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Krajewski 11e SM Ch09

Operations management (경희대학교)

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Chapter

9 Inventory Management

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. The short answer is that higher inventories do not provide an advantage in any of the
nine competitive priority categories. The important point is that firms must have the
“right amount” of inventory to meet their competitive priorities.
The only relevant costs considered in this chapter are ordering costs, holding costs, and
stockout costs. In the economic order quantity (EOQ) model, costs of placing
replenishment orders tradeoff against the costs of holding inventory. Under the
assumptions of the EOQ, average inventory is one-half of the order quantity. The
number of orders placed per year varies inversely with order quantity. When we
consider stockout costs, an additional inventory (safety stock), is held to trade-off costs
of poor customer service or costs for expediting shipments from unreliable suppliers.
In the lean systems chapter, we see order quantities (lot sizes) that are much smaller
than the “ideal” suggested by the EOQ model. As a result, lean systems average
inventory is also much lower. Are there some other relevant costs of holding inventory
that we have not considered in the EOQ model? If there are, a firm that ignores these
costs will make the wrong inventory decisions. These wrong decisions will make the
firm less competitive.
Let’s examine the relationships between inventory and the nine competitive priorities
discussed in the “Using Operations to Compete” chapter. We compare competitors H
and L. They are similar in all respects except H maintains much higher inventory than
does L.
1. Low-cost operations. Costs include materials, scrap, labor, and equipment capacity
that are wasted when products are defective. When a process drifts out of control,
competitor H’s large lot sizes tend to result in large quantities of defectives. The
EOQ does not consider the cost of defectives, and erroneously assumes that setup
costs are constant. Small lots cause frequent setups, but the cost per setup decreases
due to the learning curve. Competitor L will enjoy competitive advantages with
lower setup, materials, labor, equipment, and inventory holding costs.
2. Top quality. Superior features, durability, safety, and convenience result from
improved designs. High inventories force competitor H to choose between
scrapping obsolete designs or delaying introduction of product improvements until
the old inventory is consumed. In either case, L gains a competitive advantage.
3. Consistent quality. Consistency in conforming to design specifications requires
consistency in supplied materials, setups, and processes. Small lots made frequently
tend to increase consistency. Again, advantage goes to L.
4. Delivery speed. Large lots take longer to produce than small lots. A customer will
wait less time for competitor L to set up and produce orders made in small batches.

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9-2 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

5. On-time delivery. Contrary to expectations, large inventories do not equate to on-

time delivery. It’s more like, lots of inventory equals lots of chaos. Big lots make
big scheduling problems. Big lots get dropped, mishandled, and pilfered. Most lean
companies experience dramatic improvement in on-time delivery.
6. Development speed. This response is similar to that given for top quality. Low
inventories result in getting new designs to the market more quickly.
7. Customization. Lean companies usually don’t claim an advantage in customization.
However, large inventories provide no advantage with regard to customization
either. It remains unlikely that a customized product will be found in inventory, no
matter how large.
8. Variety. Mass customizers compete on service or product variety. They will keep
products at raw material or component levels until a customer orders a specific
configuration. Inventories are at as low a level as possible.
9. Volume flexibility. Lean (low inventory) companies tend to produce the same
quantity of every product every day, but they claim considerable volume flexibility
from month to month. On the other hand, a large finished goods inventory can be
used to absorb volume fluctuations.
In summary, a case can be made that several competitive priorities are not considered in
the EOQ model. It is sometimes difficult to place a dollar value on these competitive
advantages, but the advantages invariably go to the low-inventory, small lot-size firm.
So if the EOQ is too large, what is the “ideal” lot size? According to the lean
philosophy, the “ideal” lot size is one.

2. The continuous review system requires the determination of two parameters: the order
quantity and the reorder point. The ordering cost for each firm will decrease, which
means that the economic order quantities will decrease. Because of this, there may be
some implications for the logistics system. Smaller, more frequent shipments could
require more costly less-than-truckload shipments. In addition, while the order
quantities will decrease, the reorder points will also decrease because the lead times will
be smaller. The supply chain should experience smaller pipeline inventories as a
consequence.
If the new information system also reduces the variance of demand or lead times,
there can be additional safety stock savings. However, all of these benefits will come at
some additional expense for the incorporation of the new system. There will be capital
costs for equipment and potential training costs involved.

3. Organizations will never get to the point where inventories are unneeded. Inventories
provide many functions and should be managed, not eliminated. It is impossible to
eliminate uncertainties in the provision of products or services. In addition, unless
materials can be transported instantaneously, there will always be pipeline inventories.
Cycle inventories will exist unless we universally get to the point where production of
single units is feasible.

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-3

PROBLEMS

Types of Inventory

1. A part
a. Average cycle inventory =Q 2
= 1000 2 = 500 units
Value of cycle inventory = (500 units) ($50+$60)
= $55,000
b. Pipeline inventory = dL
[(3800 units/year)/(50wks/yr)](6 weeks)
= 456 units
Value of the pipeline inventory = (456 units)($50+$30)
= $36,480
2. Prince Electronics
a. Value of each DC’s pipeline inventory
= (75 units/wk)(2 wk)($350/unit)
= $52,500
b. Total inventory = cycle + safety + pipeline
= 5[(400/2) + (2*75) + (2*75)]
= 2,500 units
3. Terminator Inc.
a. Average cycle inventory =Q 2
= 250/2
= 125 units
Value of cycle inventory = (125 units)($450)
= $56,250
⎧ ( 4, 000 units yr ) ⎫
b. Pipeline inventory = dL = ⎨ ⎬ ( 3 wk )
⎩ 50 wk yr ⎭
= 240 units
Value of pipeline inventory = (240 units)($150 + $300/2)
= $72,000

Inventory Reduction Tactics

4. Ruby-Star Incorporated
a. As seen in the Table below, the value of aggregate inventory if vendor 1 is used
equals $28,125

b. The value of aggregate inventory if vendor 2 is used equals $30,000. Thus, using
vendor 1 will allow Ruby-Star to carry less inventory and lower its aggregate
inventory value for this product.

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9-4 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

Calculation of
Calculation of aggregate
aggregate average
Type of Inventory average inventory value
inventory value for
for vendor 1
vendor 2
Cycle 350/2 = 175 500/2=250
Safety stock 2x50=100 2x50=100
Anticipation 0 0
Pipeline 2x50=100 1x50=50
Average aggregate
375 400
inventory
Value of aggregate
75x375=$28,125 75x400=$30,000
inventory

c. As seen in the table below, if average weekly demand increased to 100 units per
week, the value of aggregate inventory using vendor 1 is now greater than using
vendor 2.

Calculation of
Calculation of aggregate
aggregate average
Type of Inventory average inventory value
inventory value for
for vendor 1
vendor 2
Cycle 350/2 = 175 500/2=250
Safety stock 2x100=200 2x100=200
Anticipation 0 0
Pipeline 2x100=200 1x100=100
Average aggregate
575 550
inventory
Value of aggregate
75x575=$43,125 75x550=$41,250
inventory

5. Haley Photocopying
The policy changes enabled by the new vendor location will allow Haley to reduce
their average inventory level by 1,150 units and their average aggregate inventory
value by $17,250 for paper.

Calculation of
Calculation of aggregate
aggregate average
Type of Inventory average inventory and its Savings
inventory and its value
value after policy change
before policy change
Cycle 1000/2=500 200/2=100 400 units

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-5

Safety stock 4x150=600 1x150=150 450 units

Anticipation 0 0 0 units
Pipeline 3x150=450 1x150=150 300 units
Average
1150
aggregate 1550 400
units
inventory
Value of
aggregate 15x1550=$23,250 15x400=$6,000 $17,250
inventory

ABC Analysis

6. Oakwood Hospital
First we rank the SKUs from top to bottom on the basis of their dollar usage. Then we
partition them into classes. The analysis was done using OM Explorer Tutor 9.2—ABC
Analysis.
Cumulative % Cumulative %
SKU # Description Qty Used/Year Value Dollar Usage Pct of Total of Dollar Value of SKUs Class
4 44,000 $1.00 $44,000 60.0% 60.0% 12.5% A
7 70,000 $0.30 $21,000 28.6% 88.7% 25.0% A
5 900 $4.50 $4,050 5.5% 94.2% 37.5% B
2 120,000 $0.03 $3,600 4.9% 99.1% 50.0% B
6 350 $0.90 $315 0.4% 99.5% 62.5% C
8 200 $1.50 $300 0.4% 99.9% 75.0% C
3 100 $0.45 $45 0.1% 100.0% 87.5% C
1 1,200 $0.01 $12 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% C
Total $73,322

SKUs

The dollar usage percentages don’t exactly match the predictions of ABC analysis. For
example, Class A SKUs account for 88.7% of the total, rather than 80%. Nonetheless,
the important finding is that ABC analysis did find the “significant few.” For the items
sampled, particularly close control is needed for SKUs 4 and 7.

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9-6 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

7. Southern Markets Inc.

a. Typically, we expect A items to account for 20% of the items and 80% of the
total dollar usage.
A items: 20,000 x .20 = 4000 items with an annual dollar usage of
$10,000,000 x .80 = $8,000,000
Typically, we expect B items to account for 30% of the items and 15% of the total
dollar usage.
B items: 20,000 x .30 = 6000 items with an annual dollar usage of
$10,000,000 x .15 = $1,500,000
Typically, we expect C items to account for 50% of the items and 5% of the total
dollar usage.
C items: 20,000 x .50 = 10,000 items with an annual dollar usage of
$10,000,000 x .05 = $ 500,000
b. First we rank the SKUs from top to bottom on the basis of their annual dollar
usage. Then we partition them into classes. The analysis was done using
Excel.
Cumulative
Annual
SKU Unit Demand Percentage Item
Dollar
Code Value (units) of Dollar Category
Usage
Usage
A104 $2.10 2500 $5,250.00 81.65% A
X205 $0.35 1020 $357.00 87.21% A
X104 $0.85 350 $297.50 91.83% B
L104 $4.25 50 $212.50 95.14% B
S104 $0.02 4000 $80.00 96.38% C
D205 $2.50 30 $75.00 97.55% C
L205 $4.75 20 $95.00 99.03% C
U404 $0.25 250 $62.50 100.00% C
Sum $6,429.50
The dollar usage percentages closely match the predictions of ABC analysis. For
example, Class A SKUs account for 87.21% of the total. For the items sampled,
particularly close control is needed for SKU A104 and X205.

8. New Wave Shelving

The dollar usage percentages closely match the predictions of ABC analysis. Class A
SKUs account for 81.6% of the total and B SKUs account for 13.4% of the total.

