Industrial Training Report

Supervised By:-

Engr Abdul Rauf

Submitted By:
Name Roll No.
ShahidJaved 2K17-ELET-010
Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012
Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021
Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

BS Electrical Engineering & Technology

N F C I E T MULTAN – PAKISTAN

i
 TRAINING REPORT OF MEPCO MULTAN
This report is presented by

ShahidJaved 2K17-ELET-010
Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012
Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021
Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

Under the guidance of our supervisor and approved by all the members of the
committeehas been presented to and accepted by the NFC institute of engineering
and technology Multan in fulfillment of the requirements of the four years degree
of B.S Electrical Engineering & Technology.

Engr.Abdul Rauf Dr.kamranLiaqat Bhatti

(Program Incharge) (Head of Department)

(Electrical Engineering)

ii
 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

Certificate of internship report

It is certified that
Name Roll No.

ShahidJaved 2K17-ELET-010

Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012

Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021

Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

Students of B.S Electrical Engineering & Technology from NFC Institute of Engineering &
Technology Multan has done internship report in our organization.
Our organization certified this report.

We will wish him best of luck in feature.

___________________
Rana Muhammad Sarfaraz
Asstt. Director (T&MP)
MEPCO H/Qs Multan

iii
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name Roll No.

ShahidJaved 2K16-ELET-010
Muhammad Bilal
2K16-ELET-012
Khan
Sift-e-Elahi 2K16-ELET-021
Muhammad
2K16-ELET-039
Nouman

Industrial Training Course : BS Electrical Eng. & Tech

Training Period : 4 Months

Training Organization : MEPCO Multan

iv
ABSTRACT
Now a days everything up on the power. So, give reliable supply to the
consumer. In distribution systems one of the major parts is “Substations”. An
electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity, generation, transmission
& distribution where voltage is transformed from high to low level & vice versa.
Supply the regular maintenance & checking is necessary from that we conclude
weather it is suitable or not for the desired operation.

Concepts we build by studying theory in classroom, & dimensions while

observing & analyzing the activities in real world. Practical internship and research
work on Technical studies is an integral part of BS Electrical Engineering Technology
program. To become an expert to understand all concerning issues concerning
Ethics, only theoretical knowledge does not provide a concrete base. Research work,
report writing, internship reports also considered a significant task along with
theoretical knowledge therefore we were assigned a visit report on 132KV Grid
Station MEPCO Multan, so that we gain a clear insight of the real world.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I will like to thank Allah, who blessed us with ability and
wisdom to complete this project. Especially, thanks to MEPCO who
provided us an opportunity of enhancing our professional experience and
their members and especially workers so that they have cooperated with
us. I also want to thanks to my worthy teachers, then I thankful to staff
who cooperated with me.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter#1………………………………………………………………………..……...1

Background of Training Organization…………………………….………...1

1.1Introduction:………………………………………..………………………….….1

1.2Inputs and Outputs of MEPCO:..............................................1

1.2.1Inputs:……..………………………………………………………………..………1

1.2.2Outputs:……….…………………………………………………………………...1

1.3ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MEPCO:…………………………..2

1.4MEPCO Jurisdiction Map:…….……………………………………..………...4

1.6 Mission:……………………………………………………………………………..…5

1.5 MEPCO Organizational Chart:…………….…………………………………5

Chapter # 2…………….……………………………………….………………………….6

Schedule of Training & duties as Trainee……………….….………………..6

2.1Schedule of Training:…………………………………………….……………...6

2.2Duties as a Trainee:………………………………………………………….…..6

Chapter # 3………………….…………………………………………………………….8

3.1Grid and the Sub Station:………………………………………………………7

3.1.1Advantages of the Grid System:…….……………………………….....8

3.1.2Disadvantages of the Grid System:………….………………………….8

3.2Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station Multan:……………….8

3.3Functions of a Grid Station:…………………….…….……………………….9

3.4Grid Station Equipments:……………………….……….……………………..9

3.5 Power Transformers:……………………………………..…………..………10

3.5.1Power Transformer Design:………………………………………………..11

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3.5.2Power Transformer Specifications:……………………………...12

3.5.3Power Transformer Applications:………………………………...12

3.5.4TESTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER:………………………………..13

