BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BIT)

FACULITY OF MECHANICAL AND INDESTRIAL ENGINEERING

(FMIE)

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Mechanical design)

MAINTAINANCE AND INSTALATION LAB REPORT -1

Name: Mohammed Jemal

ID: 0904666

SEC.: B

Submitted to: GETIE Y.

Date: 12/09/2013
 Major parts of center lathe
The main function of the lathe is to remove the material from the work piece
and make the work piece the desired shape and size. During the travel of the
lathe, the work piece is rotated against the tool to achieve material removal and
the direction of the tool movement becomes feed.

The main parts of the lathe are:

1. Headstock: The headstock is usually located on the left side of the lathe and
is equipped with gears, spindles, chucks, gear speed control levers, and feed
controllers.

2. Tailstock: Usually located on the right side of the lathe, the work piece is
supported at the end.

3. Bed: The main parts of the lathe, all parts are bolted to the bed. It includes
the headstock, tailstock, carriage rails and other parts.

4. Carriage: The carriage is located between the headstock and the tailstock
and contains apron, saddle, compound rest, cross slide and tool post.

5. Lead Screw: The lead screw is used to move the carriage automatically
during threading.

7. Feed Rod: It is used to move the carriage from left to right and vice versa.
8. Chip Pan: It is present at the bottom of the lathe. Chip pan is used to collect
the chips that are produced during the lathe operation.

9. Hand Wheel: It is the wheel that is operated by hand to move a cross slide,
carriage, tailstock and other parts that have hand wheel

Classification of Lathe:-
(a) According to configuration

 Horizontal; most common for ergonomic conveniences

 Vertical ; occupies less floor space, only some large lathes are of thistype.

(b) According to purpose of use

 General purpose: very versatile where almost all possible types

operations are carried out on wide ranges of size, shape and materials of
jobs; example : centre lathes
 Single purpose: Only one (occasionally two) type of operation is done on
limited ranges of size and material of jobs; example – facing lathe, roll
turning lathe etc.
 Special purpose - Where a definite number and type of operations are
done repeatedly over long time on a specific type of blank; example: gear
blank machining lathe etc. 

(c)  According to size or capacity

 Small (low duty) - In such light duty lathes (up to 1.1 kW), only small
and medium size jobs of generally soft and easily machine able materials
are machined.
 Medium (medium duty) - These lathes of power nearly up to 11 kW are
most versatile and commonly used 
 Large (heavy duty) 
 Mini or micro lathe - These are tiny table-top lathes used for extremely
small size jobs and precision work; example : Swiss type automatic lathe 

(d)  According to degree of automation

 Non-automatic  - Almost all the handling operations are done manually;

example: centre lathes
  Semi-automatic - Nearly half of the handling operations, irrespective of
the processing operations, are done automatically and rest manually;
example : capstan lathe, turret lathe, copying lathe relieving lathe etc. 
 Automatic - Almost all the handling operations (and obviously all the
processing operations) are done automatically; example – single spindle
automatic (automatic lathe), Swiss type automatic lathe, etc. 
(e)  According to type of automation
 Fixed automation - Conventional; example – single spindle automatic, Swiss
type automatic lathe etc.
 Flexible automation - Modern; example CNC lathe, turning centre etc. 
(f)  According to configuration of the jobs being handled
 Bar type - Slender rod like jobs being held in collects 
 Chucking type - Disc type jobs being held in chucks 
 Housing type- Odd shape jobs, being held in face plate 
(g)  According to precision
 Ordinary 
 Precision (lathes) - These sophisticated lathes meant for high accuracy
and finish and are relatively more expensive. 

 (h)  According to number of spindles

 Single spindle - Common 
 Multi spindle (2, 4, 6 or 8 spindles) - Such uncommon lathes are suitably
used for fast and mass production of small size and simple shaped jobs.

Working Principle of lathe

• The lathe is a machine tool which holds the work piece between two rigid and
strong supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves as
shown in Fig.

• The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed
against the revolving work.

• The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either
parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.