SKU Description Quantity Dollar Annual Percent Cumulative Cumulative Classification

# Used Per Value Per Dollar Dollar Usage percent of percent of
Year Unit Usage of the Total Dollar Usage SKU items
b-1 Copper coil 1250 $ 260.00 $ 325,000 54.2% 54.2% 5.3% A
a-2 Steel bumper 750 $ 135.00 $ 101,250 16.9% 71.1% 10.5% A
b-2 Copper panel 1250 $ 50.00 $ 62,500 10.4% 81.6% 15.8% A
b-3 Copper brace 1 250 $ 75.00 $ 18,750 3.1% 84.7% 21.1% B
b-4 Copper brace 2 150 $ 125.00 $ 18,750 3.1% 87.8% 26.3% B
a-3 Steel clamp 3500 $ 5.00 $ 17,500 2.9% 90.8% 31.6% B
a-1 Steel panel 500 $ 25.00 $ 12,500 2.1% 92.8% 36.8% B
d-3 Plastic panel 1000 $ 6.50 $ 6,500 1.1% 93.9% 42.1% B

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-7

c-1 Rubber bumper 8500 $ 0.75 $ 6,375 1.1% 95.0% 47.4% B
d-1 Plastic fastener kit 1500 $ 3.50 $ 5,250 0.9% 95.9% 52.6% C
c-2 Rubber foot 6500 $ 0.75 $ 4,875 0.8% 96.7% 57.9% C
a-4 Steel brace 200 $ 20.00 $ 4,000 0.7% 97.3% 63.2% C
c-4 Rubber seal 2 3500 $ 1.00 $ 3,500 0.6% 97.9% 68.4% C
d-5 Plastic coil 450 $ 6.00 $ 2,700 0.5% 98.4% 73.7% C
c-5 Rubber seal 3 1200 $ 2.25 $ 2,700 0.5% 98.8% 78.9% C
d-4 Plastic bumper 2000 $ 1.25 $ 2,500 0.4% 99.2% 84.2% C
d-6 Plastic foot 6000 $ 0.25 $ 1,500 0.3% 99.5% 89.5% C
c-3 Rubber seal 1 1500 $ 1.00 $ 1,500 0.3% 99.7% 94.7% C
d-2 Plastic handle 2000 $ 0.75 $ 1,500 0.3% 100.0% 100.0% C
Sum $ 599,150

Economic Order Quantity

9. Yellow Press, Inc.

a. Economic order quantity
D = 2500 rolls
Price = $800 roll
H = 15% ( $800 ) = $120 roll-year
S = $50
2 DS 2 ( 2500 rolls year )( $50 )
EOQ = = = 2083.33 = 45.64 or 46 rolls
H $120 roll-year
b. Time between orders
Q 46
= = 0.0184 year, or every 4.6 days
D 2500
if there are 250 working days in a year

10. Babble Inc.

a.
D =( 400 tapes/month)(12 months/yr) = 4,800 tapes/year
H = $0.12
S = $12.50
2DS 2 ( 4,800 )($12.50 )
EOQ = = = 1,000,000 = 1000 tapes
H $0.12
b.

Time between orders

Q 1,000
= = 0.2083 years or 2.5 months
D 4,800

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9-8 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

11. Dot Com

2 DS 2 ( 32, 000 )($10 )
a. EOQ = = = 400 books
H $4
b. Optimal number of orders/year = (32,000)/400 = 80 orders
c. Optimal interval between orders = 300/80 = 3.75 days
d. Demand during lead time = d L = (5 days)(32,000/300) = 533 books
e. Reorder point = d L + safety stock = 533 + 0 = 533 books
f. Inventory position = OH + SR – BO = 533 + 400 – 0 = 933 books

12. Leaky Pipe Inc.

2 DS 2 ( 30, 000 )( $10 )
a. EOQ = = = 775 units
H $1
b. Optimal number of orders = (30,000)/(775) = 38.7 or 39
c. Optimal interval between orders = (300)/(39) = 7.69 days
d. Demand during lead time = d L = (4 days)(30,000/300) = 400 units
e. Reorder point = d L + safety stock = 400 + 0 = 400 units
f. Inventory position = OH + SR – BO = 400 +775 – 0 = 1175 units

Continuous Review Systems

13. Sam’s Cat Hotel

a. Economic order quantity
d = 90/week
D = (90 bags/week)(52 weeks/yr) = 4,680
S = $54
Price = $11.70
H = (27%)($11.70) = $3.16
2 DS 2(4,680)($54)
EOQ = = = 159,949.37 = 399.93, or 400 bags.
H $3.16
Time between orders, in weeks
Q 400
= = 0.08547 years = 4.44 weeks
D 4680
b. Reorder point, R
R = demand during protection interval + safety stock
Demand during protection interval = d L = 90 * 3 = 270 bags
Safety stock = zσdLT
When the desired cycle-service level is 80%, z = 084
. .
σ dLT = σ d L = 15 3 = 25.98 or 26
Safety stock = 0.84 * 26 = 21.82, or 22 bags
R = 270 + 22 = 292
c. Initial inventory position = OH + SR – BO = 320 + 0 – 0
320 – 10 = 310.
Because inventory position remains above 292, it is not yet time to place an order.
d. Annual holding cost Annual ordering cost

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-9

Q 500 D 4, 680
H= (27% )($11.70) S= $54
2 2 Q 500
= $789.75 = $505.44
When the EOQ is used these two costs are equal. When Q = 500 , the annual
holding cost is larger than the ordering cost, therefore Q is too large. Total costs are
$789.75 + $505.44 = $1,295.19.
e. Annual holding cost Annual ordering cost
Q 400 D 4, 680
H= (27%)($11.70) S= $54
2 2 Q 400
= $631.80 = $631.80
Total cost using EOQ is $1,263.60, which is $31.59 less than when the order
quantity is 500 bags.

14. Sam’s Cat Hotel, revisited

a. If the demand is only 60 bags per week, the correct EOQ is:
D = (60 units/wk)(52 wk/yr) = 3,120 bags
2 DS 2(3,120)($54)
EOQ = = = 106,632.91 = 326.54, or 327 bags
H $3.16
If the demand is incorrectly estimated at 90 bags, the EOQ would be incorrectly
calculated (from Problem 10) as 400 bags.
The total cost, working with the actual demand, is:
Q D
C= H+ S
2 Q
327 3,120
C327 = ($3.16) + ($54) = $1,031.89
2 327
400 3,120
C 400 = ($3.16) + ($54) = $1,053.20
2 400
We can see clearly now that the cost penalty of Sam’s difficulty in foreseeing
demand for kitty litter is $21.31 ($1,053.20 – $1,031.89).
b. If S = $6, and D = 60 × 52 = 3120 , the correct EOQ is:
2 DS 2(3,120)($6)
EOQ = = = 11,848.10 = 108.85, or 109 bags
H $3.16
The total cost, working with the actual ordering cost, is
Q D
C= H+ S
2 Q
109 3,120
C109 = ($3.16) + ($6) = $342.96
2 109
327 3,120
C327 = ($3.16) + ($6) = $573.91
2 327
If the reduced ordering cost continues to be unseen, the cost penalty for not updating
the EOQ is (573.91 – 343.96) = $229.95.

15. A Q system (also known as a reorder point system)

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9-10 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

d = 300 pints/week
σ d = 15 pints
a. Standard deviation of demand during the protection interval:
σ dLT = σ d L = 15 9 = 45 pints
b. Average demand during the protection interval:
Demand during protection interval = d L = 300 * 9 = 2700 pints
c. Reorder point
R = average demand during protection interval + safety stock
Safety stock = zσdLT
When the desired cycle-service level is 99%, z = 2.33.
Safety stock = 2.33 * 45 = 104.85 or 105 pints
R = 2,700 + 105 – 0 = 2,805 pints

16. Petromax Enterprises

2 DS 2 ( 50, 000 )( 35 )
EOQ = = = 1,323 units
a. H 2
b. Safety stock = zσdLT = zσ d L = (1.28)(125) 3 = 277.13 or 277 units
Reorder point = average lead time demand + safety stock
= (3)(50,000/50) + 277
= 3,277 units

17. A continuous review system for door knobs.

Find the safety stock reduction when lead time is reduced from five weeks to one week.
Standard deviation of demand during the (five-week) protection interval is σ d L = 85
door knobs.
Desired cycle service level is 99% (therefore z = 2.33).
Safety stock required for five-week protection interval:
Safety stock = zσ d L = 2.33(85) = 198.05, or 198 door knobs
Safety stock required for one-week protection interval
σdLT = σ d L = σ d 5 = 85 door knobs
σ d = 85/ 5 = 38.01 door knobs.
Safety stock = zσ t = 2.33(38.01) = 88.57 or 89 door knobs
Safety stock reduction
Reduction = 198 – 89 = 109 door knobs.

18. A two-bin system. “The two-bin system is really a Q system, with the normal level in
the second bin being the reorder point R.”
a. Find cycle-service level, given:
L = 2 weeks σ d = 5 bolts
d = 53 bolts/week R = 130 bolts
Expected demand over lead time = 2(53)=106 bolts with a standard deviation of σdLT =
σ d L = 5 2 = 7.07 bolts

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-11

The probability that demand exceeds the reorder point R (in units of standard
deviation) = (130-106)/7.07 = 3.39
When z = 3.39, the probability of demand exceeding the reorder point is 100.00% -
99.97% = 0.03%.
b. Using the same approach as in part (a), given:
L = 3 weeks σ d = 5 bolts
d = 53 bolts/week R = 130 bolts
Expected demand over lead time in this case = 3(53)=159 bolts
with a standard deviation of σdLT = σ d L = 5 3 = 8.66 bolts
The probability that demand exceeds the reorder point R (in units of standard
deviation) = (130-159)/8.66 = -3.35
When z = -3.35, the probability that demand exceeds the reorder point is 99.96% or if
the shipment is delayed by 1 week, a stockout is almost a certainty!

19. A Successful Product

Annual Demand, D = (200)(50) = 10,000 units, H = ((0.20)(12.50)) = 2.50
2 DS 2 (10, 000 )( 50 )
a. Optimal ordering quantity = = = 633 units
H 2.5
b. Safety stock = zσ d L
= (2.33)(16) (4) = 74.56 or 75 units
c. Safety stock will now be: (2.33)(16) (2) = 52.72 or 53 units
% reduction in safety stock = (75 – 53)/75 = 29.33%
d. Safety stock will be = (2.33)(8) (4) = 37.28 or 38 units
% reduction in safety stock = (75 – 38)/75 = 49.33%

20. Continuous review system.

a. Economic order quantity.
2 DS 2 ( 2, 000 )( 40 )
EOQ = = = 894.4 or 894 units
H 2
Time between orders (TBO) = Q/D = 894/20,000 = 0.0447 years = 2.32 weeks
b. Weekly demand = 20,000/52 = 385 units
For a 95% cycle-service level, z = 1.65
Safety stock: zσ d L = (1.65)(100) 2 = 233.34, or 233 units
Now solve for R, as
R = d L + Safety stock = 385(2) + 233 = 1,003 units

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9-12 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

c. i. Annual holding cost of cycle inventory

Q 894
H= ( 2 ) = $894.00
2 2
ii. Annual ordering cost
D 20,000
S= $40 = $894.85
Q 894
d. With the 15-unit withdrawal, IP drops from 1,040 to 1,025 units. Because this level
is above the reorder point (1,025 > 1,003), a new order is not placed.
21. Continuous review system
a. Economic order quantity
2 DS 2(64)(52)(50)
EOQ = = = 160 units
H 13
b. Safety stock.
When cycle-service level is 88%, z = 1.18.
Safety stock = zσ d L = (1.18)(12) 2 = 20.03, or 20 units
c. Reorder point
R = d L + Safety stock = 64(2) + 20 = 148 units.
d. If Q = 200 and R = 180, average inventory investment is higher than necessary to
achieve an 88% cycle-service level. The larger order quantity increases average cycle
stock by 20 units, and the higher reorder point increases safety stock by 32 units.

