride/s your brakes.

94 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

8. Do not change lanes if there is a car in the lane you want to move into
going
faster than you.
9. Be courteous to others if u can’t make a move without obstructing
other on the
road don’t do it.
10. Check around your car when changing lanes in order to do so safely.
11. When moving into a turn lane wait until you are in the lane to brake.
12. When driving behind someone make sure your high beams are off .
13. Green means go.
14. Red means stop.
15. Yellow means ready
16. Don’t take the traffic problems personally
17. Avoid eye contact with an aggressive driver
18. Don’t make obscene gestures
19. Use your horn sparingly
20. Don’t block the passing lane
21. Allow adequate time to your trip.
22. Use directional lights to indicate a lane shift
23. Follow the laws of the road.
24. Be polite and courteous
25. Stay within the speed limits.
26. Stay mostly with in one lane
27. Use your horn sparingly
28. Be tolerant of those who exhibit non-conforming traffic behaviour.
29. Do not let the car phone distract you

Additional Safety Tips

(Before starting the vehicle for driving, the driver/s should checked first the
“BLOWBAGETS”)
B- Brake L- Light O- Oil W- Water B- Battery A- Air G- Gas
E- Engine T- Tire S- Self

Lesson 3. 5 Important Driving Practice Conditions for Students and First-

Time Drivers

In the interest of safety, today's lesson will cover the best ways to practice
driving. Once you've learned to operate the vehicle and know a few basic
operations, it takes hours and hours of practice to become comfortable and
careful driving on your own.

1. Who to practice with

95 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

While most states only require the passenger to be 21 years-old, this option is

not always the safest for a first-time driver. Students or learner who has the
burning desire to learn how to drive vehicle are the potential individual, and
willing to lean the proper driving etiquette.

2. What to practice

Once you've learned a few basic operations, it's important to practice over and
over those you will be using daily. Only through repeated practice will you
learn to take your car into a smooth stop and accelerating without jerking. For
the first dozen times you're in control, drive around a large, empty parking lot.

Practice coming to a complete stop and accelerating to a constant speed. Pull

in and out of parking spots at different angles and under different conditions.
Once you have a good handle on staying within the two lines, practice with two
cars on either side (preferably those of a close friend or family member).

The goal is to get the hang of things in a safe space before practicing around
other cars.

3. When to practice

To become an independent driver, it's important to practice driving under all

possible circumstances. In the beginning, driving only in the sunlight is a good
way to learn basic operations and get a feel for the vehicle. As you become
more advanced and better able to control the car, you must learn to handle all
kinds of weather and lighting.
When it's raining, practice driving. When there's snow on the ground, practice
driving. When there's ice, practice driving (best to go back to the empty parking
lot for this one). Unfortunately, you will not only have to drive when it's sunny.

4. Where to practice

Once you've advanced beyond the empty parking lot, practice in an industrial
area at night. When the traffic has died down, industrial locations will give you
a great feel for as many traffic situations as possible. These areas have gravel
roads, railroad tracks, traffic signals, 4-way stops and other features you will
face daily. Get a good feel for each situation.

As you gain more experience, move on to residential areas. Begin during a clear
day when you can plainly see any neighbors outside. Form the habit of looking
under and around parked cars for any children or small animals who may dart
out in front of the car.

96 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Next, have an adult drive you out to a location familiar to them, but foreign to
you. Practice reading a map and a GPS and learn to direct yourself back home.
It's important to become comfortable enough with direction that you don't have
to depend on a GPS while driving alone.

Finally, once you’ve developed skill in low-traffic areas, begin to practice on

highways. Start in the right lane and get a feel for merging from and exiting to
the service road. Slowly work your way up to lane changes and maintaining a
speed consistent with cars around you. Always remember – you do not have to
break the speed limit to accommodate impatient drivers.

5. How to practice

Finally, practice driving with safe distractions. Once you know how to pay
attention to sounds and events outside the car, develop a habit of listening to
traffic above other noises. Invite siblings, pets and grandparents into the car to
maintain focus despite external distractions. Make sure you are able to focus
on the road and drive safely with only one passenger before bringing in other,
safe distractions.

(A). step-by-step test of essential driving skills before letting your

students get behind the wheel, go over this driver skills checklist.

