http://dx.doi.org/10.

1090/surv/092

Selected Titles in This Series

92 Nikolai K. Nikolski, Operators, functions, and systems: An easy reading. Volume 1:
Hardy, Hankel, and Toeplitz, 2002
91 Richard M o n t g o m e r y , A tour of subriemannian geometries, their geodesies and
applications, 2002
90 Christian Gerard and Izabella Laba, Multiparticle quantum scattering in constant
magnetic fields, 2002
89 Michel Ledoux, The concentration of measure phenomenon, 2001
88 Edward Frenkel and D a v i d Ben-Zvi, Vertex algebras and algebraic curves, 2001
87 B r u n o Poizat, Stable groups, 2001
86 S t a n l e y N . Burris, Number theoretic density and logical limit laws, 2001
85 V . A . Kozlov, V . G. Maz'ya, and J. R o s s m a n n , Spectral problems associated with
corner singularities of solutions to elliptic equations, 2001
84 Laszlo Fuchs and Luigi Salce, Modules over non-Noetherian domains, 2001
83 Sigurdur Helgason, Groups and geometric analysis: Integral geometry, invariant
differential operators, and spherical functions, 2000
82 G o r o Shimura, Arithmeticity in the theory of automorphic forms, 2000
81 Michael E. Taylor, Tools for PDE: Pseudodifferential operators, paradifferential
operators, and layer potentials, 2000
80 Lindsay N . Childs, Taming wild extensions: Hopf algebras and local Galois module
theory, 2000
79 J o s e p h A. C i m a and W i l l i a m T . R o s s , The backward shift on the Hardy space, 2000
78 Boris A . K u p e r s h m i d t , KP or mKP : Noncommutative mathematics of Lagrangian,
Hamiltonian, and integrable systems, 2000
77 Fumio Hiai and D e n e s P e t z , The semicircle law, free random variables and entropy,
2000
76 Frederick P. Gardiner and Nikola Lakic, Quasiconformal Teichmiiller theory, 2000
75 G r e g Hjorth, Classification and orbit equivalence relations, 2000
74 Daniel W . Stroock, An introduction to the analysis of paths on a Riemannian manifold,
2000
73 J o h n Locker, Spectral theory of non-self-adjoint two-point differential operators, 2000
72 Gerald Teschl, Jacobi operators and completely integrable nonlinear lattices, 1999
71 Lajos P u k a n s z k y , Characters of connected Lie groups, 1999
70 C a r m e n Chicone and Yuri Latushkin, Evolution semigroups in dynamical systems
and differential equations, 1999
69 C. T. C. Wall (A. A. Ranicki, E d i t o r ) , Surgery on compact manifolds, second edition,
1999
68 D a v i d A . C o x and S h e l d o n K a t z , Mirror symmetry and algebraic geometry, 1999
67 A . Borel and N . Wallach, Continuous cohomology, discrete subgroups, and
representations of reductive groups, second edition, 2000
66 Y u . Ilyashenko and W e i g u Li, Nonlocal bifurcations, 1999
65 Carl Faith, Rings and things and a fine array of twentieth century associative algebra,
1999
64 R e n e A . C a r m o n a and Boris Rozovskii, Editors, Stochastic partial differential
equations: Six perspectives, 1999
63 Mark H o v e y , Model categories, 1999
62 V l a d i m i r I. B o g a c h e v , Gaussian measures, 1998
61 W . Norrie Everitt and Lawrence M a r k u s , Boundary value problems and symplectic
algebra for ordinary differential and quasi-differential operators, 1999
(Continued in the back of this publication)
Mathematical
Surveys
and
Monographs

Volume 92

Operators, Functions,
and Systems:
An Easy Reading
Volume I:
Hardy, Hankel, and Toeplitz

Nikolai K. Nikolski

Translated by
Andreas Hartmann

American Mathematical Society

 Editorial Board
Peter Landweber Tudor Ratiu
Michael Loss, Chair J. T . Stafford

Based on a series of lecture notes, in French,

Universite de B o r d e a u x , 1991-1995.
T r a n s l a t e d by A N D R E A S H A R T M A N N a n d greatly revised by t h e a u t h o r

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47-02, 30-02, 93-02,

30D55, 47B35, 47A45, 93B05, 93C05.