22. Osprey Sports.

a. The economic order quantity is
2 DS 2(350)(4)($30)
EOQ = = = 84,000 = 289.83, or 290 lures.
H $1
b. The safety stock and reorder point are
2
σ dLT = Lσ d2 + d σ LT
2
= (10)(1)2 + (4)2 (3)2
= 12.41 lures
The z value for a 97 percent cycle-service level = 1.88.
The safety stock = 1.88 (12.41) = 23.33, or 23 lures
The reorder point = d L + Safety stock = (4)(10) + 23 = 63 lures.
c. The total annual cost for this continuous review system is
Q D 290 350(4)
C = (H ) + (S ) + (H)(Safety stock) = ($1) + ($30) + ($1)(23).
2 Q 2 290
= $312.83

23. Farmer’s Wife

a. The continuous review system is specified by the fixed order quantity and the
reorder point. We will use the EOQ for the order quantity.
The order quantity is:
2 DS 2(30)(50)($15)
EOQ = = = 60,000 = 244.95, or 245 cows.
H $0.75
The safety stock is:

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-13

2
σ dLT = Lσ d2 + d σ LT
2
= (8)(5)2 + (30)2 (2)2
= 61.64 cows.
The z value for a 90 percent cycle-service level = 1.28.
The safety stock = 1.28 (61.64) = 78.90, or 79 cows.
The reorder point = d L + Safety stock = (30)(8) + 79 = 319 cows
b. The system would operate as follows: Whenever the stock of cows drops to 319,
order 245 more cows.
c. The total annual cost for this continuous review system is
Q D 245 30(250)
C = (H ) + (S ) + (H)(Safety stock) = ($0.75) + ($15) + ($0.75)(79).
2 Q 2 245
= $243.06

24. Muscle Bound

To find the cycle-service level, we must determine the standard deviation of demand
during lead time and then use the equation for total annual cost to solve for z. We will
use the EOQ for the ordering quantity.
The standard deviation of demand during lead time is
2
σ dLT = Lσ d2 + d σ LT
2
= (35)(150)2 + (1000)2 (5)2 = 5,078.14 barbells
The economic order quantity is
2 DS 2(1000)(313)($40)
EOQ = = = 12,520,000 = 3,538.36, or 3,538 barbells
H $2
The total annual cost (with z as a variable) is
Q D
C = (H ) + (S ) + (H)(Safety stock) =
2 Q
3,538 1000(313)
($2) + ($40) + ($2)( z )(5,078.14) = $16,000
2 3,538
We now solve for z
$16,000 − ($3,538) − (3,538.72)
z= = 0.8785, or 0.88.
($2)(5,078.14)
This value of z corresponds to a cycle-service level of 81 percent.

25. Georgia Lighting Center.

Using the demand data given in the problem statement, we extended text Table 9.2
below the dashed line in the following way. The beginning inventory for day 7 is the
ending inventory for day 6, which is 27 units. The demand for day 7 is 7 units, which
leaves 20 units in inventory at the end of day 7. No orders are open to the supplier;
consequently the inventory position is 20 units. Because 20 units exceeds the reorder
point of 15 units, no new order is placed. Continuing in this manner, the inventory
position at the end of day 9 drops below the reorder point; consequently a new order for
40 units is placed. That order will be received three business days later, or day 12. The
complete simulation results with Q = 40 and R = 15 are:

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9-14 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

Open
Beginning Daily Ending Inventory Amount
Day Orders
Inventory Demand Inventory Position Ordered
Received
1 19 0 5 14 14 40
2 14 0 3 11 51
3 11 0 4 7 47
4 7 40 1 46 46
5 46 0 10 36 36
Sat 6 36 0 9 27 27
Mon7 27 0 7 20 20
8 20 0 4 16 16
9 16 0 2 14 14 40
10 14 0 7 7 47
11 7 0 3 4 44
12 4 40 6 38 38
13 38 0 10 28 28
14 28 0 0 28 28
15 28 0 5 23 23
16 23 0 10 13 13 40
17 13 0 4 9 49
18 9 0 7 2 42
TOTAL 343
      AVERAGE   19.06    

a. The average ending inventory is:

343
= 19.06 or 19 units
18
No stockouts occurred during any of the three cycles.

b. Assuming a Q=30, R= 20 system is used, the following simulation results:

Open
Beginning Daily Ending Inventory Amount
Day Orders
Inventory Demand Inventory Position Ordered
Received
1 19 0 5 14 14 30
2 14 0 3 11 41
3 11 0 4 7 37
4 7 30 1 36 36
5 36 0 10 26 26
Sat 6 26 0 9 17 17 30
Mon7 17 0 7 10 40
8 10 0 4 6 36
9 6 30 2 34 34
10 34 0 7 27 27

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-15

11 27 0 3 24 24
12 24 0 6 18 18 30
13 18 0 10 8 38
14 8 0 0 8 38
15 8 30 5 33 33
16 33 0 10 23 23
17 23 0 4 19 19 30
18 19 0 7 12 42
TOTAL 333
      AVERAGE   18.50    
The average level of ending inventory is 18.5 units and no stockouts occur.
However, one additional order is placed.

Periodic Review System

26. Nationwide Auto Parts
a. Protection interval (PI) = P + L = 6 +3 = 9 weeks
Average demand during PI = 9 (100) = 900 units
Standard deviation during PI = 9 • ( 20 ) = 60 units
b. Target inventory = d (P+L) + zσP+L
= 900 + (1.96)(60) = 1,018
c. Order quantity = Target inventory – IP
= 1,018 – 350 = 668 units presuming no SR or BO

27. P system (also known as a periodic review system) for weed killer.
a. Find cycle-service level, given:
L = 2 weeks, P = 1 week
d ( P + L) = 218
σ P + L = 40 boxes
T = 300 boxes
T = Average demand during protection interval + Safety stock
T = 218 + z(40) = 300 boxes
z = (300 – 218)/40 = 2.05
When z = 2.05, cycle-service level is 97.98 or 98%.
b. Find the cycle-service level, given:
L = 2 weeks, P = 1 week
d ( P + L) = 180
σ P + L = 50 boxes
T = 300 boxes
T = Average demand during protection interval + Safety stock
T = 180 + z(20) = 300 boxes
z = (300 – 180)/50 = 2.40
When z = 2.40, cycle-service level is 99.18 or 99%.

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9-16 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

28. Sam’s Cat Hotel with a P system

a. Referring to Problem13, the EOQ is 400 bags. When the demand rate is 15 per day,
the average time between orders is (400/15) = 26.67 or about 27 days. The lead time
is 3 weeks × 6 days per week = 18 days. If the review period is set equal to the
EOQ’s average time between orders (27 days), then the protection interval (P + L)
= (27 + 18) = 45 days.
For an 80% cycle-service level
z = 0.84
σ P+ L = σ d P + L
σ P +L = (6.124 ) 27 + 18 = 41.08
Safety stock = zσ P + L = 0.84(41.08) = 34.51 or 35 bags
T = Average demand during the protection interval + Safety stock
T = (15*45) + 35 = 710
b. In Problem 10, the Q system required a safety stock of 22 bags to achieve an 80%
cycle-service level. Therefore, the P system requires a safety stock that is larger by
(35 – 22) = 13 bags.
c. From Problem 10, inventory position, IP = 320.
The amount to reorder is T – IP = 710 – 320 = 390.
29. Periodic review system
a. Economic order quantity.
2DS 2(15,080)(125)
EOQ = = = 1121 units
H 3
b. Continuous Review System
Weekly demand = 15,080/52 = 290 units
For a 95% cycle-service level, z = 1.65
Safety stock: zσ d L = (1.65)(64) 5 = 236.13, or 236 units
Now solve for R, as
R = d L + Safety stock = 290(5) + 236 = 1,686 units
Thus, under a continuous review system, order 1121 units whenever the inventory
level drops to 1686 units
Periodic Review System
Number of orders per year = D Q = 15,080/1,121 = 13.5 orders per year or 52/13.5
= 3.85 weeks. P is rounded to 4 weeks.
For a 95% cycle-service level, z = 1.65. Therefore Safety stock = zσ P + L
σ P+ L = σ d P + L = (64) 4 + 5 = 192 units
Safety stock = 1.65(192) = 316.8 or 317 units,
T = Average demand during the protection interval + Safety stock
T = (290 * 9) + 317 = 2,927 units
Thus, under a periodic review system, order up to 2927 units every 4 weeks.

c. The periodic review system has a longer protection interval and thereby requires
more safety stock. In this case: 317-236 = 81 units

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-17

30. Periodic review system

a. From Problem 21, EOQ = 160
EOQ 160
P= = = 2.5 weeks
d 64
P is rounded to 3 weeks.
b. For an 88% cycle-service level, z = 1.18. Therefore
Safety stock = zσ P + L
σ P+ L = σ d P + L
σ P +L = (12) 3 + 2 = 26.83 units.
Safety stock = 1.18(26.83) = 31.66, or 32 units
T = average demand during the protection interval + Safety stock
T = (64 * 5) + 32 = 352 units

31. Wood County Hospital

a. D = (1000 boxes/wk)(52 wk/yr) = 52,000 boxes
H = (0.l5)($35/box)=$5.25/box
2 DS 2 (52, 000 )($15)
EOQ = = = 545.1 or 545 boxes
H $5.25
Q D
C= H+ S
2 Q
900 52, 000
C900 = $5.25 + $15.00 = $3, 229.16
2 900
545 52, 000
C545 = $5.25 + $15.00 = $2,861.82
2 545
The savings would be $3,229.16 – $2,861.82 = $367.34.
b. When the cycle-service level is 97%, z = 1.88. Therefore,
Safety stock = zσ d L = (1.88)(100) 2 = 1.88(141.42) = 265.87, or 266 boxes
R = d L + Safety stock = 1000(2) + 266 = 2,266 boxes
c. In a periodic review system, find target inventory T, given:
P = 2 weeks
L = 2 weeks
Safety stock = zσ P + L
σ P+ L = σ d P + L
σ P +L = (100 ) 2 + 2 = 200 units.
Safety stock = 1.88(200) = 376 units
T = Average demand during the protection interval + Safety stock
T = 1000(2 + 2) + 376
T = 4,376 units
The table below is derived from OM Explorer Solver—Inventory Systems. Notice
that the total cost for the Q system is much less than that of the P system. The
reason is that the optimal value of P was not used here. The optimal value is
. weeks.
P = 055

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9-18 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

Continuous Review (Q) system Periodic Review (P) System

z= 1.88 Time Between Reviews (P) 2.00 Weeks

þ Enter manually
Safety Stock 266 Standard Deviation of Demandd
During Protection Interval 200
Reorder Point 2266
Safety Stock 376
Annual Cost $4,258.32
Average Demand During
Protection Interval 4000

Target Inventory Level (T) 4376

Annual Cost $7,614.00

32. Golf specialty wholesaler

a. Periodic Review System
2 DS 2(2000)(40)
EOQ = = . or 179 1-irons
= 17888
H 5
EOQ 179
P= = = 0.0895 years = 4.475 or 4.0 weeks
D 2000
When cycle-service level is 90%, z = 1.28.
Weekly demand is (2,000 units/yr)/(50 wk/yr) = 40 units/wk
L = 4 weeks

Safety stock:
z σ P + L = zσ d P + L = (1.28) (3) 4 + 4 = 10.86, or 11 irons
T = d (P+L) + Safety stock
= 40(4+4) + 11 = 331 irons.
b. Continuous review system
Safety stock = zσ d L = (1.28)(3) 4 = 1.28(3)(2) = 7.68, or 8 irons
R = d L + Safety stock = 40(4) + 8 =168 irons

myomlab ADVANCED PROBLEMS

1. Office Supply Shop

The screen shot below is taken from OM Explorer Solver – Demand During Protection
Interval Simulator. It shows the results of 500 trials.

