Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Reduction in Transmission Power of Base

Transceiver Station
Engr. Aatka Faryal Riaz, Engr. Rafay Azmat Qureshi

Abstract:- Nowadays mobile usage is the essential need The beauty of Phased array antennas is that it can
of humans. To provide the mobile network services, the receive signal from any direction using its main lobe and re-
Telecommunication companies propose the installation radiate signal only in the intended direction from where it
of Base Transceiver Station over large populated and received [5].
industrial areas. The radiations emit from these BTS
may give rise to various electromagnetic and ecological There is another form of phased array antennas, which
compatibility issues [1]. The radiation power of these we proposed as a solution in this paper is “Self-phased array
BTS is up to 5-10 KiloWatts (up to 320-350 W per antenna”. This antenna use pilot carrier to perform beam
channel), which can be detrimental for the human steering. These antennas were developed earlier mainly for
beings, if they are installed in populated areas. The Satellite communication which requires the accurate
purpose of this paper is to reduce the transmission pointing of a high gain antenna. Different types of self-
power of the BTS which is possible through the usage of phased array antennas are available but we are considering
Self-phased array antenna. Self-phasing array antenna self-phased array antenna which uses pilot signal for exact
through the use of pilot carrier in Telecommunication positioning and also because of its simplest design. As these
systems can degrade the Tx upto10-20dB. antennas are highly directional, they can reduce the Tx of
the BTS up to 1 to 2 orders [3] without effecting it’s
Keywords:- Transmission Power (Tx), Radiated Power(Rx), performance.
Radio Frequency (RF), Effective Power, Telecommunication
System, Self phasing antenna, System Design, Base II. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
Transceiver Station, Phased Array Antennas.
Our objective is:
I. INTRODUCTION  Comparison of Tx of dipole antenna with self-phased
array antenna to conclude the most suitable.
The issue mentioned in Abstract is resolvable if we  Show the order of reduction in transmission power when
lessen the Rx of the BTS but the degradation in the using self-phased array antenna.
transmission power will also affect the coverage area of the  Make the transmission more secure.
system. There are many other solutions to this.
III. METHODOLOGY
By dividing the cell into different micro cells can
reduce the Tx of BTS but can result in more complicated To reduce the transmission power of BTS, the main
and cost inefficient system. The most promising way is to parameter of antenna is the directivity of antenna. The
use the Self-Phased array antenna for the reduction of Tx. directivity is inversely related with the radiated power of
The Self-phased array antenna forms the main beam only in antenna. The radiation pattern of single antenna is broad
the direction of received signal due to which the power is that’s why it is less directive. The increased directivity is
transferred only in the desired direction and also less power achievable by using Array of Antennas. The antennas using
is needed for it but BTS coverage remains unchanged. in the array are usually identical and any type of antenna can
be chosen for making array.
The Self-phased array antenna belongs to the Phased
array antennas [2].A phased array antenna is group of many There are various other applications where the
antenna elements in which each antenna radiates power movement of the beam is required to be changed with time
individually then the radiation pattern of all antenna that is usually done by rotating each antenna mechanically
combines positively with its adjacent antennas to produce a in the array with fixed phase. But this method requires a
efficacious pattern which is known as the Main lobe [2]. The positioning system that is expensive and scans slowly. Here,
direction of the energy of main lobe is targeted to the we are using Phased array antennas because they are fast.
required area while the antenna is designed in such a way to Their response is swift because they change the direction of
make interference to the signals in non-targeted directions, the beam electronically without moving any part [4]. Within
to form side and nulls. In phased array the beam is formed Phased Array, we have Self-phasing array which does not
by adjusting phase of signals [2]. need any phase shifter or central control to operate. They are
highly directional because they use pilot carrier to generate
the beam. They have high gain and narrowing beam width
[2] which makes them useful to lessen the Tx of Base
station.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Here we are using MATLAB to demonstrate that the C. COMBINER / SPLITTER
Tx can be minimized approximately 10 to 20dB. MATLAB It works on RF. At the Transmission side it splits RF
(Matrix Laboratory), is one of the leading and best suited into components in order to send them through antenna and
software for scientific and engineering numerical at the receiving side it combines all the radio frequencies
computations and data visualization [6]. Nowadays it is taking from the antennas.
widely using in both academies and industries.
VI. WORKING PRINCIPLE
IV. SELF –PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA
The self-phased array performs phase compensation to
The self-phased array antenna is the group of different achieve beam steering. In these antennas, the phase
antennas that automatically performs the operation of compensation is obtained by mixing pilot carrier present in
steering. Each element of the array in self-phasing is the broadcast signal as a reference and primary signal. The
independently phased: this phasing is obtained directly from figure 2 shows the receiving and transmitting array elements
the signal that individual antenna of the array receives.
Hence, the antenna array continuously adapts its phase
response in order to track an incoming signal.

V. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The figure 1 shows the basic diagram of self-phased

array which comprises of same array elements, Self-phasing
unit and R.F Splitter/Combiner.

Fig.2. Receiving & Transmitting Array

Fig 1: Self phased array antenna At Reception Side:

In the receive configuration, the pilot carrier
A. ARRAY ELEMENTS (transmitted by the source along with a band containing
The term Array Elements means the antenna’s types information signal) is received at each antenna of the array
used to construct the array. and is separated by using filter. This pilot carrier is then
used as a local oscillator to down-convert the signal band.
The phase compensation is done in the Mixer during the
multiplication of pilot and primary signals. For the array to
work effectively the pilot tone must be closed to the signal
frequency, so the array output is at a very much lower
frequency than incoming RF signals. Considering the
operation of an array with extreme elements spaced apart by
a distance L, the output signal phases at each end of the
array are [2]:
(ws-wp)t and (ws-wp)t + ψp-ψs,
where,

Ψp – ψs : represents the shift in phase of the pilot and signal

wave fronts due to the difference in path length between
Fig: Antenna Array elements. But as pilot and the signal frequency are same,
their phases closely match with each other through space.
B. SELF-PHASING UNIT Thus, providing the array is not very big, the phase error
This Unit performs operations on received signal and term, (ψp–ψs) is negligible Consequently, each antenna’s
re-transmit it. It receives arriving signal from antenna, outputs in the array are very similar in phase and can be
implements the operation of phasing on it and then summed up positively for maximum response.[2]
retransmit it back only in the direction of receiving signal.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
At Transmission Side:
The phase information of the recovered pilot signal is
utilized in the same way as it was used at the time of
reception for the re-transmission of the signal. The mixing
process is now set out to produce the phase conjugation
which is needed for retro transmitting array. The phase
obtained from the pilot signal is mixed with the transmitting
signal, so that the signal can be send only on the desired
path.[2] Fig1: Dipole Antenna

VII. WHY SELF-PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA

A. NO CENTRAL CONTROL HARDWARE

In these antennas, there is no any need of central
control hardware because every antenna of the array
performs self-phasing individually.

B. RAPID SIGNAL TRACKING CAPABILITY

This antenna can track the signal very fast. It is Fig 2. Antenna (Dipole with feeder cable)
inherently capable of high agility due to the fact that array
phasing in this antennas is achieved automatically at each We are using dipole antenna for making self-phased
element.[2] array system. The mentioned below equation is used for the
calculation of the transmission power generated by single
C. POTENTIAL FOR COST SAVING dipole antenna[3]:
The self-phasing array antenna also has some other
benefits except adaptively steered phased arrays. It is Pe
comparatively cheaper than others because of the Pt,d =
Gd
elimination of any central control system.
(1)
D. More Secure Pt,d :Tx of single dipole antenna
The self-phased array antennas are more secure. They
use pilot carrier as a reference which makes the Gd : Gain of dipole antenna
transmission more secure.
By substituting Gd = 1.64 the equation 1 becomes[3]:
VIII. SYSTEM DESIGN

In this system design Dipole antennas are used to Pe

make the array. Pt,d =
1.64

A. Dipole Antenna (2)

It is one of the simplest and mostly used antennas. The Pt (Transmission Power of self-phased array antenna) can be
commonly used dipole antenna is made up of two identical calculated as [3]:
conductive straight rods/wires (which are usually bilaterally 1.64*Pt,d
symmetrical [7]) connected on the same axis, and the feeder Pt = G
cable is connected at the adjacent edge, but the feed line can
be connected anywhere depending on the length of dipole. (3)
Dipoles antennas are the resonant antennas. The wavelength Where;
of radio waves determines the dipole elements’ length. The
commonly used dipole antenna is the half-wave dipole, G represents the gain of Array, if “N” dipole antennas are
which is made up of two rod elements and the length of each used to make the array then this “G” will become N*1.64.
element is nearly 1/4th of wavelength which combines to
make ½ wavelength long antenna [7]. The vertical dipole
antenna radiates Omni directionally i.e. the power spread
equally in all directions normal to the antenna’s axis.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
IX. SIMULATION OUTPUTS C. Self-phased Array Antenna with 100 Dipole Antennas