3.6CURRENT TRANSFORMER:……………………….……………………...13

3.6.1Properties of current transformer:………….…………………….14

3.6.2Testing of Current Transformer:…………………………………...14

3.7Potential transformer:………………………………………………….....15

3.7.1Test of Potential Transformer:……………………………………….15

3.8Conductors:……………………………………………………………………….16

3.9Insulators:..………………………………………………….…………………….16

3.10Isolators:………………………………………………………..…………………17

3.10.1Test of isolator:………………………………………………..…………….17

3.11Bus bars:……………………..…………………………………...……………….18

3.12Lightning Arrester:……………………..………………………………………18

3.12.1Test of Lightning Arresters:……..……………………………………..19

3.13Circuit Breakers:………………………………………………………………...19

3.13.1SF6 Circuit Breaker:………………….………………………………………19

3.13.2Test of Circuit Breaker………………….………………………………..20

3.14Some important protection relays:…………………………………….20

3.14.1Over current relay:………………………………………………………….21

3.14.2Over Voltage Relay:…………………………………………………………21

3.14.3Distance Relay………………………………………………………..........22

3.14.4Electromagnetic relay:…………………………………….………………23

3.15Protective Relays:……………………………..…….………………..……….23

3.15.1 Function of Relay:…………………..…………….……….……………….23

viii
3.16Earthing Switch:……………………………………………………………24

3.17Battery room………………………………………………………………..25

3. 17.1Used of battery in sub-station:…………………………………..25

3.18Other grid realated Testing:………………………………………….26

3.18.1TESTS OF 132-Kv OUTGOING PANEL…………………………….26

3.18.2TESTS OF 132-KV POWER CABLE:…………………………………26

3.19What is Energy Meter?.....................................................26

3.19.1Importance of Energy Meters:………………………………..……26

3.20Working principle of Energy Meters:…………………………..….27

3.20.1Power supply circuit:…………………………………………………...27

3.20.2Current Measuring Circuit:……………………………………..……28

3.20.3Voltage Measuring Circuit:………………………………………..…28

3.20.4Liquid Crystal Display:………………………………………………....28

3.20.5EEPROM :………………………………………………………………..…..29

3.20.6Micro-Controller:……………………………………………………..….29

3.21Types of Energy Meters…………………………………………………..29

3.21.1Types of Energy Meters with respect to Technology:…..30

3.21.2Types of Energy Meters with respect to load level:………32

3.21.3Types of Energy Meters with respect current direction:.34

3.21.4Types of Energy meters with respect to Class Accuracy:.35

Chapter # 4…………………………………………………………………………....36

4.1Get Hands-On Electrical Training:………………………………………36

4.2Problems encountered during training:……………………………..36

4.3Problem solving process approach:……………………………………36

4.4How productivity can be further enhanced in a giving system:37

ix
4.5Safety works at grid station:………………………………………………37

4.5.1Safety standards contain requirements for:…………………….38

4.6Rules to provide substation safety:…………………………………….38

Chapter#6………………………………………………………………………………40

CONCLUSION………………………………………………..…………………………40

x
List of Figures
Fig1. 1MEPCO Jurisdiction Map……………………………………………………….4

Fig1. 2MEPCO Organizational Chart ..........................................................................................................

Fig 3. 1 Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station Multan ......................................................................

Fig 3. 2 PowerTransformers........................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 3 Power Transformer Design .............................................................................................................

Fig 3. 4 Current transformer.......................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 5 Potential Transformer ....................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 6 Conductors .....................................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 7 Insulators ........................................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 8 Isolator ...........................................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 9 Bus bars .........................................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 10 Lightning Arrester .........................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 11 EarthingSwitch ..............................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 12 Battery Room ................................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 13 Types of Energy Meters ................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 14 Electro-Mechanical Energy Meters: ..............................................................................................

Fig 3. 15 Digital Energy Meters ..................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 16 Whole Current Meter ...................................................................................................................

Fig 3. 17 Low Tension Energy Meters .........................................................................................................

xi
List of Tables
Table 1. 1 Operation Circles ........................................................................................................................

Table 1. 2 G.S.O Circle .................................................................................................................................

Table 1. 3 Grid Stations ................................................................................................................................

Table 1. 4 POWER TRANSFORMERS ............................................................................................................

Table 1. 5 LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION LINES ............................................................................................

Table 1. 6Whole Current vs LT vs HT Energy Meters ................................................................................

xii
 Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF TRAINING ORGANIZATION

1.1Introduction:-
Multan Electric Power Company Limited is a public limited company
incorporated in Pakistan. The Company was established to take over all the
properties, rights, assets, obligations and liabilities of Multan Area electricity Board
(MAEB) owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and
such other assets and liabilities as agreed.

The Company got the certificate of incorporation of business on 14th May, 1998 and
the certificate of commencement of business on 01 July, 1998. After that the
company started the commercial operations, the principal activity of the company is
distribution and supply of electricity to public within defined geographical
boundaries.

The Company also provides the Electricity in rural areas, under the project called
“Village Electrification and European Commission “Through these projects’
electricity has been provided in mostly rural areas.

MEPCO's area of responsibility covers Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Pakpattan,

Bahawalnager, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, R.Y. Khan, Vehari, Muzaffargarh, D.G. Khan,
Layyah, and Rajanpur.

1.2Inputs and Outputs of MEPCO:-

MEPCO Multan Electric Power Company is an electricity distributing company that
disrtibutes electricity. Multan Electric Power Company buys electricity from either
WAPDA the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority and NEPRA or
produce their own electricity by using thermal power station and distributes it to the
consumers through grids and power stations.

13
1.2.1Inputs:-

The inputs of MEPCO includes the raw form of electricity coming from the power
stations and WAPDA and the purchased electricity from NEPRA. The then distribute
this electricity throughout the Multan division.

1.2.2Outputs:-

The output of MEPCO is the processed form of electricity that is in the state of
distribution and is distributed through grid stations and transformer. They distribute
this electricity through outmultan division to various sub divisions.

1.3ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MEPCO:-

It comprises of the following eight (08) distribution Operation Circles as detailed
below:-

Operation Circles

1 Multan Circle 6 Divisions / 33 Sub Divisions

2 D.G Khan Circle 3 Divisions /12 Sub Divisions

3 Vehari Circle 3 Divisions /13 Sub Divisions

4 Bahawalpur Circle 3 Divisions / 17 Sub Divisions

5 Sahiwal Circle 4 Divisions /18 Sub Divisions

6 R.Y. Khan Circle 3 Divisions /15 Sub Divisions

7 Muzaffargarh 3 Divisions /16 Sub Divisions

8 Bahawalnagar Circle 3 Divisions / 13 Sub Divisions

14
Table 1. 1 Operation Circles

G.S.O Circles 6 Divisions

1. Multan Circle

2. Sahiwal Circle

Table 1. 2 G.S.O Circle

Grid Stations

1. 132/11KV 74 Nos. 2. 66/11KV 30 Nos.