1. Start with a tour of the vehicle

Before you hit the road, start by training your students on the basics:
demonstrate how to adjust the seat, and the side and rearview mirrors safely to
fit their needs. Make any other accommodations that are necessary, such as
tilting the steering wheel. Review the controls and features of the car. Give your
teen an education on how each of these works:

 Dashboard controls
 Steering wheel and seat adjustment
 Mirror adjustment
 Turn signals
 Headlights
 Safety features like air bags and seat belts
 Wipers
 Emergency lights
 Parking brake/release
 Starting/turning off the engine
 Gas, brakes (especially ABS)

97 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Warning indicator lights on dashboard (such as low fuel, oil, temperature

indicator)

2. Get a feel for the vehicle

The first time your students actually drives the car, start in the safest, easiest
location possible, like an empty parking lot. Have your teen practice applying
gas and brakes, driving straight, turning, and backing up.

As you see your students beginning to master these skills, take note and make
the situation a little more complex next time. For example, instead of just
stopping and starting, have your student pulls into and out of a parking spot.

It can take several outings to learn how to get from point A to point B, and to
figure out how much pressure to apply to the brakes to stop or how far to move
the steering wheel to turn.

This is also a good time to remind your student’s driver to pay attention to
their surroundings:

 Look ahead and to the sides.

 Check mirrors.
 Scan continuously for hazards.
 Teach your teen to keep a clear "safety space" around the car so there's
room to react to any hazards. The farther he or she hangs back from the
vehicle in front, the better your teen will be able to see what's ahead.
Seeing better and farther provides extra time to react to changing traffic
conditions.

3. Start in low-speed, low-traffic areas

Once your student’s is/are comfortable with the basic operation of the car,
take your training to quiet streets where your teen can practice staying on one
side of the road, anticipate cars exiting driveways, and learn to pull up to a
stop sign.

4. Beginner skills checklist

Vary the routes to practice the following:

 Turning, speed and use of signals

 Braking smoothly: gradually slowing to a stop
 Accelerating smoothly: steadily increasing to a safe speed within the
posted limit
 Approaching intersections controlled by stop signs or lights

98 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Determining right of way

 Single-lane and multi-lane roadways (low speeds)
 Changing lanes and how to merge into traffic safely
 Maintaining appropriate speed
 Scanning for and identifying hazards
 Keeping a safe following distance
 Sharing the road with pedestrians, and school buses
 Driving in a school zone
 Reacting to an approaching emergency vehicle
 Using turning lanes

As your new driver starts to master these skills, pay attention to which ones he
or she is confident with. As you both become more comfortable, continue to
expose your student to different times of day, levels of traffic, and weather
conditions on familiar roads.

At this point, your student has mastered the basics and needs lots of practice
getting used to the road. For the next several hours of driving practice, stick to
low-speed, low-traffic roads. Try to take a different route each time to be sure
your student is getting the variety needed to become a safe driver. Also
consider working with a driving instructor.

5. Driving on the highway

Driving on a multi-lane highway for the first time can be scary. Start your
student out by driving at quieter times of the day to practice merging into
traffic, staying in the lane, and using higher speeds and safe following
distances without the added stress of rush-hour traffic. Once you are both
comfortable with that, gradually move on to busier traffic situations.

Before heading out onto the highway, prepare your new driver for:

 Higher speeds that call for longer stopping distances

 The need to check blind spots before changing lanes
 Driving near large trucks
 Anticipating interchanges by reading signs
 Allowing a "safety space" around you, in the event you need to pull off
the road for another vehicle or debris
 Looking for traffic stopped or slowing ahead

6. Advanced skills checklist

Skills a new driver needs to master while in high-speed, high-traffic conditions:

99 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

 Merging into traffic

 Identifying road signs and exits
 Navigating toll booths
 Passing and being overtaken
 Maintaining proper speed
 Being courteous to others
 Keeping a safe following distance

7. How do I know when my student is ready to drive alone?

Your instincts are probably the best way to know. Remember, even if your
student is legally old enough to get a license, it's your decision whether he or
she is ready.