ABSTRACT. The book joins four formally distant topics of analysis and its applications: Volume
1 contains 1) Hardy classes of holomorphic functions, 2) Spectral theory of Hankel and Toeplitz
operators, and Volume 2 contains 3) Function models for linear operators on a Hilbert space
and free interpolation, and 4) Infinite-dimensional system theory and signal processing. Beyond
standard topics covered by these titles, it includes elements of maximal functions, Littlewood-Paley
techniques, the Riemann zeta-function, Wiener filtering (all in Volume 1), as well as moment
problems, reproducing kernel spaces, Schatten-von Neumann ideals, stationary processes, best
rational approximations, similarity theory, and controllability with the least control operators (in
Volume 2).

Library of Congress C a t a l o g i n g - i n - P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a
Nikol'skii, N. K. (Nikolai Kapitonovich)
Operators, functions, and systems : an easy reading / Nikolai K. Nikolski ; [translated by
Andreas Hartmann and greatly revised by the author],
p. cm. — (Mathematical surveys and monographs, ISSN 0076-5376 ; v. 92)
Contents: v. 1. Hardy, Hankel, and Toeplitz
ISBN 0-8218-1083-9 (v. 1 : alk. paper)
1. Operator theory. 2. Harmonic analysis. 3. Control theory. I. Title. II. Mathematical
surveys and monographs ; no. 92.

QA329 .N55 2002

515 / .724—dc21 2001053556

C o p y i n g and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries

acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy a chapter for use
in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in
reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given.
Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication
is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Requests for such
permission should be addressed to the Assistant to the Publisher, American Mathematical Society,
P. O. Box 6248, Providence, Rhode Island 02940-6248. Requests can also be made by e-mail to
reprint-permissionOams.org.
© 2002 by the American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.
The American Mathematical Society retains all rights
except those granted to the United States Government.
Printed in the United States of America.
@ The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Visit the AMS home page at URL: http://www.ams.org/
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 07 06 05 04 03 02
 A Few Words about the Book

W H A T THIS BOOK IS ABOUT

The book represents a mixture of harmonic and complex analysis with operator
theory. The interplay between these disciplines is one of the most significant features
of the second half of Twentieth century mathematics. It gave rise to several jewels
of analysis, such as the theory of singular integral operators, Toeplitz operators,
mathematical scattering theory, Sz.-Nagy-Foias model theory, the L. de Branges
proof of the Bieberbach conjecture, as well as solving the principal interpolation
problems in complex analysis and discovering the structural properties of function
spaces (from Besov to Bergman).

The principal ingredients of the book are clear from the Contents and Subject
Index, and indeed a simple list of key words tells more than long explanations.
Without reproducing these lists nor the introductions to the four parts A, B, C,
and D of the book, I would like give an abridged list of my favorite subjects, ordered
by their appearance in the book:

Hardy classes
The Hilbert transformation
Weighted polynomial approximation
Cyclicity phenomena
Maximal and Littlewood-Paley functions
The Marcinkiewicz weak type interpolation
Wiener filtering theory
Riemann £ function
Hankel operators: spectral theory, Feller's theory, moment problems
Reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces
Schatten-von Neumann operator ideals
Toeplitz operators
The operator corona problem
Spectral theory of normal operators
Sz.-Nagy-Foias function model
Von Neumann inequalities
Carleson and generalized free interpolations
Theory of spectral multiplicities
Elements of semigroup theory
Classical control theory of dynamical systems
Bases of exponentials on intervals of the real line
Elements of the H°° control theory
 A F E W WORDS ABOUT THE BOOK

