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The effect of shoe drop on running pattern

Conference Paper  in  Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering · July 2013

DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.815919

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The effect of shoe drop on running pattern

a b c a b a
Nicolas Chambon , Nicolas Delattre , Eric Berton , Nils Gueguen & Guillaume Rao
a
Institute of Movement Sciences: Etienne-Jules Marey, UMR 7287 CNRS, Aix-Marseille
University , 910 av. de Luminy, Marseille , 13288 , France
b
Oxylane Research , 4 Boulevard de Mons BP299, Villeneuve d’Ascq , 59665 , France
c
Oxylane Research , 910 av. de Luminy, Villeneuve d’Ascq , 59665 , France

To cite this article: Nicolas Chambon , Nicolas Delattre , Eric Berton , Nils Gueguen & Guillaume Rao (2013) The effect of
shoe drop on running pattern, Footwear Science, 5:sup1, S106-S107

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 S106 Abstracts

The effect of shoe drop on running pattern

Nicolas Chambona,b*, Nicolas Delattrec, Eric Bertona, Nils Gueguenb, and Guillaume Raoa
a
Institute of Movement Sciences: Etienne-Jules Marey, UMR 7287 CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 910 av. de Luminy, Marseille, 13288
France; bOxylane Research, 4 Boulevard de Mons BP299, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59665 France; cOxylane Research, 910 av. de Luminy,
Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59665 France
(Received 25 February 2013; final version received 16 April 2013)

Introduction tracked participants’ kinematics. Hip, knee, and ankle

During the last couple of years, running barefoot or in joint angles were calculated during the task. GRF was
minimalist shoes has become more and more popular. The measured by a force platform (KistlerÒ 9281 CA). Data
study of Lieberman et al. (2010) showed that habitually were recorded at 2000 Hz for forces and 125 Hz for kine-
barefoot runners do not adopt the same foot strike pattern matics. Repeated measures analyses of variance were
as habitually shod runners, impacting the ground with the used to test the influence of the drop factor on dependant
fore part of their foot. The potential benefit of this pattern variables. All significant effects (p < 0.05) were followed
is the absence of impact transient peak (IP) on vertical by Tukey post hoc tests.
Downloaded by [Aix-Marseille Université] at 05:21 09 July 2013

ground reaction force (vGRF). At the same time, a lot of

differences between shod and barefoot running for habitu-
ally shod runners were highlighted: barefoot running Results
causes mid-foot strike, with ankle in plantar flexion at Mean preferred speed was 3.0  0.6 m
s1. All results
touch down (TD) and lower IP than shod running (Divert and variables abbreviations are presented in Table 1.
et al. 2005, Hamill et al. 2011). Several shoe parameters BF condition was different from all others for AA, FG,
such as the height of the heel relative to the forefoot and SI. FG was lower in D0 condition than in D8 condi-
(Drop) or the midsole thickness can be suspected to cause tion. There was no effect on IP, but LR was higher in D8
modification of foot strike pattern between barefoot and than in BF condition (Figure 1).
shod running for habitually shod runners. However it has
already been demonstrated that midsole thickness did not
provoke any difference (Hamill et al. 2011). Discussion and conclusion
FG showed significant differences between D0 and D8,
demonstrating an effect of drop on foot strike pattern.
Purpose of the study Indeed, it can be suggested that a higher drop leads to a
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of higher FG. Moreover, global results showed that the bare-
drop on running pattern. foot running pattern is clearly different from the shod run-
ning pattern. Considering these kinematics differences