Questions to consider

 Has my student had enough practice, in varying conditions, so we are

both confident with my student's ability to handle most situations?
 Has my student shown the ability to detect hazards and react to them
quickly?
 Have I noticed that scanning for hazards has become a habit for my
student?
 Does my student always wear a seat belt and remind others to do so?
 Does my student avoid using a cell phone or text messaging while
driving?
 Does my student wait to pull over to handle distractions or situations
that take his or her eyes away from the road? Do I think my teen will act
the same way when I'm not in the car?
 Does my student speed or drive aggressively?
 Will my student know to pull over if upset, frustrated, or angry?
 Has my student exhibited responsibility in other areas of his or her life
and do I trust him or her to drive my car responsibly?
 Is my student agreed to my safe driving habits and etiquette?

(B).12 Tips for New Drivers That You Can’t Learn in a Driving School

Even the most experienced drivers don’t always know all the subtleties
or nuances that can make driving easier.

1. Check if all your mirrors are adjusted correctly.

100 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

If your mirrors aren’t adjusted correctly, a blind spot appears. A blind spot
is a part of the road that you can’t see, so you may miss a car traveling
in an adjacent traffic lane. In order to eliminate blind spots, adjust your side-
view mirrors so that you can’t see your car in them. To check if there is a blind
spot, drive past another parked car in reverse, looking in your side-view mirror.
As soon as it’s out of the picture, you should see it with your peripheral vision.

The rear-view mirror must be adjusted so that you can see the back window
of your car entirely. When adjusting the mirrors, you should be in your normal
driving position.

2. Learn to feel where the wheels are.

If you want to be able to avoid potholes on the road and not scratch your
hubcaps when parking, you need to learn to feel where the wheels are. Take
an empty plastic bottle, step on it with your foot, and put it on the
road. Practice driving over it with your left and right front wheels in turn. Open
the window to hear the bottle crunch.

101 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

3. Park guided by your windows and mirrors.

When perpendicular parking, stop once you see the curb under the side mirror.
This way the distance between the car and the curb will be minimal, and you
won’t scratch the bumper.

When parallel parking, make sure you don’t scratch the hubcaps. Stick a piece
of colored duct tape to the bottom of the windshield. Stop once the mark
matches the curb line. It’s better to parallel park in reverse: this way, the curb
is visible in the side-view mirrors, so you won’t be too close to it.

4. Dry your brakes after driving through a puddle.

Before even the smallest of puddles, you’d better slow down and go through
it smoothly without maneuvering or changing speed. If you drive quickly, there
is a chance of water getting into the ignition system and making the engine

102 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

stall. Besides, aquaplaning might start — that’s when a car loses traction, and

you lose control of it.

After passing a big puddle, don’t cut your engine, and don’t change your speed.
Dry the brakes first: pressing the gas pedal, press the brake pedal a few times.
Friction causes heat, so water evaporates from the brake pads.

5. Watch out for the maneuvers of taller cars in front of you.

Watch out not only for the car on the right and front of you but also for those
further down the road. Drivers of taller vehicles (truck and buses) see road
situations much more clearly. If they start to change lanes all at once, it’s likely
that they saw a car accident or a different kind of roadblock. Follow suit, and
change lanes too.

6. If the car doesn’t start, turn the high beams on.

Sometimes in winter the car just won’t start on the first try. Before you give
it a try, heat your car battery by turning the high beams on. The radio or the
indicator can work too.

7. Lower your rear-view mirror at night.

103 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

Many drivers don’t know that a standard rear-view mirror has 2 modes: day
mode and night mode. To avoid being blinded by a car behind you, change the
angle of the mirror by pulling down the lever under it.

8. Turn on the air conditioner.

Even when you don’t use the air conditioner (for example, in winter), turn
it on regularly for a short period of time. Otherwise, the coolant will seep out,
and the tubes will be dry.

9. Use the hand brake regularly.

Even if you don’t do angle parking, use the hand brake regularly. The only
exception is very cold weather. In such conditions, you’d better avoid using the
hand brake so that the brake pads don’t freeze.
10. If a car in the neighboring lane is slowing down, follow suit.

104 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

If you see a car in the neighboring lane slowing down, you should do the same.
It’s likely that the driver wants to let a pedestrian or an animal pass.

11. Don’t let the illusion of low speed deceive you.

On a straight road, the speed seems to be 2 times lower than it really is. If you

don’t slow down before making a turn, the car may begin to skid.

12. Don’t turn the wheels beforehand when making a left turn.

It’s dangerous to turn the wheels in advance before making a left turn. They
must be in the initial position. If a car hits you from the back, you might
be thrown into the opposite lane where hitting other cars will be inevitable.