A. Single Dipole Antenna

Graph.3.Transmission power of self-phased array antenna

with 100 Dipole.
Fig.3. Transmission power of dipole antenna

Graph 3 is showing the values of Pt and the Effective

Graph.1. Transmission power of dipole antenna Power Pe , when using self-phased array antennas. This time
the system consist of 100 dipole antennas and we can see
The Pt,d at different values of effective power Pe is shown that when Effective Power is equal to 1.5, the value of Pt is
in graph 1. We can see that the Transmitted Power Pt,d is equal to 0.009.
0.91, when the Pe is 1.5. D. Comparison Of Transmission Power
B. Self-phased Array Antenna with 10 Dipole Antennas

Graph.2. Transmission power of self-phased array antenna Fig.4 Comparison of transmission power
with 10 Dipoles.
In Figure 4 we can see the comparison between the
The Graph 2 presents the values of Tx and the transmission power of single dipole antenna and the Self-
Effective Power when using self-phased array antennas. phased array antenna. It can be seen that the transmission
This self-phased array system consist of ten antennas and it power is reduced when we used the self-phased array
is also showing that the value of Pt is 0.09 when Pe is 1.5. antenna instead of single dipole antenna without any effect
on the effective Power.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
At Pe = 1.5 the transmitted power of a dipole antenna [3]. Sergey L. Loyka and Vladimir I. Mordachev “On
is 0.9, the value of transmitted power generated by self- Applications of Self-Phased Array Antennas to Mobile
phased array system made by using 10 dipole is 0.09 and Communications” Belorussian State University of
when using self-phased array system comprising of 100 Informatics & Radioelectronics.
dipoles is 0.009. [4]. Microwave Encyclopedia
[5]. Phased Array Beamforming ICs Simplify Antenna
IX. POWER REDUCTION FACTOR Design by Keith Benson
[6]. www.mathworks.com
We can use the following equation to calculate the [7]. Design of Dipole Antenna and various radiation
power reduction: patterns for various lengths
[8]. S.L. Loyka, Influence of Pilot Signal on Directivity of
Pt,d Self-Phased Arrays Under Conditions ofMultipath
R= (4) Propagation, IEEE Trans. on EMC, vol.40, No.1,
Pt
pp.12-18, 1998.
[9]. Phased Array Beamforming ICs Simplify Antenna
The Power reduction value is 10dB when using array
Design
consisting of 10 dipole antenna is:
0.9
[10]. S.L. Loyka, On Operation of Self-Phased Arrays
R= Under Conditions of Multipath Propagation, Int. Conf.
0.09
R= 10 dB on Microwave & Radar (MIKON-98), Poland,
Krakow, 1998, pp.535-539.
When we use 100 dipole antennas the Power reduction
factor becomes 20dB as shown below:
0.9
R=
0.009
R = 20 dB

Therefore the usage of self-phasing array on the BTS

can reduce the power by 10 to 20 dB (for N=10-100).

X. LITERATURE REVIEW

Widespread use of mobile phone leads to the

installation of BTS in populated areas. The emission of
electromagnetic radiations from these base stations can be
inimical for humans. But presently as the mobile usage is
considered as the essential needs of life we cannot remove it
rather we can minimize its generated power. Many other
researchers suggest that if we use self-phased array antennas
instead of ordinary antennas, this power can be reduced upto
10 to 20dB [3]. In this research paper we showed this
graphically through coding in MATLAB.

XI. CONCLUSION

The Self-phased array antenna is the uncomplicated

and cost effective solution for the reduction of transmission
power. Because of its highly directive property not only it
produces the narrow beam width but also provide more
secure environment.

REFERENCES

[1]. S L Loyka “Directivity of Self-phased Arrays in

Conditions of Multipath Propagation‘HF Radio
Systems and Techniques’, 7-10 July 1997, Conference
Publication No. 41 1, 0 IEE, 1997
[2]. Paul V. Brennan “An Experimental and Theoretical
Study of Self-phased Arrays in Mobile Satellite
Communications” IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, VOL. 31, NO. 11, NOVEMBER
1989.

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