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-19

Demand During Protection Interval Distribution
Average Demand During Protection Interval
Bin Cumulative
Back to Inputs Demand Frequency
Upper Bound Percentage 35
17 11 83 16.6%
29 23 114 39.4%
41 35 151 69.6%
53 47 57 81.0%
65 59 63 93.6%
77 71 14 96.4%
89 83 16 99.6%
101 95 2 100.0%
113 107 0 100.0%
125 More 0 100.0%
Total 500

Demand During Protection Interval

160 151 120%

140 99.6% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

93.6%
96.4% 100%

Cumulative Percentage
120 114
81.0%
80%
100 69.6%
Frequency

83
80 60%
63
57
60 39.4%
40%
40
16.6% 16 20%
20 14
2 0 0
0 0%
11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 107 More
Demand

Frequency Cumulative Percentage

a. Given the simulation, the value of R must yield a service level that meets or exceeds
the desired value of 95%. That value of R is 71 pens, which will yield a cycle
service level of 96.4%.
b. The average demand during the protection interval is 35 pens. Since the reorder
point is 71, the safety stock must be 71 – 35 = 36 pens. The high level of safety
stock is necessary because of the high variance in the demand during protection
interval distribution and the high variance in lead time.

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9-20 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

2. Grocery store.
a. The target level (T) should be 150 tubes of Happy Breath Toothpaste. This result
comes from OM Explorer Solver – Demand During Protection Interval Simulator.
Demand During Protection Interval Distribution
Average Demand During Protection Interval
Bin Cumulative
Back to Inputs Demand Frequency
Upper Bound Percentage 132
60 50 2 0.4%
80 70 14 3.2%
100 90 71 17.4%
120 110 110 39.4%
140 130 115 62.4%
160 150 113 85.0%
180 170 57 96.4%
200 190 18 100.0%
220 210 0 100.0%
240 More 0 100.0%
Total 500

Demand During Protection Interval

140 120%

120 115 113 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

110 96.4% 100%

Cumulative Percentage
85.0%
100
80%
Frequency

80 71 62.4%
60%
57
60
39.4%
40%
40
17.4% 18 20%
20 14
2 3.2% 0 0
0.4%
0 0%
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 More
Demand

Frequency Cumulative Percentage

b. Using OM Explorer once again, the cycle-service level for T = 150 would be
97.8%. Eliminating the variance in supply lead times will significantly increase the
cycle service level of the inventory.

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-21

3. Floral shop
a. The EOQ for the continuous review system would be as follows.
2(2550)($30)
Q= = 391
$1
The demand during protection interval distribution is shown below.
Demand During Protection Interval Distribution
Average Demand During Protection Interval
Bin Cumulative
Back to Inputs Demand Frequency
Upper Bound Percentage 109
76 58 135 27.0%
112 94 159 58.8%
148 130 95 77.8%
184 166 67 91.2%
220 202 34 98.0%
256 238 10 100.0%
292 274 0 100.0%
328 310 0 100.0%
364 346 0 100.0%
400 More 0 100.0%
Total 500

Demand During Protection Interval

180 120%
159
160 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
98.0% 100%
135 91.2%

Cumulative Percentage
140
77.8%
120 80%
Frequency

95
100 58.8%
60%
80 67
60 40%
27.0% 34
40
20%
20 10
0 0 0 0
0 0%
58 94 130 166 202 238 274 310 346 More
Demand

Frequency Cumulative Percentage

To attain at least a 90% cycle service level, the florist needs to set the reorder point at
166 baskets.

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9-22 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

b. As the output from OM Explorer Solver – Q-System Simulator shows, the average
cost per day is $274.74.
Probability of Weekly Demand Probability of Lead Time

Probabilty Lower
Probabilty of Lower Range Demand of Lead Range Lead Time
Demand Probability (Units) Time Probability (Periods)
0.40 0.00 40 0.30 0.00 1 Holding Cost ($/unit/period) $ 1.0
0.30 0.40 50 0.40 0.30 2 Order Cost ($/order) $ 30
0.15 0.70 60 0.20 0.70 3 Stockout Cost ($/unit) $ 10
0.10 0.85 70 0.10 0.90 4
0.05 0.95 80 0.00 1.00 5 Order Size 391
1.00 1.00 Reorder Point 166
Beginning Inventory 300

Random Numbers Simulation of 50 Weeks

Days to
RN I RN II Lead Beginning Simulated Ending Stockout Place Simulated Receive Holding Ordering Stockout
Demand Time Week Inventory Demand Inventory Units Order? Lead Time Order Cost Cost Cost Total Cost
0.6586 0.8794 1 300 50 250 0 No - - $ 275 $ - $ - $ 275
0.4101 0.2609 2 250 50 200 0 No - - $ 225 $ - $ - $ 225
0.8676 0.5330 3 200 70 130 0 Yes 2 2 $ 165 $ 30 $ - $ 195
0.2831 0.8584 4 130 40 90 0 No - 1 $ 110 $ - $ - $ 110
0.4569 0.8724 5 481 50 431 0 No - 0 $ 456 $ - $ - $ 456
0.8689 0.9560 6 431 70 361 0 No - - $ 396 $ - $ - $ 396
0.1591 0.2470 7 361 40 321 0 No - - $ 341 $ - $ - $ 341
0.9864 0.9519 8 321 80 241 0 No - - $ 281 $ - $ - $ 281
0.4978 0.8590 9 241 50 191 0 No - - $ 216 $ - $ - $ 216
0.0223 0.7551 10 191 40 151 0 Yes 3 3 $ 171 $ 30 $ - $ 201
0.5906 0.2691 11 151 50 101 0 No - 2 $ 126 $ - $ - $ 126
0.8835 0.4734 12 101 70 31 0 No - 1 $ 66 $ - $ - $ 66
0.1373 0.4465 13 422 40 382 0 No - 0 $ 402 $ - $ - $ 402
0.0001 0.4061 14 382 40 342 0 No - - $ 362 $ - $ - $ 362
0.7819 0.4404 15 342 60 282 0 No - - $ 312 $ - $ - $ 312
0.9917 0.8927 16 282 80 202 0 No - - $ 242 $ - $ - $ 242
0.5232 0.2572 17 202 50 152 0 Yes 1 1 $ 177 $ 30 $ - $ 207
0.7593 0.2128 18 543 60 483 0 No - 0 $ 513 $ - $ - $ 513
0.3090 0.8100 19 483 40 443 0 No - - $ 463 $ - $ - $ 463
0.5006 0.6821 20 443 50 393 0 No - - $ 418 $ - $ - $ 418
0.4173 0.5249 21 393 50 343 0 No - - $ 368 $ - $ - $ 368
0.8148 0.4963 22 343 60 283 0 No - - $ 313 $ - $ - $ 313
0.2962 0.2767 23 283 40 243 0 No - - $ 263 $ - $ - $ 263
0.3003 0.1054 24 243 40 203 0 No - - $ 223 $ - $ - $ 223
0.3560 0.7946 25 203 40 163 0 Yes 3 3 $ 183 $ 30 $ - $ 213
0.9473 0.9374 26 163 70 93 0 No - 2 $ 128 $ - $ - $ 128
0.7621 0.0953 27 93 60 33 0 No - 1 $ 63 $ - $ - $ 63
0.4240 0.2803 28 424 50 374 0 No - 0 $ 399 $ - $ - $ 399
0.9240 0.2087 29 374 70 304 0 No - - $ 339 $ - $ - $ 339
0.3494 0.8918 30 304 40 264 0 No - - $ 284 $ - $ - $ 284
0.9098 0.0755 31 264 70 194 0 No - - $ 229 $ - $ - $ 229
0.0235 0.3544 32 194 40 154 0 Yes 2 2 $ 174 $ 30 $ - $ 204
0.2316 0.1659 33 154 40 114 0 No - 1 $ 134 $ - $ - $ 134
0.6310 0.8530 34 505 50 455 0 No - 0 $ 480 $ - $ - $ 480
0.8768 0.9013 35 455 70 385 0 No - - $ 420 $ - $ - $ 420
0.8892 0.4419 36 385 70 315 0 No - - $ 350 $ - $ - $ 350
0.4683 0.6197 37 315 50 265 0 No - - $ 290 $ - $ - $ 290
0.3062 0.4341 38 265 40 225 0 No - - $ 245 $ - $ - $ 245
0.3298 0.9087 39 225 40 185 0 No - - $ 205 $ - $ - $ 205
0.1754 0.7790 40 185 40 145 0 Yes 3 3 $ 165 $ 30 $ - $ 195
0.2214 0.3099 41 145 40 105 0 No - 2 $ 125 $ - $ - $ 125
0.8985 0.4848 42 105 70 35 0 No - 1 $ 70 $ - $ - $ 70
0.8108 0.2892 43 426 60 366 0 No - 0 $ 396 $ - $ - $ 396
0.7581 0.4780 44 366 60 306 0 No - - $ 336 $ - $ - $ 336
0.7205 0.4660 45 306 60 246 0 No - - $ 276 $ - $ - $ 276
0.1673 0.4669 46 246 40 206 0 No - - $ 226 $ - $ - $ 226
0.7142 0.3310 47 206 60 146 0 Yes 2 2 $ 176 $ 30 $ - $ 206
0.8320 0.0554 48 146 60 86 0 No - 1 $ 116 $ - $ - $ 116
0.9648 0.1822 49 477 80 397 0 No - 0 $ 437 $ - $ - $ 437
0.5548 0.1393 50 397 50 347 0 No - - $ 372 $ - $ - $ 372
Averages 296.94 53.80 243.14 0.00 2.29 $270.04 $4.20 $0.00 $274.24

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-23

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: SWIFT ELECTRONIC SUPPLY, INC.

This in-class exercise allows students to test an inventory system of their design against a
new demand set. On the day of the simulation, students should come with sufficient copies
of Table 1.