(C).How to drive a manual car - a quick and easy guide with pictures

105 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

1. Before you start

Typically, manual cars will have three pedals: clutch, brake and accelerator
(in that order, left to right).

The brake and accelerator pedals are pretty simple - press the brake to slow
down (the firmer you press it, the quicker you’ll lose speed), while using the
accelerator increases the engine’s revs and causes you to speed up (the firmer
you press it, the quicker you will speed up).

The clutch pedal is the one that makes driving a manual car more difficult
than an auto.

Without going into too much detail, the clutch is essentially two metal plates
that connect the engine to the drive wheels. So by pressing down on the
clutch pedal, you’re disconnecting the engine from the wheels.

2. How to drive a manual car in nine steps

106 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

a. Getting in the car and put on your seatbelt

b. Put the key in the ignition and turn all the way until the engine starts
c. Put the clutch pedal down (this the pedal on the left) 
d. Move the gear stick into first gear
e. Use your right foot to press down on the accelerator gently to increase
the engine’s revs very slightly
f. Slowly lift the clutch pedal using your left foot until it starts to vibrate
gently
g. This vibration is known as the car’s “bite point” - this is where the
clutch plates start to come together.
h. Remove the handbrake and the car should start to move slowly
i. Increase the revs while slowly raising your foot off the clutch unit you
are moving forward with only the use of the accelerator pedal
Remember - if you’re too quick lifting your foot off the clutch, or don’t give it
enough revs, the car will stall: that’s where the engine cuts out and the red
lights glow on the dashboard.

If you still apply the brakes, turn the engine off, return the gear stick to neutral
and begin the process again.

107 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

3. How to avoid damaging the clutch

Over time, you’ll get used to a car’s clutch and have a good understanding of
where its bite point is, as well as how many revers you need to give it to move
off. It sounds complicated but you’ll develop a natural feel for it with practice.

If you’re not careful, though, it can be easy to wear the clutch out prematurely
– and that’s likely to cost an amount of money, rising well into four figures for
some cars. Follow these tips and your clutch should easily last for well over
100,000 miles:

Don’t use the clutch to hold the car on hills or creep forward at junction If
you’re waiting at a junction, in traffic or at a roundabout, it’s tempting to hold
the car at the clutch’s bite point, allowing you a quick getaway when you can
move. But this can cause unnecessary wear, especially if you do it often.

Stop, put the handbrake on, and only use the clutch when you’re ready to pull
away.
Don’t hold the clutch down when you’re stopped again; it’s tempting to leave
your car in gear and keep your foot on the clutch when you’re stopped in
traffic. This puts a lot of pressure on the clutch release bearing, however,
which could wear out quickly if you do it regularly.

4. Keep the revers to a minimum

To avoid stalling, especially during hilly maneuvers, many drivers are too heavy
with the accelerator.

This can cause unnecessary wear on the clutch plates. You need a minimum
amount of revers to get the car to move – and if you’re gentle enough, most
cars can move without using the accelerator at all.

5. How to 'heel-and-toe'

When you get used to driving a manual, you may wish to learn more advanced
driving techniques such as how to “heel-and-toe”.

The name of this is actually a bit misleading – the pedal setup of cars used to
mean you could increase the revs of the engine by toeing the brake pedal and
blipping the throttle with your heel.

Today, it’s easier to rest the left of your right foot on the brake and blip the
accelerator with the right half of your foot.

108 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

The benefit of this, when slowing down, is to enable you to rev match as you
work down through the gearbox as you brake.

In truth, it’s a little unnecessary – during normal road driving, there’s little to
be gained by doing this rather than slowing down using the brake before
disengaging the clutch and selecting an appropriate gear, rather than
overlapping braking and changing gear.
Once you’ve learned how to do it, however, it’s a satisfying skill – and if you
ever take your car on a track day, it could shave seconds from your lap times.

Chapter Exercises/Activity:

I. Practical Driving Exam:

Instruction: During the practical driving exam, the instructor will score you
using a demerit point system. You’ll begin with 100 points. Each time you
commit an error; the examiner deducts a corresponding number of points from
your score and logs them onto a road test score sheet.