3. Consumer Grid (132/11KV=04, 220/132/11KV=01) 07 Nos.
TOTAL 111

Table 1. 3 Grid Stations

POWER TRANSFORMERS

1. 132/66KV. 13

2. 132/11KV 127

3. 66/11KV 44
184

Total
Total installed Capacity 2858MVA

Table 1. 4 Power Transformers

15
LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION LINES

1.132 KV 2809KM
2. 66 KV 1479 KM

HT/LT LINES

a) 11KV Feeders 821Nos.

b) Length of 11KV Lines 53353.309KM
c) Length of LT Lines 32183.324KM
d) Transformers (Different Capacity) 89074 Nos.
Table 1. 5 Length of Transmission Lines

1.4MEPCO Jurisdiction Map:-

Fig1. 1MEPCO Jurisdiction Map

1.5Objectives Of Studying The Organization:-

1. To play an active role to make “SarSabaz and Roshan” Pakistan
16
 2. To facilitate agriculture and industrial sector

3. To ensure un-interrupted & stable power supply to all our customers

4. State-of-art customer care for entire satisfaction of customers

5. To provide electricity to every village in jurisdiction of company

6. To establish, construct and operate reliable electricity distribution network

1.6Mission:-
To ensure convenient availability of high quality power in area of
responsibility, in order to alleviate the poverty, improve quality of life
and make the Industrial and Agriculture Sector competitive in the
World Market.

1.7 MEPCO Organizational Chart: -

Fig1. 2MEPCO Organizational Chart

Chapter 2

SCHEDULE OF TRAINING & DUTIES AS TRAINEE

17
2.1 Schedule of Training:-
Sr. # ACTIVITES

Training duty was assigned in general duty with timing from 08:00 hrs. to
1
14:00 hrs. Having lunch break from 11:30 hrs.to 12:00 hrs.

Regular Morning Meeting of SS&T Grid station held on every schedule

day at 08:30 hrs. This is supervised by the SS&T SSO-I in which every
2
operation is discussed with relevant department with Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP) with full safety.
After meeting, each maintenance department follows the routine with
having permits on online replacement like Relays , Breakers C.T’s &P.T’s.
3
Permit is issued by the safety controller and isolation is done by the
designated person which is from operation department.
After the work by the maintenance team, isolation is removed by the
operation department and checks the replacing or repairing equipment
4 whether working properly or not. If working is fine then permit is
cancelled by the safety controller.
2.2 Duties as a Trainee:-
Sr. # ACTIVITIES

In SS&T, I recorded the feeders reading in every hours. I examine the

Active Power, Reactive Power, Power Factor, Inductive/Capacitive,
Incoming, outgoing, and relays reading, Overall voltages an
1
transformer reading. Also includes to turn on/off feeders and when
the feeders trips due to any fault then again on the feeders for
continuity of supply.
In M&T-I, I learned about different types of meter like old meter
electromechanical, today usage meter like digital meter & new meter
2
like LT/HT or 3 phase digital, GSM and MDI meter, and learns about
their construction and their working processing/reading.

In T&I , how the test is performed on the different equipment’s in the

3
grid stations

In the construction division, visit different sites that how the lines are
4 run to the consumers end and how the line conductor are replaced.
How the lines are tighten on the poles.

18
 Chapter 3

3.1 Grid and the Sub Station:-

An electrical power substation is a conversion point between transmission level
voltages (such as 500KV) and distribution level voltages (such as 11KV). A substation
has one or more step- down transformers and serves a regional area such as part of
a city or neighborhood. Substations are connected to each other by the transmission
ring circuit system by equipments. An electrical grid station is an interconnection
point between two transmission ring circuits, often between two geographic
regions. They might have a transformer, depending on the possibly different
voltages, so that the voltage levels can be adjusted as needed.

The interconnected network of sub stations is called the grid, and may ultimately
represent an entire multi-state region. In this configuration, loss of a small section,
such as loss of a power station, does not impact the grid as a whole, nor does it
impact the more localized neighborhoods, as the grid simply shifts its power flow to
compensate, giving the power station operator the opportunity to effect repairs
without having a blackout.

3.1.1Advantages of the Grid System:-

 Any time electricity is available for the consumers at lower cost.

 Flow of electrical energy is continuous and sure.

 It is possible to fulfill the emergency demand of power.

 Better regulation of the voltages.

 Improved power factor

 It is possible to govern the generator according to the load.

 Safe transmission system.

 Reduced fault timings.

 Controlled frequency range.

19
3.1.2Disadvantages of the Grid System:-

 Cost of the control system is increased and their maintenance is complicated.

 Power system is affected from the environmental factors.

 This system is unsafe during the war.

 Extended system is going to complexity.

 Due to the expensive equipments, additional load occurred on the consumers.

 During short circuit condition it is impossible to maintain the continuity of

power.

 High initial and maintenance cost.

 During load shedding, capacity of industries connected with the grid is reduced
which cause to industrial development problem.

 For maintenance, qualified staff is required and for that reason our country
has to spend more money to call expert engineers from other countries.

3.2 Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station Multan:-

20
3.3 Functions of a Grid Station:-

A Grid Station has the following functions…

1. Supply of required electrical power.

2. 2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network. 3Maximum security of

supply.