TABLE 1 1 2 . 6 | Simulation Evaluation Sheet

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Beginning inventory position
Number ordered
Daily demand
Day-ending inventory
Ordering costs ($200 per order)
Holding costs ($0.05 per piece per day)
Shortage costs ($2 per piece)
Total cost for day
Cumulative cost from last day
Cumulative costs to date
It is best to precede the simulation with a brief overview of the simulation process and the
calculation of costs. The instructor may decide to require students to bring a computer to
class and use a spreadsheet of their design to accomplish the tasks embodied in Table 1.
Once everyone understands the simulation procedure, the instructor uses the “actual”
demands in TN1, one at a time, and proceeding at a pace such that students have a chance to
decide whether or not to order that period, how much to order, and calculate relevant costs.
The instructor can stop at any point, using TN2 to benchmark students’ results against any of
the four provided systems in this manual. A good idea is to stop at the halfway point in the
simulation and ask students what their total costs are. The variance is often quite high. The
same benchmarking comparisons can be done at the end of the simulation. The instructor can
use the students’ results to discuss differences in the systems tried, the importance of using
safety stocks, and the value of perfect information. One of the provided systems in this
manual utilizes the Wagner-Whitin (WW) approach, which is optimal for perfect forecasts.
The variance in student results will be greater if this exercise is used as a prelude to a
discussion of formal inventory systems (such as the Q-system or P-system). Alternatively,
the exercise can be used after a presentation of the formal systems to give students a
practicum for the theory.
TN3 shows the cost structure and system parameters for the EOQ-system, Q-system and
P-system. All the relevant case information and derived data are on the left side of the sheet,
and key computed parameters for three systems are presented on the right side of the sheet.
There are some other points that need to be addressed about TN3 through TN7:
Ÿ “Average Demand/day” and “Standard Deviation” come from a statistical analysis
of the historical demand data in Table 9.3.
Ÿ All the ordering quantities are rounded up as integers. Consequently, the associated
costs might differ a little from what they actually are.
Ÿ The review time in the EOQ-system is actually up to the student. In TN4 we have
used the EOQ divided by average daily demand.

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9-24 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

TN4 through TN6 show the application of the provided systems for the demand data in
TN1. TN7 shows the results from WW system. In all of our reported results, inventory levels
at the start of the day are used to make inventory decisions. This is consistent with the daily
purchasing routine at Swift.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) System
Under this system, students order the EOQ each and every review period, which using the
case data would be 3 days, without any forecasts of future demand or consideration of
demand variability. TN4 shows the performance of this system. Students may elect to use
varying review periods. If so, their results will differ from TN4.
Q-system
This system assumes that inventory levels are checked on a daily basis and compared to a
“Reorder Point (RP).” If actual inventory level goes below the RP, an order of EOQ is
placed; if above, no order will be placed. In the provided results, the RP is calculated by
adding safety stock to average demand during the two-day lead time. The safety stock is
designed to meet the 95 percent cycle service level. TN5 shows the results of the Q-system.
P-system
The inventory level is reviewed every three days, which is determined by dividing EOQ
by average demand. The target inventory level is composed of two parts: “average demand
during the protection interval,” which is the review period plus the lead time, and the “safety
stock.” Every review period (three days in the provided results), an order is placed to bring
the inventory position up to the target inventory level. TN6 shows the performance of the P-
system.
Wager-Whitin (WW) System
The WW system is based on dynamic programming and assumes all demands are known
with certainty. Consequently, it provides an absolute lower bound on the solution found by
the students. The WW system assumes that stockouts are to be avoided. It is interesting to
show the difference in total costs between the WW solution and another system because it
demonstrates the cost of uncertainty. The solution using the WW system is shown in TN7.
Also note that the lot sizes are shown in the day in which they must arrive. Actual release
dates would be two days earlier. This implies that the first order for 1733 would have been
placed in day 0, one day before the actual start of the simulation.

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-25

TN 1. Actual Demand Data for Simulation

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9-26 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

TN 2. Total Costs for Four Systems

Day Demand EOQ System Q-System P-System WW Solution

1 870 $ 241.50 $ 241.50 $ 241.50 $ 41.50

2 901 $ 383.50 $ 383.50 $ 383.50 $ 324.60
3 960 $ 471.70 $ 671.70 $ 548.95 $ 359.70
4 702 $ 724.80 $ 724.80 $ 879.30 $ 359.70
5 1068 $ 736.80 $ 860.70 $ 956.25 $ 690.40
6 975 $ 824.25 $ 1,147.85 $ 1,109.05 $ 772.35
7 977 $ 1,062.85 $ 1,186.15 $ 1,413.00 $ 805.45
8 662 $ 1,068.35 $ 1,327.55 $ 1,483.85 $ 805.45
9 1147 $ 1,152.70 $ 1,611.60 $ 1,648.35 $ 1,059.70
10 1085 $ 1,382.80 $ 1,641.40 $ 1,958.60 $ 1,059.70
11 1041 $ 2,260.80 $ 1,755.35 $ 2,016.80 $ 1,354.25
12 890 $ 2,352.50 $ 2,024.80 $ 2,175.20 $ 1,404.30
13 1001 $ 2,594.15 $ 2,044.20 $ 2,483.55 $ 1,404.30
14 960 $ 2,848.15 $ 2,151.80 $ 2,543.90 $ 1,687.15
15 863 $ 2,941.20 $ 2,416.25 $ 2,707.70 $ 1,726.85
16 794 $ 3,194.55 $ 2,441.00 $ 3,031.80 $ 1,726.85
17 1109 $ 3,278.55 $ 2,746.50 $ 3,100.45 $ 2,026.25
18 948 $ 3,367.35 $ 2,804.60 $ 3,252.55 $ 2,078.25
19 1040 $ 3,604.15 $ 2,946.90 $ 3,552.65 $ 2,078.25
20 1008 $ 4,148.15 $ 3,238.80 $ 3,602.35 $ 2,367.70
21 961 $ 4,236.30 $ 3,282.65 $ 3,758.85 $ 2,409.10
22 828 $ 4,483.05 $ 3,421.30 $ 4,073.95 $ 2,409.10
23 764 $ 4,491.60 $ 3,721.75 $ 4,150.85 $ 2,703.75
24 933 $ 4,589.70 $ 3,775.55 $ 4,320.95 $ 2,751.75
25 960 $ 4,839.80 $ 3,917.55 $ 4,643.05 $ 2,751.75
26 988 $ 4,840.50 $ 4,210.15 $ 4,715.75 $ 3,051.50
27 1028 $ 4,926.00 $ 4,251.35 $ 4,869.90 $ 3,099.85
28 967 $ 5,163.15 $ 4,380.40 $ 5,175.70 $ 3,099.85
29 918 $ 5,513.15 $ 4,663.55 $ 5,235.60 $ 3,401.50
30 965 $ 5,601.10 $ 4,698.45 $ 5,396.40 $ 3,454.90
31 1068 $ 5,835.65 $ 4,816.15 $ 5,703.80 $ 3,454.90
32 996 $ 6,445.65 $ 5,084.05 $ 5,761.40 $ 3,753.80
33 1123 $ 6,525.70 $ 5,095.80 $ 5,910.40 $ 3,796.55
34 855 $ 6,763.00 $ 5,401.00 $ 6,216.65 $ 3,796.55
35 1035 $ 7,341.00 $ 5,454.45 $ 6,271.15 $ 4,092.00
36 1085 $ 7,422.95 $ 5,589.85 $ 6,420.10 $ 4,133.20
37 824 $ 7,663.70 $ 5,884.05 $ 6,727.85 $ 4,133.20
38 941 $ 7,915.70 $ 5,931.20 $ 6,788.55 $ 4,418.75
39 883 $ 8,007.75 $ 6,070.40 $ 6,952.30 $ 4,460.15
40 828 $ 8,258.40 $ 6,368.20 $ 7,274.65 $ 4,460.15
41 993 $ 8,259.40 $ 6,416.35 $ 7,347.35 $ 4,753.15
42 1008 $ 8,346.20 $ 6,550.30 $ 7,502.25 $ 4,795.75
43 852 $ 8,590.40 $ 6,841.65 $ 7,814.55 $ 4,795.75
44 725 $ 8,598.35 $ 6,896.75 $ 7,890.60 $ 5,079.85
45 667 $ 8,709.15 $ 7,054.70 $ 8,075.95 $ 5,130.60
46 1015 $ 8,969.20 $ 7,361.90 $ 8,410.55 $ 5,130.60
47 1167 $ 8,970.90 $ 7,410.75 $ 8,486.80 $ 5,458.85
48 878 $ 9,064.90 $ 7,551.90 $ 8,639.50 $ 5,543.20
49 824 $ 9,317.70 $ 7,851.85 $ 8,951.00 $ 5,586.35
50 863 $ 9,327.35 $ 7,908.65 $ 9,019.35 $ 5,586.35
51 1085 $ 9,418.95 $ 8,047.40 $ 9,176.90 $ 5,886.20
52 1067 $ 9,657.20 $ 8,332.80 $ 9,481.10 $ 5,932.70
53 930 $ 9,987.20 $ 8,371.70 $ 9,538.80 $ 5,932.70
54 1021 $ 10,072.35 $ 8,495.75 $ 9,696.20 $ 6,210.30
55 828 $ 10,316.10 $ 8,778.40 $ 10,012.20 $ 6,246.50
56 724 $ 10,323.65 $ 8,824.85 $ 10,092.00 $ 6,246.50
57 987 $ 10,418.05 $ 8,958.15 $ 10,261.40 $ 6,559.10
58 737 $ 10,675.60 $ 9,254.60 $ 10,593.95 $ 6,634.85
59 750 $ 10,695.65 $ 9,313.55 $ 10,689.00 $ 6,673.10
60 765 $ 10,813.65 $ 9,470.45 $ 10,868.20 $ 6,673.10

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-27

TN 3. Cost Structure and System Parameters

In-case information EOQ System

Cost of DRAM/piece $ 10.00 Average time between orders 3
Ordering cost/lot (S) $ 200.00 Order Amount 2724
Stockout cost/piece per day $ 2.00 Review time in EOQ system 3
Holding Cost (% of Cost of DRAM per day) 0.50%
Beginning balance 1700
The cycle inventory service level 95% Q system
Lead tme (Days) 2
Average demand during lead time 1854
Data referred Safety stock 294
Z value at 95% confidence interval 1.645 Reorder Point for Q system 2148
Average Demand/day 927
Standard Deviation 126
Holding Cost/day $ 0.05 P system
EOQ 2724 Average demand during the protection interval 4635
Safety stock 464
Review Period 3
Targeted Inventory Level 5099