STYLE

I have tried to follow the logic of the above subjects as I understand it. As
a consequence, this book is neither a function theory monograph, nor an opera-
tor theory manual. It is a treatise on operator-based function theory, or, if you
prefer, function-based operator theory. As in my previous book "Treatise on the
shift operator" (Springer, 1986) I have in mind a picture close to mathematical
reality, where the most interesting and important facts take part of several disci-
plines simultaneously. This is why the way in which things proceed in this book is
sometimes different from the appoved didactic style of presentation, when, first of
all, background materials should be developed (even if you will need it 300 pages
later...), then you go to the next preparatory level, and so on.
Here, new concepts and auxiliary materials appear when they are needed to
continue the main theme. This theme is developed as theory of functions on the
circle group and of operators acting on them, starting with the basic shift oper-
ator, then passing to stationary filtering, and Hankel and Toeplitz operators as
compressions of the multiplication operators. Next, we arrive at the model theory
for Hilbert space operators as (advanced) compressions of the same shift operator,
and, finally, all this machinery is brought together to control dynamical systems.
Therefore, taken as a style to telling mathematics, this is more a passion or a tale
of mental intrigue than a rationally arranged catalog of facts.
It is also worth mentioning that this book has its origins in four courses I
gave in 1992-1996 to graduate students in the University of Bordeaux, Prance.
Although the courses were considerably extended when preparing this book, the
text, perhaps, preserves the flavor of interaction with the audience: sometimes I
repeat some notions or ideas already stated some tens (or hundreds...) of pages
earlier to remind the reader of something what he may have forgotten from the last
course.

BACKGROUND

As it is clear from the preceding lines, the book can be read by anyone having
a standard analysis background: Lebesgue measure, Lp spaces, elements of Fourier
series and Fourier transforms (the Plancherel theorem), elementary holomorphic
functions, Stone-Weierstrass theorem, Hilbert and Banach spaces, reflexivity, the
Hahn-Banach theorem, compactness, and so on.

FORMAL STRUCTURE

Parts A and B form the first volume of the book, and parts C and D form the
second. Formally speaking, parts A, B, C and D are (reasonably) independent of
each other in the sense that, for example, I may employ in part B some results of
parts A, C, or D, but in the same way that I use (rarely) results from some exterior
basic monographs.
The Parts are divided into chapters; there are 25 in the book. All chapters
but one contain two special sections: Exercises and Further Results, and Notes and
Remarks. These are important and inseparable parts of the book. To illustrate, the
 A F E W WORDS ABOUT T H E BOOK vii

book contains 1428 propositions conventionally called theorems, lemmas, corollar-

ies, and exercises. For Exercises and Further Results, the proofs are called "hints",
and while they are shorter they still contain all the principal ingredients to under-
stand the proof. All exercises were tested by a team of volunteer readers whose
names are listed below (there were no casualties...). Some (rare) facts included in
exercises and not proved are marked by asterisk *.
Sections Notes and Remarks usually contain surveys of the rest of the theory
presented in the main body of the corresponding chapter.
Reference A.a.(3.7 means subsection a.^.7 of Part A; a./? means section /? of
chapter a of the Part where you are; a./3/y(3) means point (3) of subsection a./3/y,
etc. Sign D indicates the end of a proof or a reasoning.

THE READER AND THE AUTHOR

As it is clear from the subtitle of the book, I expect that some readers are
novices, graduate or undergraduate students, possessing the needed knowledge in-
dicated above. It is also supposed that some readers are experts. Well, I shall be
rewarded if there is at least one. In this case, and also anticipating the inevitable
reproaches as to why I selected such and such subjects and not others, I permit
myself to quote (in my translation from Russian) a great philologist, an expert of
texts as such.