3. - Shortest possible fault-duration.

4. - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.

5. - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5Hz and

50.5 Hz).

6. - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.

7. - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.

3.4 Grid Station Equipments:-

The substation is an assembly of the following major electrical equipments:

 Electrical Power transformers (auto transformer)

 Current Transformer

 Potential Transformer

 Conductors& Insulators

 Isolators

 Bus bars

 Lightning arresters

 Circuit breakers

 Relays

 Capacitor banks

 Earthing Switch
21
3.5 Power Transformers:-
The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to
transfer electricalenergy in any part of the electrical or electronic circuit
between the generator and the distribution primary circuits. These
transformers are used in distribution systems to interface step up and
step down voltages. The common type of power transformer is liquid
immersed and the life span of these transformers is around 30 years.
Power transformers can be classified into three types based on the
ranges. They are small power transformers, medium power transformers
and large power transformers.

 The range of small power transformers can be from 500-7500kVA

 The range of medium power transformers can be from -100MVA

 The range of large power transformers can be from 100MVA & beyond

Fig 3. 2 Power Transformers

These transformers transform the voltage. It holds a low voltage, high current circuit
at one side of the transformer and on the other side of the transformer it holds high
voltage low current circuit. Power transformer depends on the principle of Faradays
22
induction. They describe the powersystem into zones where every gear connected to
the system is sized per the ratings set by the power transformer.

3.5.1Power Transformer Design:-

The skeleton of the power transformer is designed with metal which is

laminated by sheets. It is fixed into either a core type or shell type. The
skeletons of the transformer are wound and connected using conductors to
make three 1-phase or one 3-phase transformer. Three 1-phase transformer
requires each bank isolated from the additional and thus offer continuity of
service when one bank flops. A single 3phase transformer, whether the shell
or core type, will not function even with one bank out of service. The 3-phase
transformer is inexpensive to make and it has a smaller footprint, and
functions comparatively with higher efficiency.

Fig 3. 3 Power Transformer Design

The skeleton of the transformer is absorbed in a fire retardant protecting oil

inside a tank. The conservatory on top of the oil tank lets for the increasing oil
to fall into it. The charger of the load taps to the side of the tank changes the
23
 no of turns on the high voltage-low current winding for superior voltage
regulation. The bushings of the tank permit for conductors to carefully enter
and exit the tank without stimulating the outer shell. The power transformer
can be worked beyond its small rating as long as it stays within the 65ºC rise of
the temperature. To allow the above nominal operation, transformers are
built-in with fans that cools the core of the transformer to a point below the
indicated temperature.

3.5.2Power Transformer Specifications:-

Power transformers can be designed as either a single phase or a three phase

configuration. There are numerous important specifications to identify when
searching for power transformers. The specifications of power transformer
include a maximum power rating, maximum secondary current rating,
maximum voltage rating and o/p type. Power transformer specifications
mainly include

• Phase is 3Ø

• Frequency if 60Hz,50Hz

• Primary Voltage is 22.9 kV

• Secondary Voltage is 6.6/3.3 kV  Tap Voltage 23.9-R22.9-21.9-20.9-19.9kV 

Vector Dd0, Dyn11, etc.

3.5.3Power Transformer Applications:-

• Power transformers are used in the high voltage transmission network to step
up and step down the voltage. These transformers are generally used for the
purpose of transmission of heavy loads.

• These transformers are big in size compared with distribution transformers,

that are used in producing station and transmission substation. Power
transformers are used in the transmission n/w. So they do not connect
directly connect to the consumers. So load fluctuations of transformer are
less.

24
 • These transformers are used as a step up devices for transmission, so that the
I2r loss can be reduced to a specified power flow.

3.5.4Tests of Power Transformer:-

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)

3. Bushing CTs Ratio

4. TTR (Transformer Turn Ratio)

5. Open Circuit

6. Short Circuit

7. Winding Resistance

8. DES (Di-Electric Strength) of Oil

9. Vector Group Verification

3.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer”

that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary
winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its
primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much
lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the
actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using a
standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current
transformer is slightly different from that of an ordinary voltage
transformer.

25
 Fig 3. 4 Current transformer

3.6.1Properties of current transformer:-

1. In C.T primary side winding will be thin wire which results having low rotation.

2. In C.T secondary side winding will be thick wire which results having high
rotation.

3. The C.T system can reduce the current which can be required the meters and
relays.

4. In C.T system the secondary side cannot be opened. If secondary side is

opened than heavy voltage will be produced and they cause to damage or
blast the C.T.

3.6.2Testing of Current Transformer:-

Megger (Insulation Resistance)

 C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)

 Ratio Test

 Hi-Pot Test

 Winding Resistance Test

 Knee Point (Magnetization Curve)

26
3.7 Potential transformer:-
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical
power systemfor stepping down the systemvoltageto a safe value
which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially
available relaysand meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage. This is a simplest form of potential
transformer definition.Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential
transformers (PT), are a parallel connected type of instrument
transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase
relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.

Fig 3. 5 Potential Transformer Why potential transformer is needed?

While a potential transformer (PT) used to reduce the voltage to lower values
and to provide isolation between high voltage power network and the relays and the
other instruments that are connected to their secondaries. CT is used for current
measurement and PT is used for voltage measurement.