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 lOMoARcPSD|9105200

9-28 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

TN 4. EOQ System

Ending Accumulative
Order Beginning Actual Ending Holding Daily total Accumulative
Day Demand Inventory with Stockout Cost Order Cost Costs from Last
quantity Inventory Inventory Cost Cost Cost to Date
Back orders Day
1 870 2724 1700 830 830 $ 41.50 $ - $ 200.00 $ 241.50 $ - $ 241.50
2 901 830 -71 0 $ - $ 142.00 $ - $ 142.00 $ 241.50 $ 383.50
3 960 2724 1764 1764 $ 88.20 $ - $ - $ 88.20 $ 383.50 $ 471.70
4 702 2724 1764 1062 1062 $ 53.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 253.10 $ 471.70 $ 724.80
5 1068 1062 -6 0 $ - $ 12.00 $ - $ 12.00 $ 724.80 $ 736.80
6 975 2724 1749 1749 $ 87.45 $ - $ - $ 87.45 $ 736.80 $ 824.25
7 977 2724 1749 772 772 $ 38.60 $ - $ 200.00 $ 238.60 $ 824.25 $ 1,062.85
8 662 772 110 110 $ 5.50 $ - $ - $ 5.50 $ 1,062.85 $ 1,068.35
9 1147 2834 1687 1687 $ 84.35 $ - $ - $ 84.35 $ 1,068.35 $ 1,152.70
10 1085 2724 1687 602 602 $ 30.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 230.10 $ 1,152.70 $ 1,382.80
11 1041 602 -439 0 $ - $ 878.00 $ - $ 878.00 $ 1,382.80 $ 2,260.80
12 890 2724 1834 1834 $ 91.70 $ - $ - $ 91.70 $ 2,260.80 $ 2,352.50
13 1001 2724 1834 833 833 $ 41.65 $ - $ 200.00 $ 241.65 $ 2,352.50 $ 2,594.15
14 960 833 -127 0 $ - $ 254.00 $ - $ 254.00 $ 2,594.15 $ 2,848.15
15 863 2724 1861 1861 $ 93.05 $ - $ - $ 93.05 $ 2,848.15 $ 2,941.20
16 794 2724 1861 1067 1067 $ 53.35 $ - $ 200.00 $ 253.35 $ 2,941.20 $ 3,194.55
17 1109 1067 -42 0 $ - $ 84.00 $ - $ 84.00 $ 3,194.55 $ 3,278.55
18 948 2724 1776 1776 $ 88.80 $ - $ - $ 88.80 $ 3,278.55 $ 3,367.35
19 1040 2724 1776 736 736 $ 36.80 $ - $ 200.00 $ 236.80 $ 3,367.35 $ 3,604.15
20 1008 736 -272 0 $ - $ 544.00 $ - $ 544.00 $ 3,604.15 $ 4,148.15
21 961 2724 1763 1763 $ 88.15 $ - $ - $ 88.15 $ 4,148.15 $ 4,236.30
22 828 2724 1763 935 935 $ 46.75 $ - $ 200.00 $ 246.75 $ 4,236.30 $ 4,483.05
23 764 935 171 171 $ 8.55 $ - $ - $ 8.55 $ 4,483.05 $ 4,491.60
24 933 2895 1962 1962 $ 98.10 $ - $ - $ 98.10 $ 4,491.60 $ 4,589.70
25 960 2724 1962 1002 1002 $ 50.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 250.10 $ 4,589.70 $ 4,839.80
26 988 1002 14 14 $ 0.70 $ - $ - $ 0.70 $ 4,839.80 $ 4,840.50
27 1028 2738 1710 1710 $ 85.50 $ - $ - $ 85.50 $ 4,840.50 $ 4,926.00
28 967 2724 1710 743 743 $ 37.15 $ - $ 200.00 $ 237.15 $ 4,926.00 $ 5,163.15
29 918 743 -175 0 $ - $ 350.00 $ - $ 350.00 $ 5,163.15 $ 5,513.15
30 965 2724 1759 1759 $ 87.95 $ - $ - $ 87.95 $ 5,513.15 $ 5,601.10
31 1068 2724 1759 691 691 $ 34.55 $ - $ 200.00 $ 234.55 $ 5,601.10 $ 5,835.65
32 996 691 -305 0 $ - $ 610.00 $ - $ 610.00 $ 5,835.65 $ 6,445.65
33 1123 2724 1601 1601 $ 80.05 $ - $ - $ 80.05 $ 6,445.65 $ 6,525.70
34 855 2724 1601 746 746 $ 37.30 $ - $ 200.00 $ 237.30 $ 6,525.70 $ 6,763.00
35 1035 746 -289 0 $ - $ 578.00 $ - $ 578.00 $ 6,763.00 $ 7,341.00
36 1085 2724 1639 1639 $ 81.95 $ - $ - $ 81.95 $ 7,341.00 $ 7,422.95
37 824 2724 1639 815 815 $ 40.75 $ - $ 200.00 $ 240.75 $ 7,422.95 $ 7,663.70
38 941 815 -126 0 $ - $ 252.00 $ - $ 252.00 $ 7,663.70 $ 7,915.70
39 883 2724 1841 1841 $ 92.05 $ - $ - $ 92.05 $ 7,915.70 $ 8,007.75
40 828 2724 1841 1013 1013 $ 50.65 $ - $ 200.00 $ 250.65 $ 8,007.75 $ 8,258.40
41 993 1013 20 20 $ 1.00 $ - $ - $ 1.00 $ 8,258.40 $ 8,259.40
42 1008 2744 1736 1736 $ 86.80 $ - $ - $ 86.80 $ 8,259.40 $ 8,346.20
43 852 2724 1736 884 884 $ 44.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 244.20 $ 8,346.20 $ 8,590.40
44 725 884 159 159 $ 7.95 $ - $ - $ 7.95 $ 8,590.40 $ 8,598.35
45 667 2883 2216 2216 $ 110.80 $ - $ - $ 110.80 $ 8,598.35 $ 8,709.15
46 1015 2724 2216 1201 1201 $ 60.05 $ - $ 200.00 $ 260.05 $ 8,709.15 $ 8,969.20
47 1167 1201 34 34 $ 1.70 $ - $ - $ 1.70 $ 8,969.20 $ 8,970.90
48 878 2758 1880 1880 $ 94.00 $ - $ - $ 94.00 $ 8,970.90 $ 9,064.90
49 824 2724 1880 1056 1056 $ 52.80 $ - $ 200.00 $ 252.80 $ 9,064.90 $ 9,317.70
50 863 1056 193 193 $ 9.65 $ - $ - $ 9.65 $ 9,317.70 $ 9,327.35
51 1085 2917 1832 1832 $ 91.60 $ - $ - $ 91.60 $ 9,327.35 $ 9,418.95
52 1067 2724 1832 765 765 $ 38.25 $ - $ 200.00 $ 238.25 $ 9,418.95 $ 9,657.20
53 930 765 -165 0 $ - $ 330.00 $ - $ 330.00 $ 9,657.20 $ 9,987.20
54 1021 2724 1703 1703 $ 85.15 $ - $ - $ 85.15 $ 9,987.20 $ 10,072.35
55 828 2724 1703 875 875 $ 43.75 $ - $ 200.00 $ 243.75 $ 10,072.35 $ 10,316.10
56 724 875 151 151 $ 7.55 $ - $ - $ 7.55 $ 10,316.10 $ 10,323.65
57 987 2875 1888 1888 $ 94.40 $ - $ - $ 94.40 $ 10,323.65 $ 10,418.05
58 737 2724 1888 1151 1151 $ 57.55 $ - $ 200.00 $ 257.55 $ 10,418.05 $ 10,675.60
59 750 1151 401 401 $ 20.05 $ - $ - $ 20.05 $ 10,675.60 $ 10,695.65
60 765 3125 2360 2360 $ 118.00 $ - $ - $ 118.00 $ 10,695.65 $ 10,813.65