Scoring is based on these three criteria:

1. Pre-driving check-up (Total of 10 points)

1. Checking tires and batteries
2. Checking/cleaning/adjusting mirrors, light, and windshield wiper
3. Use of seatbelt or helmet
4. Checking hand and foot brake
5. Disengaging clutch when starting the engine

2. Driving skills (Total of 50 points)

1. Steering
2. Engine control
3. Use of brakes
4. Speed control
5. Turning
6. Backing
7. Parking
3. Observance of traffic rules (Total of 40 points)
1. Right of way to other vehicles
2. Stop lights, signals, and horning
3. Right of way (pedestrians, and cyclists.

When you’re done, the examiner will provide you with feedback and your test
result. To pass the practical driving test, you need to get a score of at least 60
points.

109 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

I. Score Sheet Table:

Areas to be check during actual driving Equivalent

Name:
points
Pre-driving  Checking tires and batteries = 2points
check-up  Checking/cleaning/adjusting = 2point
(10 points) mirrors, light, and windshield wiper
 Use of seatbelt or helmet
 Checking hand and foot brake =2 point
 Disengaging clutch when starting =2 points
the engine =2 points

Total:
_________
Driving Skills  Steering = 5 points
(50 points)  Engine control = 5points
 Use of brakes = 10points
 Speed control = 10points
 Turning = 10points
 Backing = 5points
 Parking = 5points

Total:________
Observance of  Right of way to other vehicles =20 points
Traffic Rules  Stop lights, signals, and horning =10 points
(40 points)  Right of way (pedestrians, and
cyclists.) = 10 points

Total:_______
Grand
Total:_________

_______________________________
Signature of Instructor over Printed Name

Appendices

TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATION AND REGULATIONS AND OTHER

RELATED STATUTES

110 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

A. Republic Acts

1. R.A. No. 4136 - The basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines.
2. R.A. No. 6539 - “Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972”
3. R.A. No. 5448 - Impose TAX on privately owned passenger automobiles,
motorcycles,
scooters, and science stamp tax.
4. R.A. No. 8749 - “CLEAN AIR ACT”
5. R.A. No. 8750 - Attachment of SEATBELTS.
6. R.A. No. 7924 - Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Act.
7. R.A. No. 10913 - Anti - Distracted Driving Act of 2017.
8. R.A. No. 10930 – Extending the Validity of Driver’s License to Five (5) Years.

B. Presidential Decrees

1. P.D. No. 96 - Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, and other sound devices.
2. P.D. No. 101 - Prescribing the lines and modes of operations of PUV’s in the
Philippines.
3. P.D. No. 207 - Declaring Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, Signs, and Signals as
part of the Philippine Laws.
4. P.D. No. 612 - Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicle.
5. P.D. No. 1686 - Imposing a tax on air conditioned motor vehicle.
6. P.D. No. 1181 - Providing abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles.
7. P.D. No. 1605 - Granting certain powers to MMDA.
8. P.D. No. 98 - Regulating the issuance of license plates to all motor vehicles.
9. P.D. No. 109 - Modifying P.D 98.
10. P.D. No. 1729 - Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose
unclaimed
motor vehicles for a certain period of time.
11. P.D. No. 1730 - Declaring offenses regarding economic sabotage of the official
Bureau of the Land Transportation forms.
12. P.D. No. 1265 - Creating the Metropolitan Manila Traffic Management Authority.

C. Letters of Instruction

1. L.O.I. NO. 43 - Providing the removal of all impediments and removable property that
obstructs free passage of traffic.
2. L.O.I. NO. 112 - Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks having excess load capacities to
pass roads and bridges.
3. L.O.I. NO. 229 - Requiring all motor vehicle drivers, owners, and users to possess at
least 1 pair of EARLY WARNING DEVICES at all times for emergency purposes.

111 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

4. L.O.I. NO. 716 - Requiring all motor vehicles to possess 1 pair of EWD at all times.
5. L.O.I. NO. 551 - Directing the Law Enforcement Agencies to implement the Pollution
Control Program.
6. L.O.I. NO. 853 - Calling for the National Tripartite Dep’t to consider the establishment
of viable labor management relations based upon the “boundary” system of Land
Transportation.
7. L.O.I. NO. 1009 - Private motor vehicle owners who desires to stop operating or
using their number plates and registration will surrender BLT.
8. L.O.I. NO. 1071 - Authorizing owners and operators of motor vehicles to pay the
annual premiums for the insurance of their motor vehicle.