3.7.1Test of Potential Transformer:-

 Megger (Insulation Resistance)

 C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)
 Ratio Test
 Winding Resistance Test
27
3.8 Conductors:-
The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance
(mostly made of metals such as aluminum and copper) and that allows
the flow of electric charge is called conductor. Conductors permit free
movement of the flow of electrons through them. These are used for
the transmission of power or electrical energy from one place
(generating station) to another place (consumer point where power is
consumed by the loads) through substations. Conductors are of
different types and mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in
practical power systems.

Fig 3. 6 Conductors

3.9 Insulators:-
The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric
charge is called as an insulator. Hence, insulators resist electricity with
their high resisting property. There are different types of insulators
such as suspension type, strain type, stray type, shackle, pin type and
so on.

Fig 3. 7 Insulators
28
 A few types of insulators are shown in the above figure. Insulators are
used for insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with
conductors to avoid short circuit and for requirements.

3.10Isolators:-
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the
faulty section or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of
substation meant for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid
occurrence of more severe faults. Hence, it is also called as a
disconnector or disconnecting switch. There are different types of
isolators used for different applications such as single-break isolator,
doublebreak isolator, bus isolator, line isolator, etc.

Fig 3. 8 Isolator

3.10.1Test of isolator:-

 Megger(insulation Resistance

 Hi-Pot

 Contact Resistance

29
3.11 Bus bars:-
In RYK switch yard there are two 132 KV bus bars. By using
these bus bars export and import electric power to WAPDA.
The main purpose of installing two bus bars is that if any fault
occurs in one bus bar then we can use second bus bar without
interrupting our power supply. And if we want to does
maintenance work so we also use second bus bar.

Fig 3. 9 Bus bars

These are different types like single bus, double bus and ring bus.

3.12Lightning Arrester:-
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and
telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and
conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal.

30
 Fig 3. 10 Lightning Arrester

3.12.1Test of Lightning Arresters:-

 Megger (Insulation Resistance)

 Hi-pot

3.13 Circuit Breakers:-

For the protection of substation and its components from the over
currents or overload due to short circuit or any other fault the faulty
section is disconnected from the healthy section either manually or
automatically. If once the fault is rectified, then again the original circuit
can be rebuilt by manually or automatically. Different types of circuit
breakers are designed based on different criteria and usage.

3.13.1SF6 Circuit Breaker:-

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in

sulphurhexafluoride or SF6 gasis known as an SF6 circuit breaker. SF6
has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That
means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free
electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that gas
molecule and forms a negative ion.

31
 Fig 3-11 SF6 Circuit Breaker

3.13.2Test of Circuit Breaker:

 Megger (Insulation Resistance)

 Hi-pot

 Timming

 Contact resistance

 SF6 Gas Purity + Dew Point

3.14 Some important protection relays:-

A protection relay is a smart device that receives inputs, compares
them to set points,. Inputs can be current, voltage, resistance, or
temperature. Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of
indicator lights and/or an alphanumeric display, communications,
control warnings, alarms, and turning power off and on. A diagram
answering the question what is a protection relay is shown below.

Fig 3. 12 Relay Process

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3.14.1Over current relay:-

A relay that operates or picks up when it's current exceeds a

predetermined value (setting value) is called Overcurrent Relay.
Overcurrent protection protects electrical power systems against
excessive currents which are caused by short circuits, ground faults,
etc

Fig 3. 13 Over current relay

3.14.2Over Voltage Relay:-

Over voltage protection is a power supply feature which shuts down

the supply, or clamps the output, when the voltage exceeds a preset
level. Most power supplies use an over-voltage protection circuit to
prevent damage to the electronic components.

Fig 3. 13 Over Voltage Relay

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3.14.3Distance Relay:-

There is one type of relay which functions depending upon the

distance of fault in the line. More specifically, the relay operates
depending upon the impedance between the point of fault and the
point where relay is installed. These relays are known as distance relay
or impedance relay.

Fig 3. 14 Distance Relay:

Distance Protection Relay for Transmission Lines:

The 7SA522 incorporates several protective functions usually required for

transmission line protection. These are

− High-resistance earth fault protection

− Phase over current protection
− STUB bus over current stage
− Overvoltage protection
− Automatic reclosure
− Synchrocheck
− Circuit breaker failure protection

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3.14.4Electromagnetic relay:-
A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric
current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a
relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet
when electricity flows through it)

Fig 3. 15 Electromagnetic relay

Protective Relays:-

A relay is a device that “detects” the fault and “directs” the circuit
breaker to isolate the faulty part/equipment from the system.

3.15Function of Relay:-
A relay performs three functions.

 Sensing.

 Comparing.

 Tripping.

It senses the “fault”. This is done by the relay to “respond” to the change if
any, in the currents passing through it.

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It compares the current through it with the designed value of current. It
responds only if the current through it is different from its designed current
rating.

If the current through it is different from its designed current rating, it sends
information to the circuit breaker for tripping.

Fig 3. 16 Pannel of Relays

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 3.16Earthing Switch:-
The Earthing Switch is a manually operated device with safety interlocking keys,
designed to ground electrical circuit on both side of AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker
when the AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker is open. This ensures the safety of the
maintenance personnel during maintenance and routine checking.

Fig 3. 11 Earthing Switch

3.16.1Technical Features:-

• Compact design.

• Rugged construction with proven performance under severe operating condition

of the Electric Traction Vehicle.

• Minimum maintenance requirement.

• Manually operated from inside the vehicle.

• Interlocking with KEY arrangement for safe operation.

• Ensure high Electrical and Mechanical Endurance.