"The answers books give us are to questions that are not exactly the same as
the author set before himself, but to those that we are able to raise ourselves... The
books encircle us like mirrors, in which we see only our own reflexion; the reason
why it is, perhaps, not everywhere the same is because all these mirrors are curved,
each in its own way."
M.L. Gasparov
"Philology as morality"

W H A T IS MISSED

Of course, I do not intend to list here the rest of mathematics but just to men-
tion explicitly some border subjects that could have been included but were not.
These are (without any ordering) extremal problems of complex analysis (start-
ing from results of S.Ya. Khavinson and H. Shapiro in the 1960's); the problems of
harmonic analysis-synthesis (from L. Schwartz and B. Malgrange of the 1950's); in-
variant sub spaces, from the existence problem in a Hilbert space, up to (more impor-
tant) classification problems for concrete operators (including descriptions of closed
ideals in algebras of holomorphic functions); singular integral models for hypo-
and semi-normal operators; scattering; univalent functions via quasi-orthogonal
decompositions; realization theory; operator valued constrained interpolation, and
some other themes. I have no better way to excuse these omissions than to fol-
low E. Beckenbach and R. Bellman who quoted the following verses (for a similar
purpose):

Oh, the little more, and how much it is!

And the little less, and what worlds away!
R. Browning (Saul.st.39)
Vlll A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE BOOK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Several people read preliminary versions of the book and gave me their opinions,
both mathematical and technical, especially by testing numerous exercises. For this
I am greatly indebted to E. Abakumov, A. Aleksandrov, A. Baranov, A. Borichev,
M. Gamal, V. Kapustin, S. Kislyakov, S. Shimorin, V. Vasyunin, P. Vitse. Also, I
appreciate the time spent by my colleages A. Borichev, A. Hartmann and S. Kupin
in helping me verify the reference list.
It has happened that a rather big part of this book, being lecture notes of my
Bordeaux courses, was written in French, excepting some more recent additions.
This part of the text was carefully translated into English by Andreas Hartmann,
whose work essentially surpassed the simple translation including several construc-
tive mathematical criticisms. I am very grateful to him for this work, as well as
to Th.V. Pedersen for reading the translation and to D. Sherman for occasional
advice.
My own function for completing preliminary lecture notes up to a self-contained
book largely surpassed in time all predicted limits. During all these long months,
my wife Ludmila steadily bore this somewhat rash enterprise, and all in all what is
done bears the mark of her support.
I am also grateful to the publisher, the American Mathematical Society, for
including the book in this series, and for having much patience during entire period
of my work and enough flexibility at the moment when it became clear that the
result would double the predicted size.

July 23, 2001

Gradignan
 Contents

A Few Words about the Book v

Volume 1: Hardy, Hankel and Toeplitz

Part A. An Invitation to Hardy Classes 1

Chapter 1. Invariant Subspaces of L2(fi) 7

1.1. Basic Definitions 7
1.2. Doubly Invariant Subspaces 8
1.3. Simply Invariant Subspaces, the Case fi = m 9
1.4. Inner Functions. A Uniqueness Theorem 10
1.5. Invariant Subspaces of L 2 (//): the General Case 10
1.6. Exercises and Further Results 13
1.7. Notes and Remarks 17

Chapter 2. First Applications 21

2.1. Straightforward Corollaries 21
2.2. The Problem of Weighted Polynomial Approximation 22
2.3. A Probabilistic Interpretation 23
2.4. The Inner-Outer Factorization 23
2.5. Arithmetic of Inner Functions 24
2.6. A Characterization of Outer Functions 25
2.7. Szego Infimum and the Riesz Brothers' Theorem 25
2.8. Exercises and Further Results 27
2.9. Notes and Remarks 28

Chapter 3. Hp Classes. Canonical Factorization 31

3.1. The Main Definition 31
3.2. Straightforward Properties 32
3.3. A Digression on Convolutions and Fourier series 32
3.4. Identifying HP(B) and H? 34
3.5. Jensen's Formula and Jensen's Inequality 35
3.6. The Boundary Uniqueness Theorem 36
3.7. Blaschke Products 37
3.8. Nontangential Boundary Limits 39
3.9. The Riesz-Smirnov Canonical Factorization 41
3.10. Approximation by inner functions and Blaschke products 44
3.11. Vector valued iiP-spaces and the Fatou theorem 46
3.12. Exercises and Further Results 54
3.13. Notes and Remarks 57
x CONTENTS