Methods
Table 1. Mean values (bold), standard deviations (italic) of all
Fifteen healthy male recreational runners tested five dif- variables for each condition.  indicates a significant difference
ferent shoes and barefoot (BF) condition. All shoes had with all other conditions. Condition abbreviation in exponent
similar upper design, material, outsole thickness, and mid- indicates a significant difference with this condition.
sole hardness. Forefoot midsole height was 2 mm for all Variables BF D0 D4 D8
shoes. Heel midsole height was 2 mm (0 mm drop),
6 mm (4 mm drop), and 10 mm (8 mm drop) for D0, D4 Ankle Angle at TD in
(AA) 3.2 8.5 11.1 10.5
7.1 7.9 8.2 7.4
and D8 conditions, respectively. Initially participants’ Foot/Ground angle at TD in
(FG) 9.3 16.1D8 19.6 20.3D0
preferred speed was determined on treadmill with a classi- 6.7 8.3 8.9 8.3
cal running shoe and was used for all the remaining tests. Strike Index in % of foot length (SI) 55.4 32.5 33.2 24.5
For each condition, subjects were asked to run on a tread- 24.9 17.5 19.9 13.9
mill for seven minutes (shoe familiarisation) and then per- Impact transient Peak in BW (IP) 1.58 1.47 1.47 1.42
0.37 0.29 0.25 0.22
formed seven running trials on a track. Running speed Loading Rate in BW s1 (LR) 141D8 121 110 96BF
was verified by photoelectric sensors along the track. 73 44 36 28
Height cameras of a motion capture system (ViconÒ )

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2013.799585
 Abstracts S107

Interestingly, results showed an increase of impact sever-

ity in BF compared to the largest drop condition. In this
study, habitually shod runners in the BF condition did not
adopt behaviour sufficiently different from the shod con-
dition, impacting the ground in mid-foot strike and not in
fore-foot strike. Global vGRF patterns were similar
between all conditions and IP were always observed
(Figure 1). From rear to mid-foot strike, impact magnitude
may depend more on shoe cushioning than on kinematic
pattern. This study suggests that if a fore-foot strike pat-
tern is not clearly adopted, runners cannot benefit from
the potential advantages of barefoot or minimalist running
shoes concerning reduction of impact magnitude.
Figure 1. Exemplar vGRF for each condition for a single trial
of a participant.
References
Divert, C. et al. (2005). Int J Sports Med 26(7), 593–598.
Downloaded by [Aix-Marseille Université] at 05:21 09 July 2013

and results of Hamill et al. (2011), we expected lower LR Hamill, J. et al. (2011). Footwear Sci 3(1), 33–40.
and IP in BF and D0 than in the D8 condition. Lieberman, D.E. et al. (2010). Nature 463(7280), 531–535.

The efficacy of arch support sports insoles in increasing the cycling performance
and injury prevention
SaiWei Yang*
National Yang-Ming U, Dept. of Biomedical Eng., 115 Sec. 2 LiNung St., Taipei, 112 Taiwan
(Received 25 February 2013; final version received 16 April 2013)

Introduction Purpose of the study

Cycling is an increasingly popular recreational and com- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of
petitive activity, however, the more popular it becomes an arch support orthotics in injury prevention and perfor-
the more cycling-related injuries occur. Most cycling inju- mance improvement during powered cycling.
ries are musculoskeletal related such as neck pain, patello-
femoral pain, patellar quadriceps tendinitis, iliotibial band
syndrome, hip pain, low-back strain, medial compartment Methods
pain, tibial stress fracture, calf cramping, Achilles tendini- Twenty-three male professional cyclists were recruited for
tis, numbness of the foot, etc. (Callaghan 2005). Most this study. The average age was 28  12 years old, height
injuries are caused by a combination of inadequate prepa- 175  3.8 cm, weight 65  5.5 kg, and body mass index
ration, inappropriate bike fitting, poor technique, and 21.4  1.9 with excluding criteria of LE musculoskeletal
overuse of prolonged uphill biking (Wilber et al. 1995, disorder, neurological disorder, joint replacement, trauma,
Callaghan 2005). or any other surgery which affected the evaluation. Sub-
The cycling researches primarily are either on helmet jects were classified into normal, high or low arch foot
wearing effect of head injuries prevention or retro-survey type according to the arch index with straight, genu
of injury types as well as mechanisms. Although studies varum, or genu valgum leg alignment. Three types of
show the right bike fitting can effectively reduce injuries, insoles: off-the-shelf EVA flat insoles, cycling sports
the prevalence rate is still high. Excessive or insufficient insole without arch support (FootdiscÒ -Passi).
movement of lower extremity joints due to the leg align- Surface electromyographic (EMG) data were collected
ment and foot types might be an important factor that from seven muscles: Gluteus maximum (GM), biceps fem-
mainly causes the muscular injury after an appropriate bike oris (BF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL),
fitting (Sanner and O’Halloran 2000, Callaghan 2005). tibialis anterior (TA), medial head of gastrocnemius (GA),

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2013.799586

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