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 3.17BATTERY ROOM:-
Batteries are very important part of the grid. It works as a standby
storage device, that provides D.C power to the grid’s dc supply
equipment in case of failure of A.C supply. Different protection devices
i.e relays, circuit breakers and other control equipment of relay room,
11KV control room, 132KV control room and yard operates on 110 D.C
volt supply that is normally supplied by a rectifier. In case of failure of
A.C power batteries works as a standby source of 110 D.C supply. No. of
cells installed = 552 Volt/cell, 150 AH

Total Output Voltage = 110 Volt.

Recommended Float Voltage = 202 Volt/cell at 25 C

Recommended Boost Voltage = 2.4 Volt/cell Minimum 2.8 Volt/cell

Maximum Total Float Voltage = 121 Volt

Fig 3. 12 Battery Room

3.17.1Used of battery in sub-station:-

Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of

electrical equipments:

 To open and close the switch gear

 For indication and control
 Emergency lighting
 Relay and interlocking equipmentsFor working of alarm circuit.
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3.18 Other grid realated Testing:-

3.18.1Test of power transformer:

1. IR (Insulation resistance 0r magger)

2. C&DF (Capacitance and Dissipation factor)

3. TTR (Transformer turn ratio)

4. Short Circuit

5. Open Circuit

6. Winding Resistance

7. DES of transformer oil

3.18.2 Test of 132kv C.B

1. Timing Test

2. Contact Resistance test

3. Gas Purity Test

3.18.3Test of 132kv CTS

 Current Stepdown

 Protection

 Metering

Metering and Testing:

3.19 What is Energy Meter?

A device which captures the “units of energy” is called as Energy Meter.

This is the basic definition of an Energy Meters. The only difficult part in
this definition is “units of energy”.

3.19.1Importance of Energy Meters:-

These devices are the most important component for the electricity
supplier companies. They play key role in revenue generation for these

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 corporations. Old Energy Meters were only able to calculate Energy
units but with the advancement of technology, numerous functionalities
are added in it. In present complex electricity scenario, objective of an
Energy Meter is not just capturing the Energy Units.

Some of the other objectives are:

• Load Control

• Load Management as per sanction load

• Tariff Distribution

• Indications of tempering or electricity theft

• Energy Audit

• Measurement of other important electric components like Voltage, Current, Power

Factor, MDI (Maximum Demand Indicator) etc.

3.20Working principle of Energy Meters:-

There are many types of energy meters having different working
principle. Basic working principle of all energy meters are same except
disk type energy meter. Asdisktypeenergymeters are obsolete there is
no need to discuss them here. To understand the basics , Simple Digital
Energy Meters is the best option because all the other meters are
merely an upgraded form of them.

3.20.1Power supply circuit:-

The goal of this circuit is to give 5 volts to the whole system. Power supply
can be provided to the system through any of the ways written in this article.
To Energize LCD and EEPROM without even power supply, a battery is an only
option. For that purpose, a non-rechargeable Lithium battery should install
inside to energize it for at least 4-5 years.

3.20.2Current Measuring Circuit:-

There are many ways to measure current and for this purpose various kinds
of sensors are available in the market. To measure current, sensor should be
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 applied in series of the Live wire so that whole current can be passed through
sensor. Current transformer is the best option in this case due to its
economical price and efficiency.

3.20.3Voltage Measuring Circuit:-

There are two main methods to measure voltage. One is through the voltage
divider and the other through potential transformer. When voltage is too
high like more than 500 volts then a potential transformer should be used to
isolate the sensitive circuit from high voltage. But in case of 220 volts a
voltage divider circuit is better option. Many Energy Meter manufacturers use
thisvoltagedividermethodto make voltage measuring circuit.

3.20.4Liquid Crystal Display:-

A LCD is the face of Energy Meter. It gives reading to the meter readers. Any
small and cheap LCD can serve the purpose here. Normally following things
are required to display on the LCD of single phase energy meters:

• Previous Month KWh consumption

• Present month KWh consumption

• Total kWh consumption time of manufacturing

• Previous month MDI (kW)

• Present Month MDI (kW)

• MDI Reset Number

• Meter serial Number.

3.20.5 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programable Read Only Memory):-

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 EEPROM is another important part of Energy Meters. It stores MDI and
total kWH consumption for every 30 minutes. So that retrieval of
consumed units could be possible in case of any discrepancy.

3.20.6Micro-Controller:-

You can call micro-controller as Brain of the Energy Meter. Meter

manufacturing company can use any micro-controller like PIC, Atmel
AVR or ARM solely depends on their constraints. Moreover specified
micro-controllers "specifically designed for Energy Measurements" are
also present in Market. The purpose of the micro-controller here is to
collects analog values from current and voltage circuit and then convert
it into digital values through ADC. After conversion, a multiplication of
digital values of current and voltage done by micro-controller to get the
value of power consumption. This value of power then add into the
energy register with previous values. In the end, it displays all the values
on the LCD and store it into the EEPROM as well.

3.21Types of Energy Meters:

Fig 3. 13 Types of Energy Meters

3.21.1Types of Energy Meters with respect to Technology:-

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Electro-Mechanical Energy Meters:-

These energy meters are obsolete now but some countries are still using
it due to its cheapness and robustness. They are also called as Disk
meter because a disk is present inside the Energy Meter which rotates
when current flows through it. This rotation is captured by the dial and
enhance its readings as per the amount of current flown. The dial of the
Disk Meter shows only kWh usage since the time of Energy Meter
installation.