D. Department Orders

1. DOTC D.O. No. 88-305 - Rules pertinent to Land Transportation Public Utilities.
2. DOTC D.O. NO. 93-693 - Revised Schedule of Administrative Fees and charges of
the LTO.

E. Administrative and Special Orders

1. Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC - Requiring towing and impounding of
stalled motor vehicles on public highways and imposing corresponding fees.
2. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC - Prescribing guidelines and procedures in
the implementation of P.D No. 96.
3. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1975, LTC - Laying rules of action in the imposition of
uniform fines and penalties in violation of R.A 4136.
4. Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC - Enumerating and identifying various streets where
parking is prohibited.
5. Administrative Order No. 84AO-003 – provides the System of Operation in the
monthly
staggered registration of motor vehicle. The last digit of the license plate determines
the monthly schedule of registration of the MV and the middle digit determines the
working days within the week when the MV Registration shall be renewed.

F. Memorandum Circulars

1. M.C. No. 33, dated September 12, 1972 - Providing guidelines in the apprehension of
illegally parked motor vehicles.
2. M.C. No. 94-199 - Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by LTO to register
motorized tricycles under R.A 4236 and guidelines to implement devolution of
LTFRB’
s Franchising Authority.

112 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

3. M.C. No. 94-188 - Issuance of driver’s license to disabled person.

4. M.C. No. 92-146 - Re-implementation of L.O.I 229, as amended by L.O.I 479
directing
the installation of EWD of motor vehicles.
5. M.C. No. 94-192 - Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles.
6. M.C. No. 90-020 - Directing all public land transportation service operators and
drivers
to display in any conspicuous place of their vehicle authorized face matrix for the
specific route granted them to avoid conflict.
7. M.C. No. 93-011- Enjoying all public utility operators to use garage instead of public
places or side streets in parking their vehicles.
8. M.C. No. 94-002 - Sanctions on operators arising from the violations of their drivers.
9. M.C. No. 94-209 - Clarificatory guidelines for the registration/operation of new private
vehicles particularly in the use of conduct of sticker.
10. MMDA Memo Circular No. 06 – States that all new cars are required to display the
conduction sticker numbers in the space for car plates.
11. Memo Order No. 297 - Signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 2,
2009, assistant city prosecutors, district prosecutors and chief city prosecutors with
initials of 17*ACP (court branch number)

G. Executive Orders

1. E.O. No. 125 - Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and functions for other
purposes.
2. E.O. No. 266 - Providing for two service units in the office of Assist. Sec. for the
Land
Transportation in the DOTC (Law Enforcement Service LES and Traffic Education
Service TAS).
3. E.O. No. 202 - Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB).
4. E.O. No. 248 - Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and
supervise the operations of motor vehicle driving schools.
5. E.O. No. 170 - Rationalizing and Harmonizing Traffic and Transportation
Management
Powers and Functions of Agencies in Metropolitan Manila and for other

H. Other Special Laws, Statutes, etc.

1. BP No. 344 - Act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain
buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other
devices.

113 | P a g e
 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation 2017

References:

A. Books

Dr. Felix Lor Valdueza, (2013). Fundamentals of Traffic management and Accident
Investigation. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.

Darlito Bernard G. Delizo, (2006). Traffic Management & Accident Investigation.

Baguioprintech, Philippines.

Rene C. Lichauco, (1996). The Philippine Road Rules & Regulations Handbook. The
Green Ads Group. Quezon City, Philippines.

B. Unpublished Materials

PowerPoint Presentation by Dr. Marcelino G. Catalino, (2010). Traffic Management &

Accident Investigation.

C. Internet

https://www.bing.com/Traffic+lights
https://www.bing.com/Ancient+Modes+of+Transportation
https://www.bing.com/Dancing+Traffic+Management
www.circuitstoday.com/dancing-light
http://www.mmda.gov.ph
https://www.Driver+License act of 2017.
www.lto.gov.ph/...act-10913-or-the-anti-distracted-driving-act.
https://conductionplate.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Philippines
http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1994/eo_170_1994.html
http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1265.html#.
http://www.gaarlaw.com/Motor-Vehicle-Accidents/Car-Accidents/Car-Accident-Types.
http://www.gaarlaw.com/Motor-Vehicle-Accidents/Car-Accidents/Car-Accident-Types.

114 | P a g e