• The cutting tool may also be fed at an angle relative to the axis of work for
machining tapers and angles.
1. Bed: The bed is a heavy, rugged casting in which are mounted the working
parts of the lathe. It carries the headstock and tail stock for supporting the work
piece and provides a base for the movement of carriage assembly which carries
the tool.
2. Legs: The legs carry the entire load of machine and are firmly secured to
floor by foundation bolts.
3. Headstock: The headstock is clamped on the left hand side of the bed and it
serves as housing for the driving pulleys, back gears, headstock spindle, live
centre and the feed reverse gear. The headstock spindle is a hollow cylindrical
shaft that provides a drive from the motor to work holding devices.

4. Gear Box: The quick-change gear-box is placed below the headstock and
contains a number of different sized gears.

5. Carriage: The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and
serves the purpose of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job
during operation. The main parts of carriage are:

a). The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It

provides support to cross-slide, compound rest and tool post.

b).The cross slide is mounted on the top of saddle, and it provides a mounted or
automatic cross movement for the cutting tool.

c).The compound rest is fitted on the top of cross slide and is used to support
the tool post and the cutting tool.

d).The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the
cutting tool or tool holder at the proper height relative to the work centre line.

e).The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches and
levers required to move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split nut
lever and the automatic feed lever at the same time is prevented she carriage
along the lathe bed.
6. Tailstock: The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite the headstock
on the ways of the bed. The tailstock can slide along the bed to accommodate
different lengths of work piece between the centers. A tailstock clamp is
provided to lock the tailstock at any desired position. The tailstock spindle has
an internal taper to hold the dead centre and the tapered shank tools such as
reamers and drills.

All Geared Lathe Headstock

Headstock Composition

All Geared Lathe Machine are manufactured with the usage of the most
advanced technology as it contains the minor to the major accuracy work, which
is not possible without the EXPERTISE of the Expert Lathe Machine
Manufacturer. 

HEADSTOCK EXPLODED VIEW

All Geared Lathe

A Headstock contain numbers of gears so that different speeds or RPM can be
obtained. It is very important to use the right material for the Gears & the Shafts
and not to forget Headstock Spindle. Carbonized Material is regarded as the
best material for these gears & so as for the Shafts. The headstock is made of
robust material as due to cutting forces involved, which can disturb the
performance as these forces can reduce the quality of the finished work piece.

The Spindle is hollow, so that long pieces or bars can be extended to the work
area. The Main Spindle runs in Bearings and is fitted with some means of
attaching work-holding devices such as Dog Chucks or Three Jaw Chucks. This
end of the spindle usually also has an included Morse Taper, to allow the
insertion of Dead Centers or Live Centers or Tapers. All Geared Head use a
gear box driven by a dedicated electric motor & it allows the Machine Operator
to run it on different speeds by changing the Lever Positions given series

TUMBLE REVERS MECHANISM

Tumble-reverse" mechanism fitted to many lathes. By this means the direction

of drive to the lead screw (and power-shaft if fitted) can be reversed and the
carriage caused to move either towards or away from the headstock.
In its neutral, central position it allows the headstock spindle to revolve without
driving any of the gears. Moving the engagement lever up or down (the spindle
must be stationary of course) engages one or other of a pair of tumble
gears below the spindle gear causing the next gear in the train to revolve either
or clockwise anticlockwise. The lever is usually, but not always, spring loaded
in some way, with a plunger that engages in one of three holes in either the front
or side face of the headstock.
On all types, the stud gear is made removable, allowing it to be part of the screw
cutting train or set up, as very small gear, to give a fine feed to the carrier.
Apron Mechanism

Apron is attached to the carriage and hangs over the front side of the lathe bed.
It is useful in providing power and hand feed to both carriage and cross-slide. It
is also used to provide power feed to the carriage thread cutting through two
half nuts.
 APRON in LATHE MACHINE

Power is transmitted from the spindle to the lead-screw and feed rod through the
spindle gear and tumbler gear arrangement. A worm is mounted on the feed rod
by a sliding key. The worm meshes with a worm gear on whose axis another
gear G1 is attached. Gear G1 is attached to a small gear G2 by a bracket as
shown in the diagram. Gear G4 is positioned to be in mesh with the rack gear
always. Another gear G3 is mounted on the same axis of gear G4. The carriage
hand-wheel meant for longitudinal feed is attached to the gear G5 on the same
axis. The gears G3 and G5 are always in mesh. The gear G6 is attached to
the cross slide screw.

The feed selection lever can be kept in neutral, up and down positions to obtain
the following movements.
1. Hand feed and power feed to the carriage
2. Hand feed and power feed to the cross slide