They came in both 3 phase and single phase types. Current rating for 3
Phase Disk Type Energy Meter is normally up to 100 Amps. A simple 3
phase disk type energy meter is present in the diagram below:

Fig 3. 14 Electro-Mechanical Energy Meters:-

Digital Energy Meters:-

Digital Energy Meters are the 2nd generation of Energy Meters. These
meters digitally measure the energy and other factors like voltage,
current, instantaneous Power and show them on a LCD. They can store
energy consumption data up to 2 years’ in EEPROM.

Digital Energy Meters came in single phase and 3 phase both types.
Single phase type digital energy meters normally just display and store
MDI and Energy units and that’s all.

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 On the other hand, digital 3 phase energy meters give tariff based
energy units storing as well. As the rate of the unit is more at Peak
Load times than at off peak load times. So, Energy meters must store
energy units in two slots i.e. peak slot (T1) and off peak slot (T2) to
differentiate the timing of electricity usage. This is the reason that
they are also called as TOD (Time of Day) Energy meters.

Fig 3. 15 Digital Energy Meters

Smart Energy Meters:-

These Energy Meters are the latest meters and they are not in their final
shape. Rapid advancements are coming in it day by day. They can not
only measure energy units but also send those units to the utility
company through some communication medium like GSM/GPRS, RF,
PLC (Power Line Communication) etc. Through these mediums company
can control the load of consumer as well. While doing these basic
responsibilities, these meters can also b used for load management and
load forecasting purposes.

AMR Smart Energy meters:

AMR stands for Automatic meter reading. AMR Energy Meters are those
Smart Energy Meters which measures the energy units and send it to the
server and that’s all. No other advantages like load management or load
forecasting can be taken from these meters. In short, we can say that,
only one sided communication taken place in these kind of energy
meters i.e. from energy meter to the server.

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3.21.2Types of Energy Meters with respect to load level:-

By load level I refer to the current bearing capacity of Energy Meters or

you can say how much Electric Power, an Energy Meter can endure. Yes,
Energy Meters have their current capacity as well. As Energy Meters and
Load are always connect in series, so you must take care about the
current capacity of Energy Meter before applying load on it.

There are three types of Energy Meters with respect to load level:

1. WC (Whole Current) Meter

2. LT (Low Tension) Meter

3. HT (High Tension) Meter

Whole Current Meter:-

Obviously, Whole Current Meters are those meters in which whole current
passes through the Meter. Normally these meters come in the range from
0~100 Amps. If you ever worked on CTs (Current Transformers), you will
notice that in the range of 0~100 Amps, CTs comes in small sizes that can fit
anywhere. So, CT of these energy meters are present inside the meter. In
other words, whole current must pass “through the Energy Meter” to
calculate the Energy units, this is the reason why these energy meters named
as WC (Whole Current) meters.

Fig 3. 16 Whole Current Meter

LT (Low Tension) Energy Meters:-

LT (Low Tension) Meters are those which can handle large load currents
through externally present CT (current transformers). They are called as

45
 LT meters because they operate on not more than 440 volts. These
meters are exactly same as WC meters but the only difference is their
CT is not present inside the meter. A bulky high capacity CT installed in
the series of this meter. This CT first step down the high current to the
feasible level then the other CT present inside the meter step down the
current even more, so that it can be measured easily.

Fig 3. 17 Low Tension Energy Meters

HT (High Tension) Energy Meters:-

HT meters are those meters in CT (Current Transformer) as well as PT
(Potential Transformer) present outside the energy meter. The reason behind calling
them HT (High Tension) Meters because they normally installed on the feeder (11
kV) line. They are same Energy Meters as other meters but they have a combination
of bulky CT and PT present outside the meters. PT is present there to step down the
voltage from 11kV to 110 volts and then this voltage is given inside the meter to the
PT or voltage divider depending upon the type of Energy meter.

46
Difference between WC, LT and HT meters

Whole Current Low Tension High Tension

Size Small Medium Big

TOD/TOU Functionality Yes Yes Yes

3 Phase 440
Voltage Level 3 Phase 440 V 3 Phase 11kV
V

Current Measuring 0~100 A 0 ~ 500 A 0 ~ 500 A

Capacity

External Equipment Nothing Required CT CT & PT

Required
Multiplying Factor No Yes(CT MF Yes (CT and PT MF
Required Required) Required)

Table 1. 6Whole Current vs LT vs HT Energy Meters

3.21.3Types of Energy Meters with respect to current direction:

Unidirectional Energy Meter:-

These Energy meters are simple types of energy meters that you see every day. They
just measure the current which is flowing inwards side or towards the consumer side.
If the current is flowing towards outside then it does not count or negate that units

Bi-directional Energy Meters:-

These are the special types of Energy Meters which measure currents in both
directions. It means if current is flowing inward then it will add the units in its
accumulated register and if current is flowing outwards then it will negate
units from the register. With the advancement in solar technology, Electric
consumers are shifting their loads towards the solar side. If someone has
more solar panels than its load requirements, then they can sell additional
Energy units (which are going to waste anyway) to the utility companies. This
process is called as Net Metering. Utility companies can fulfill their energy
deficiencies through this method. In Net Metering, Bi directional Energy
Meters are the only solution to add or negate the energy units with respect
to the current direction.