Average 927 $ 46.33 $ 67.23 $ 66.67 $ 180.23

EOQ 2724

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 lOMoARcPSD|9105200

Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-29

TN 5. Q-System

Ending
Actual Accumulative
Beginning Inventory Inventory Order Daily Total Accumulative
Day Demand Ending Holding Cost Stockout Cost Ordering Cost Costs from Last
Inventory with Back Position Quantity Cost Cost to Date
Inventory Day
Orders
1 1700 870 830 830 830 2724 $ 41.50 $ - $ 200.00 $ 241.50 $ - $ 241.50
2 830 901 -71 0 2724 0 $ - $ 142.00 $ - $ 142.00 $ 241.50 $ 383.50
3 2724 960 1764 1764 1764 2724 $ 88.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 288.20 $ 383.50 $ 671.70
4 1764 702 1062 1062 3786 0 $ 53.10 $ - $ - $ 53.10 $ 671.70 $ 724.80
5 3786 1068 2718 2718 2718 0 $ 135.90 $ - $ - $ 135.90 $ 724.80 $ 860.70
6 2718 975 1743 1743 1743 2724 $ 87.15 $ - $ 200.00 $ 287.15 $ 860.70 $ 1,147.85
7 1743 977 766 766 3490 0 $ 38.30 $ - $ - $ 38.30 $ 1,147.85 $ 1,186.15
8 3490 662 2828 2828 2828 0 $ 141.40 $ - $ - $ 141.40 $ 1,186.15 $ 1,327.55
9 2828 1147 1681 1681 1681 2724 $ 84.05 $ - $ 200.00 $ 284.05 $ 1,327.55 $ 1,611.60
10 1681 1085 596 596 3320 0 $ 29.80 $ - $ - $ 29.80 $ 1,611.60 $ 1,641.40
11 3320 1041 2279 2279 2279 0 $ 113.95 $ - $ - $ 113.95 $ 1,641.40 $ 1,755.35
12 2279 890 1389 1389 1389 2724 $ 69.45 $ - $ 200.00 $ 269.45 $ 1,755.35 $ 2,024.80
13 1389 1001 388 388 3112 0 $ 19.40 $ - $ - $ 19.40 $ 2,024.80 $ 2,044.20
14 3112 960 2152 2152 2152 0 $ 107.60 $ - $ - $ 107.60 $ 2,044.20 $ 2,151.80
15 2152 863 1289 1289 1289 2724 $ 64.45 $ - $ 200.00 $ 264.45 $ 2,151.80 $ 2,416.25
16 1289 794 495 495 3219 0 $ 24.75 $ - $ - $ 24.75 $ 2,416.25 $ 2,441.00
17 3219 1109 2110 2110 2110 2724 $ 105.50 $ - $ 200.00 $ 305.50 $ 2,441.00 $ 2,746.50
18 2110 948 1162 1162 3886 0 $ 58.10 $ - $ - $ 58.10 $ 2,746.50 $ 2,804.60
19 3886 1040 2846 2846 2846 0 $ 142.30 $ - $ - $ 142.30 $ 2,804.60 $ 2,946.90
20 2846 1008 1838 1838 1838 2724 $ 91.90 $ - $ 200.00 $ 291.90 $ 2,946.90 $ 3,238.80
21 1838 961 877 877 3601 0 $ 43.85 $ - $ - $ 43.85 $ 3,238.80 $ 3,282.65
22 3601 828 2773 2773 2773 0 $ 138.65 $ - $ - $ 138.65 $ 3,282.65 $ 3,421.30
23 2773 764 2009 2009 2009 2724 $ 100.45 $ - $ 200.00 $ 300.45 $ 3,421.30 $ 3,721.75
24 2009 933 1076 1076 3800 0 $ 53.80 $ - $ - $ 53.80 $ 3,721.75 $ 3,775.55
25 3800 960 2840 2840 2840 0 $ 142.00 $ - $ - $ 142.00 $ 3,775.55 $ 3,917.55
26 2840 988 1852 1852 1852 2724 $ 92.60 $ - $ 200.00 $ 292.60 $ 3,917.55 $ 4,210.15
27 1852 1028 824 824 3548 0 $ 41.20 $ - $ - $ 41.20 $ 4,210.15 $ 4,251.35
28 3548 967 2581 2581 2581 0 $ 129.05 $ - $ - $ 129.05 $ 4,251.35 $ 4,380.40
29 2581 918 1663 1663 1663 2724 $ 83.15 $ - $ 200.00 $ 283.15 $ 4,380.40 $ 4,663.55
30 1663 965 698 698 3422 0 $ 34.90 $ - $ - $ 34.90 $ 4,663.55 $ 4,698.45
31 3422 1068 2354 2354 2354 0 $ 117.70 $ - $ - $ 117.70 $ 4,698.45 $ 4,816.15
32 2354 996 1358 1358 1358 2724 $ 67.90 $ - $ 200.00 $ 267.90 $ 4,816.15 $ 5,084.05
33 1358 1123 235 235 2959 0 $ 11.75 $ - $ - $ 11.75 $ 5,084.05 $ 5,095.80
34 2959 855 2104 2104 2104 2724 $ 105.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 305.20 $ 5,095.80 $ 5,401.00
35 2104 1035 1069 1069 3793 0 $ 53.45 $ - $ - $ 53.45 $ 5,401.00 $ 5,454.45
36 3793 1085 2708 2708 2708 0 $ 135.40 $ - $ - $ 135.40 $ 5,454.45 $ 5,589.85
37 2708 824 1884 1884 1884 2724 $ 94.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 294.20 $ 5,589.85 $ 5,884.05
38 1884 941 943 943 3667 0 $ 47.15 $ - $ - $ 47.15 $ 5,884.05 $ 5,931.20
39 3667 883 2784 2784 2784 0 $ 139.20 $ - $ - $ 139.20 $ 5,931.20 $ 6,070.40
40 2784 828 1956 1956 1956 2724 $ 97.80 $ - $ 200.00 $ 297.80 $ 6,070.40 $ 6,368.20
41 1956 993 963 963 3687 0 $ 48.15 $ - $ - $ 48.15 $ 6,368.20 $ 6,416.35
42 3687 1008 2679 2679 2679 0 $ 133.95 $ - $ - $ 133.95 $ 6,416.35 $ 6,550.30
43 2679 852 1827 1827 1827 2724 $ 91.35 $ - $ 200.00 $ 291.35 $ 6,550.30 $ 6,841.65
44 1827 725 1102 1102 3826 0 $ 55.10 $ - $ - $ 55.10 $ 6,841.65 $ 6,896.75
45 3826 667 3159 3159 3159 0 $ 157.95 $ - $ - $ 157.95 $ 6,896.75 $ 7,054.70
46 3159 1015 2144 2144 2144 2724 $ 107.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 307.20 $ 7,054.70 $ 7,361.90
47 2144 1167 977 977 3701 0 $ 48.85 $ - $ - $ 48.85 $ 7,361.90 $ 7,410.75
48 3701 878 2823 2823 2823 0 $ 141.15 $ - $ - $ 141.15 $ 7,410.75 $ 7,551.90
49 2823 824 1999 1999 1999 2724 $ 99.95 $ - $ 200.00 $ 299.95 $ 7,551.90 $ 7,851.85
50 1999 863 1136 1136 3860 0 $ 56.80 $ - $ - $ 56.80 $ 7,851.85 $ 7,908.65
51 3860 1085 2775 2775 2775 0 $ 138.75 $ - $ - $ 138.75 $ 7,908.65 $ 8,047.40
52 2775 1067 1708 1708 1708 2724 $ 85.40 $ - $ 200.00 $ 285.40 $ 8,047.40 $ 8,332.80
53 1708 930 778 778 3502 0 $ 38.90 $ - $ - $ 38.90 $ 8,332.80 $ 8,371.70
54 3502 1021 2481 2481 2481 0 $ 124.05 $ - $ - $ 124.05 $ 8,371.70 $ 8,495.75
55 2481 828 1653 1653 1653 2724 $ 82.65 $ - $ 200.00 $ 282.65 $ 8,495.75 $ 8,778.40
56 1653 724 929 929 3653 0 $ 46.45 $ - $ - $ 46.45 $ 8,778.40 $ 8,824.85
57 3653 987 2666 2666 2666 0 $ 133.30 $ - $ - $ 133.30 $ 8,824.85 $ 8,958.15
58 2666 737 1929 1929 1929 2724 $ 96.45 $ - $ 200.00 $ 296.45 $ 8,958.15 $ 9,254.60
59 1929 750 1179 1179 3903 0 $ 58.95 $ - $ - $ 58.95 $ 9,254.60 $ 9,313.55
60 3903 765 3138 3138 3138 0 $ 156.90 $ - $ - $ 156.90 $ 9,313.55 $ 9,470.45

Average 1709.48 2662.88 953.40 85.47 2.37 70.00 157.84

Reorder Point for Q System 2148
Order Quantity 2724

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 lOMoARcPSD|9105200

9-30 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

TN 6. P-System

Ending
Accumulative
Beginning Inventory Actual Ending Inventory Order Stockout Ordering Daily total Accumulative
Day Demand Holding Cost Costs from Last
Inventory with Back Inventory Position quantity Cost Cost Cost Cost to Date
Day
orders
1 1700 870 830 830 830 4269 $ 41.50 $ - $ 200.00 $ 241.50 $ - $ 241.50
2 830 901 -71 0 4269 $ - $ 142.00 $ - $ 142.00 $ 241.50 $ 383.50
3 4269 960 3309 3309 3309 $ 165.45 $ - $ - $ 165.45 $ 383.50 $ 548.95
4 3309 702 2607 2607 2607 2492 $ 130.35 $ - $ 200.00 $ 330.35 $ 548.95 $ 879.30
5 2607 1068 1539 1539 4031 $ 76.95 $ - $ - $ 76.95 $ 879.30 $ 956.25
6 4031 975 3056 3056 3056 $ 152.80 $ - $ - $ 152.80 $ 956.25 $ 1,109.05
7 3056 977 2079 2079 2079 3020 $ 103.95 $ - $ 200.00 $ 303.95 $ 1,109.05 $ 1,413.00
8 2079 662 1417 1417 4437 $ 70.85 $ - $ - $ 70.85 $ 1,413.00 $ 1,483.85
9 4437 1147 3290 3290 3290 $ 164.50 $ - $ - $ 164.50 $ 1,483.85 $ 1,648.35
10 3290 1085 2205 2205 2205 2894 $ 110.25 $ - $ 200.00 $ 310.25 $ 1,648.35 $ 1,958.60
11 2205 1041 1164 1164 4058 $ 58.20 $ - $ - $ 58.20 $ 1,958.60 $ 2,016.80
12 4058 890 3168 3168 3168 $ 158.40 $ - $ - $ 158.40 $ 2,016.80 $ 2,175.20
13 3168 1001 2167 2167 2167 2932 $ 108.35 $ - $ 200.00 $ 308.35 $ 2,175.20 $ 2,483.55
14 2167 960 1207 1207 4139 $ 60.35 $ - $ - $ 60.35 $ 2,483.55 $ 2,543.90
15 4139 863 3276 3276 3276 $ 163.80 $ - $ - $ 163.80 $ 2,543.90 $ 2,707.70
16 3276 794 2482 2482 2482 2617 $ 124.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 324.10 $ 2,707.70 $ 3,031.80
17 2482 1109 1373 1373 3990 $ 68.65 $ - $ - $ 68.65 $ 3,031.80 $ 3,100.45
18 3990 948 3042 3042 3042 $ 152.10 $ - $ - $ 152.10 $ 3,100.45 $ 3,252.55
19 3042 1040 2002 2002 2002 3097 $ 100.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 300.10 $ 3,252.55 $ 3,552.65
20 2002 1008 994 994 4091 $ 49.70 $ - $ - $ 49.70 $ 3,552.65 $ 3,602.35
21 4091 961 3130 3130 3130 $ 156.50 $ - $ - $ 156.50 $ 3,602.35 $ 3,758.85
22 3130 828 2302 2302 2302 2797 $ 115.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 315.10 $ 3,758.85 $ 4,073.95
23 2302 764 1538 1538 4335 $ 76.90 $ - $ - $ 76.90 $ 4,073.95 $ 4,150.85
24 4335 933 3402 3402 3402 $ 170.10 $ - $ - $ 170.10 $ 4,150.85 $ 4,320.95
25 3402 960 2442 2442 2442 2657 $ 122.10 $ - $ 200.00 $ 322.10 $ 4,320.95 $ 4,643.05
26 2442 988 1454 1454 4111 $ 72.70 $ - $ - $ 72.70 $ 4,643.05 $ 4,715.75
27 4111 1028 3083 3083 3083 $ 154.15 $ - $ - $ 154.15 $ 4,715.75 $ 4,869.90
28 3083 967 2116 2116 2116 2983 $ 105.80 $ - $ 200.00 $ 305.80 $ 4,869.90 $ 5,175.70
29 2116 918 1198 1198 4181 $ 59.90 $ - $ - $ 59.90 $ 5,175.70 $ 5,235.60
30 4181 965 3216 3216 3216 $ 160.80 $ - $ - $ 160.80 $ 5,235.60 $ 5,396.40
31 3216 1068 2148 2148 2148 2951 $ 107.40 $ - $ 200.00 $ 307.40 $ 5,396.40 $ 5,703.80
32 2148 996 1152 1152 4103 $ 57.60 $ - $ - $ 57.60 $ 5,703.80 $ 5,761.40
33 4103 1123 2980 2980 2980 $ 149.00 $ - $ - $ 149.00 $ 5,761.40 $ 5,910.40
34 2980 855 2125 2125 2125 2974 $ 106.25 $ - $ 200.00 $ 306.25 $ 5,910.40 $ 6,216.65
35 2125 1035 1090 1090 4064 $ 54.50 $ - $ - $ 54.50 $ 6,216.65 $ 6,271.15
36 4064 1085 2979 2979 2979 $ 148.95 $ - $ - $ 148.95 $ 6,271.15 $ 6,420.10
37 2979 824 2155 2155 2155 2944 $ 107.75 $ - $ 200.00 $ 307.75 $ 6,420.10 $ 6,727.85
38 2155 941 1214 1214 4158 $ 60.70 $ - $ - $ 60.70 $ 6,727.85 $ 6,788.55
39 4158 883 3275 3275 3275 $ 163.75 $ - $ - $ 163.75 $ 6,788.55 $ 6,952.30
40 3275 828 2447 2447 2447 2652 $ 122.35 $ - $ 200.00 $ 322.35 $ 6,952.30 $ 7,274.65
41 2447 993 1454 1454 4106 $ 72.70 $ - $ - $ 72.70 $ 7,274.65 $ 7,347.35
42 4106 1008 3098 3098 3098 $ 154.90 $ - $ - $ 154.90 $ 7,347.35 $ 7,502.25
43 3098 852 2246 2246 2246 2853 $ 112.30 $ - $ 200.00 $ 312.30 $ 7,502.25 $ 7,814.55
44 2246 725 1521 1521 4374 $ 76.05 $ - $ - $ 76.05 $ 7,814.55 $ 7,890.60
45 4374 667 3707 3707 3707 $ 185.35 $ - $ - $ 185.35 $ 7,890.60 $ 8,075.95
46 3707 1015 2692 2692 2692 2407 $ 134.60 $ - $ 200.00 $ 334.60 $ 8,075.95 $ 8,410.55
47 2692 1167 1525 1525 3932 $ 76.25 $ - $ - $ 76.25 $ 8,410.55 $ 8,486.80
48 3932 878 3054 3054 3054 $ 152.70 $ - $ - $ 152.70 $ 8,486.80 $ 8,639.50
49 3054 824 2230 2230 2230 2869 $ 111.50 $ - $ 200.00 $ 311.50 $ 8,639.50 $ 8,951.00
50 2230 863 1367 1367 4236 $ 68.35 $ - $ - $ 68.35 $ 8,951.00 $ 9,019.35
51 4236 1085 3151 3151 3151 $ 157.55 $ - $ - $ 157.55 $ 9,019.35 $ 9,176.90
52 3151 1067 2084 2084 2084 3015 $ 104.20 $ - $ 200.00 $ 304.20 $ 9,176.90 $ 9,481.10
53 2084 930 1154 1154 4169 $ 57.70 $ - $ - $ 57.70 $ 9,481.10 $ 9,538.80
54 4169 1021 3148 3148 3148 $ 157.40 $ - $ - $ 157.40 $ 9,538.80 $ 9,696.20
55 3148 828 2320 2320 2320 2779 $ 116.00 $ - $ 200.00 $ 316.00 $ 9,696.20 $ 10,012.20
56 2320 724 1596 1596 4375 $ 79.80 $ - $ - $ 79.80 $ 10,012.20 $ 10,092.00
57 4375 987 3388 3388 3388 $ 169.40 $ - $ - $ 169.40 $ 10,092.00 $ 10,261.40
58 3388 737 2651 2651 2651 2448 $ 132.55 $ - $ 200.00 $ 332.55 $ 10,261.40 $ 10,593.95
59 2651 750 1901 1901 4349 $ 95.05 $ - $ - $ 95.05 $ 10,593.95 $ 10,689.00
60 4349 765 3584 3584 3584 $ 179.20 $ - $ - $ 179.20 $ 10,689.00 $ 10,868.20
Average 2219 3196.441 2882.5 $ 110.97 $ 2.41 $ 66.67 $ 181.17