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3.21.4Types of Energy meters with respect to Class Accuracy:-

Class Accuracies is another way to divide Energy

Metersinto different categories. In all energy meters, you
will find written class 1, class 2 or class 0.5 etc. These class
types is present on their bodies to define their accuracy
level . Let’s take an example of 100watt load to explain
these class accuracies in an easy way.

Acceptable Ranges for different Meter on 100 Watts load:

• Class-2 meters: 98 ~ 102 Watts

• Class-1 Meters: 99 ~ 101 Watts

• Class-0.5 Meters: 99.5 ~ 100.5 Watts

These acceptable ranges showing the meaning of class

accuracies in a good manner. It clearly shows that classes give
acceptable error percentage range of energy meter deviating
from original value. If class 1 written on the body of meter,
then it means the error percentage of this meter will lies in ±
1%.

Chapter # 4

4.1 Get Hands-On Electrical Training:-

This Electrical training system covers the basic concepts of electricity,
electrical measurements, and circuit analysis. This system includes various
industrial quality components including a circuit module assembly, breaker

48
 module assembly, fuse module assembly, circuit breaker module assembly,
and much more! This system also includes a heavy-duty workstation with
built-in power supply that allows learners to easily connect components and
build hands-on skills.

4.2 Problems encountered during training:-

• According to MEPCO (Multan Electric Power COmpany), the grid station had a
technical malfunction due to which the electricity was suspended in some
areas.

• Fedder Incoming Cable is burst which cuttoff the in many areas.

• Sources told that hot and muggy weather is overloading the system and
causing the technical glitches.

4.3Problem solving process approach:-

IMPACT OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS:-

Without the proper power, an electrical device may malfunction, fail

prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric
power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality
power. Some of the most common power supply problems and their likely
effect on sensitive equipment

Voltage surges/spikes :-

Voltage surges/spikes are the opposite of dips – a rise that may be nearly
instantaneous (spike) or takes place over a longer duration (surge). A voltage
surge takes place when the voltage is 110% or more above normal. The most
common cause is heavy electrical equipment being turned off. Under these
conditions, computer systems and other high tech equipment can experience
flickering lights, equipment shutoff, errors or memory loss. Possible Solutions
are surge suppressors, voltage regulators, uninterruptable power supplies,
power conditioners.

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 Voltage Dips:-

Short duration under-voltages are called “Voltage Sags” or “Voltage Dips

[IEC]”. Voltage sag is a reduction in the supply voltage magnitude followed by
a voltage recovery after a short period of time. The major cause of voltage
dips on a supply system is a fault on the system, i.e. sufficiently remote
electrically that a voltage interruption does not occur. Other sources are the
starting of large loads and, occasionally, the supply of large inductive loads.

Under voltages:-

Excessive network loading, loss of generation, incorrectly set transformer

taps and voltage regulator malfunctions, causes under voltage. Loads with a
poor power factor or a general lack of reactive power support on a network
also contribute. Under voltage can also indirectly lead to overloading
problems as equipment takes an increased current to maintain power output
(e.g. motor loads)

4.4How productivity can be further enhanced in a giving

system:-
A system can be improved by using good quality equipment. They can be use
carefully and their maintained can be done monthly.

4.5Safety works at grid station:-

The main mission of all these regulations is safeguarding of personnel from
hazards arising from the installation, maintenance or operation of substation
equipment.

4.5.1 Safety standards contain requirements for:-

• Enclosure of electrical equipment

• Rooms and spaces

• Illumination
• Floors, floor openings, passageways, stairs Exits

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 • Installation of equipment Protective groundingGuarding live parts

• Working space above electrical equipment

• Specific rules for installation of all typical substation equipment.

4.6Rules to provide
substation safety:-Rule no. 1 (clearance):-
Enough clearance from energized parts should be provided to avoid
accidental contact with them. If that can’t be met, live parts should be
guarded or enclosed.
Rule no. 2 (minimum height):-
A minimum height from the ground to any ungrounded part of an
electrical installation should be 8’-6”, so a person staying on the ground can’t
touch a substation element or its part which may become energized
accidentally. For example, the bottom of a post insulator supporting an
energized bus does not normally have any potential.
However, if bus flashover to the ground over insulator occurs, touching the
bottom of the insulator may become unsafe. That’s why an 8’-6” distance
from the bottom of insulator to the ground should be provided.
Rule no. 3 (illumination):-
There should be sufficient illumination for personnel to clearly see their
surroundings and perform any work safely. Required illumination levels
are specified in grid.

Rule no. 4 (passageways…):-

All passageways and stairs should be wide enough for personnel to navigate
them safely, adequate railing should be provided, and floor openings should
have guard rails.
Rule no. 5 (evacuation routes):-
Exits should be clearly marked and evacuation routes should be free
from obstructions. Depending on the function of the building (for
example, control house), it may require several exits to avoid personnel
being trapped during equipment fault, fire, etc.

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Rule no. 6 (grounding, as always):-
All substation metallic structures, fences, and equipment tanks should
be connected to a station ground grid which should be designed to ensure
that step and touch potential values are lower than the ones stipulated in the
applicable standards.

Chapter #6

CONCLUSION:-
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an
important rolein our life. We are made aware of how the
transmission the transmission of electricity is done. We too came
to know about the various parts of the substation system. The
three wings of electrical system viz. generation, transmission and
distribution are connected to each other and that too very
perfectly.
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 Thus, for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:

 Ensure steady state and transient stability.

 Effective voltage control.

 Prevention of loss of synchronism.

 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.

 Fault analysis improvement in respective field.

 Establishment of economic load distribution.

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