Target
Inventory
Level 5099

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-31

TN 7. Wagner-Whitin (WW) Solution

Period Demand Lot Size End Inventory End Backorder Cum. Cost
1700
1 870 0 830 0 41.5
2 901 1733 1662 0 324.6
3 960 0 702 0 359.7
4 702 0 0 0 359.7
5 1068 3682 2614 0 690.4
6 975 0 1639 0 772.35
7 977 0 662 0 805.45
8 662 0 0 0 805.45
9 1147 2232 1085 0 1059.7
10 1085 0 0 0 1059.7
11 1041 2932 1891 0 1354.25
12 890 0 1001 0 1404.3
13 1001 0 0 0 1404.3
14 960 2617 1657 0 1687.15
15 863 0 794 0 1726.85
16 794 0 0 0 1726.85
17 1109 3097 1988 0 2026.25
18 948 0 1040 0 2078.25
19 1040 0 0 0 2078.25
20 1008 2797 1789 0 2367.7
21 961 0 828 0 2409.1
22 828 0 0 0 2409.1
23 764 2657 1893 0 2703.75
24 933 0 960 0 2751.75
25 960 0 0 0 2751.75
26 988 2983 1995 0 3051.5
27 1028 0 967 0 3099.85
28 967 0 0 0 3099.85
29 918 2951 2033 0 3401.5
30 965 0 1068 0 3454.9
31 1068 0 0 0 3454.9
32 996 2974 1978 0 3753.8
33 1123 0 855 0 3796.55
34 855 0 0 0 3796.55
35 1035 2944 1909 0 4092
36 1085 0 824 0 4133.2
37 824 0 0 0 4133.2
38 941 2652 1711 0 4418.75
39 883 0 828 0 4460.149
40 828 0 0 0 4460.149
41 993 2853 1860 0 4753.149
42 1008 0 852 0 4795.75
43 852 0 0 0 4795.75
44 725 2407 1682 0 5079.85
45 667 0 1015 0 5130.6
46 1015 0 0 0 5130.6
47 1167 3732 2565 0 5458.85
48 878 0 1687 0 5543.2
49 824 0 863 0 5586.35
50 863 0 0 0 5586.35
51 1085 3082 1997 0 5886.2
52 1067 0 930 0 5932.7
53 930 0 0 0 5932.7
54 1021 2573 1552 0 6210.3
55 828 0 724 0 6246.5
56 724 0 0 0 6246.5
57 987 3239 2252 0 6559.1
58 737 0 1515 0 6634.85
59 750 0 765 0 6673.1
60 765 0 0 0 6673.1
Average 902.3 973.9

Minimum Total Cost 6673.10

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9-32 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

CASE: PARTS EMPORIUM

A. Synopsis
This case describes the problems facing Sue McCaskey, the new materials manager of a
wholesale distributor of auto parts. She seeks ways to cut the bloated inventories while
improving customer service. Back orders with excessive lost sales are all too frequent.
Inventories were much higher than expected when the new facility was built, even
though sales have not increased. Summary data on inventory statistics, such as
inventory turns, are not available. McCaskey decides to begin with a sample of two
products to uncover the nature of the problems—the EG151 exhaust gasket and the
DB032 drive belt.

B. Purpose
The purpose of this case is to allow the student to put together a plan, using either a
continuous review system (Q system) or a periodic review system (P system), for two
inventory SKUs. Enough information is available to determine the EOQ and R for a
continuous review system (or P and T for a periodic review system). Because stockouts
are costly relative to inventory holding costs, a 95% cycle-service level is
recommended. Inventory holding costs are 21% of the value of each item (expressed at
cost). The ordering costs ($20 for exhaust gaskets and $10 for drive belts) should not be
increased to include charges for making customer deliveries. These charges are
independent of the inventory replenishment at the warehouse and are reflected in the
pricing policy.

C. Analysis
We now find appropriate policies for a Q system, beginning with the exhaust gasket. Shown
here are the calculations of the EOQ and R, followed by a cost comparison between this
continuous review system and the one now being used. The difference is what can be
realized by a better inventory control system. Reducing lost sales due to back orders is surely
the biggest benefit.
1. EG151 Exhaust Gasket
a. New plan
Begin by estimating annual demand and the variability in the demand during the
lead time for this first item. Working with the weekly demands for the first 21
weeks of this year and assuming 52 business weeks per year, we find the EOQ
as follows:
Weekly demand average = 102 gaskets/week
Annual demand (D) = 102(52) = 5304 gaskets
Holding cost = $1.85 per gasket per year (or 0.21 × 0.68 × $12.99)
Ordering cost = $20 per order

EOQ = 2 (5,304 )($20 ) $1.85 = 339 gaskets

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Inventory Management • CHAPTER 9 • 9-33

Turning to R, the Normal Distribution appendix shows that a 95% cycle-service

level corresponds to a z = 1.65. We then use the EG151 data to find the standard
deviation of demand.
Standard deviation in weekly demand ( σ d ) = 2.86 gaskets
Standard deviation in demand during lead time σ dLT = 2.86 2 = 4.04
R = Average demand during the lead time + Safety stock
= 2(102) + 1.65(4.04) = 210.66, or 211 gaskets
b. Cost comparison
After developing their plan, students can compare its annual cost with what
would be experienced with current policies.
Cost Category Current Plan Proposed Plan
Ordering cost $707 $313
Holding cost (cycle inventory) 139 314
TOTAL $846 $627
The total of these two costs for the gasket is reduced by 26 percent (from $846 to
$627) per year. The safety stock with the proposed plan may be higher than the
current plan, if the reason for the excess back orders is that no safety stock is now
being held (inaccurate inventory records or a faulty replenishment system are other
explanations). We cannot determine the safety stock level (if any) in the current
system. The extra cost of safety stock for the proposed system is minimal,
however. Only seven gaskets are being proposed as safety stock, and their
annual holding cost is just another $1.85(7) = $12.95.
Surely the lost sales due to back orders are substantial with the current plan and
will be much less with the proposed plan. One symptom of such losses is that 11
units are on back order in week 21. A lost sale costs a minimum of $4.16 per
gasket (0.32. × $12.99). If 10 percent of annual sales were lost with the current
policy, this cost would be $4.16(0.10)(5,304) = $2,206 per year. Such a loss
would be much reduced with the 95% cycle-service level implemented with the
proposed plan.

2. DB032 Drive Belt

a. New plan
The following demand estimates are based on weeks 13 through 21. Weeks 11
and 12 are excluded from the analysis because the new product’s start-up makes
them unrepresentative. We find the EOQ as follows:
Weekly demand average = 52 belts/week
Annual demand (D) = 52(52) = 2704 belts
Holding cost $0.97 per belt per year (or 0.21 × 0.52 × $8.89)
Ordering cost $10 per order
EOQ = 2 ( 2,704 )($10 ) $0.97 = 236 gaskets
Turning now to R, where z remains at 1.65, we use the data in the DB032 table
to find:
Standard deviation in weekly demand ( σ d ) = 1.76 belts
Standard deviation in demand during lead time σ dLT = 1.76 3 = 3.05 belts
R = Average demand during the lead time + Safety stock

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9-34 • PART 2 • Managing Customer Demand

= 3(52) + 1.65(3.05) = 161.03, or 161 belts

b. Cost comparison
After developing their plan, students again can compare the cost for the belts
with what would be experienced with current policies.
Cost Category Current Plan Proposed Plan
Ordering cost $ 27 $115
Holding cost (cycle inventory) 485 114
TOTAL $512 $229
With the belt, the total of these two costs is reduced by 55 percent. The safety
stock with the proposed plan may be higher than the current system, as with the
gaskets, but added cost for safety stock is only $0.97(5) = $4.85.
The big cost once again is the lost sales due to back orders with the current plan. A
lost sale costs a minimum of $4.27 per belt (0.48 × $8.89). If 10 percent of annual
sales were lost, the cost with the current policy would be
$4.27(0.10)(2,704) = $1,155. Such a loss would be much less with the 95% cycle-
service level implemented with the proposed plan.

D. Recommendations
For the gasket, the recommendation is to implement a continuous review system with
Q = 339 and R = 211. For the belt, the recommendation is to implement a continuous
review system with Q = 236 and R = 161.

E. Teaching Strategy
This case can be used as a “cold-call” case or as a short case prepared in advance of the
class meeting. If used without prior student preparation, it works best as a team
assignment. Each team can have a different assignment (P or Q system, gasket or belt).
When used as a cold-call case and time is a concern, the instructor should provide the
mean and standard deviation of the weekly demand for the two products.
Begin with a general discussion of how to do the analysis and then work through the
analysis. If done with teams, give each time to follow through. After the teams develop
their policies, have them make the cost comparison. It brings back the fundamental
notions of cycle inventory and ordering costs that were introduced in this Inventory
Management chapter. The discussion at the end can broaden into other issues, such as
applying the notion of inventory levers and the use of systems other than a Q system to
control inventories.
If time permits, the instructor can have the class hand-simulate their policies, using the
actual demand data in the first 21 weeks of this year for the gaskets and the last 9 weeks
of this year for the belts. Use a form to record the simulation, either as a handout or
transparency. The starting conditions on back orders, scheduled receipts, and on-hand
inventory can be what is mentioned in the case for week 21.

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