Chapter 4. Szego Infimum, and Generalized Phragmen-Lindelof Principle 65

4.1. Szego Infimum and Weighted Polynomial Approximation 65
4.2. How to Recognize an Outer Function 67
4.3. Locally Outer Functions 68
4.4. The Smirnov Class V 72
4.5. A Conformally Invariant Framework 72
4.6. The Generalized Phragmen-Lindelof Principle 73
4.7. Classical Examples 74
4.8. Exercises and Further Results 75
4.9. Notes and Remarks 87

Chapter 5. Harmonic Analysis in L 2 (T,/x) 93

5.1. Generalized Fourier Series 93
5.2. Bases of Exponentials in L 2 (T, JJL) 96
5.3. Harmonic Conjugates 98
5.4. The Helson-Szego Theorem 99
5.5. An Example 102
5.6. Comments 103
5.7. Exercises and Further Results 104
5.8. Notes and Remarks 129

Chapter 6. Transfer to the Half-Plane 143

6.1. A Unitary Mapping from LP(T) to D>(R) 143
6.2. Cauchy Kernels and Fourier Transforms 144
6.3. The Hardy Spaces H^ = ffp(C+) 144
6.4. Canonical Factorization and Other Properties 147
6.5. Invariant Subspaces 148
6.6. Exercises and Further Results 150
6.7. Notes and Remarks 151

Chapter 7. Time-Invariant Filtering 153

7.1. The Language of Signal Processing 153
7.2. Frequency Characteristics of Causal Filters 154
7.3. Design Problems (Filter Synthesis) 155
7.4. Inverse Analysis Problems, or How to Tackle a Filter 157
7.5. Exercises and Further Results 159
7.6. Notes and Remarks 160

Chapter 8. Distance Formulae and Zeros of the Riemann ^-Function 163

8.1. Distance Functions 163
8.2. Zeros and Singular Measures via Distance Functions 165
8.3. Localization of Zeros of the Riemann ^-Function 166
8.4. Invariant Subspaces Related to the ("-Function 169
8.5. Exercises and Further Results 170
8.6. Notes and Remarks 171

Part B. Hankel and Toeplitz Operators 173

Chapter 1. Hankel Operators and Their Symbols 179

1.1. Hankel Matrices and Hankel Operators 179
 CONTENTS xi

1.2. The Hardy Space Representation 180

1.3. Symbols of Hankel Operators and the Nehari Theorem 181
1.4. Two Proofs of the Nehari Theorem 182
1.5. An appendix on Hilbert space operators 186
1.6. Exercises and Further Results 188
1.7. What is a Hankel operator? A brief survey 195
1.8. Notes and Remarks 205

Chapter 2. Compact Hankel Operators 211

2.1. Essential Norm and the Calkin Algebra 211
2.2. The Adamyan-Arov-Krein Version of Hartman's Theorem 212
2.3. The algebras H°° + C and QC, and Compact Commutators 214
2.4. Invariant Subspaces and Kronecker's Theorem 216
2.5. Exercises and Further Results 218
2.6. Notes and Remarks 224

Chapter 3. Applications to Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation 227

3.1. Model Operators 227
3.2. Schur and Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation 231
3.3. Structure of Interpolating Functions and Rational Approximations 233
3.4. Exercises and Further Results 236
3.5. Notes and Remarks 239

Chapter 4. Essential Spectrum. The First Step: Elements of Toeplitz

Operators 243
4.1. Definition and Existence of the Symbol 243
4.2. Spectral Inclusions 246
4.3. The Fundamental Inversion Theorem 249
4.4. A Local Theory of Semicommutators 252
4.5. Fredholm Theory of the Toeplitz Algebra alg7#°o+c< 256
4.6. Wiener-Hopf and Hankel Operators on the Real Line 261
4.7. Exercises and Further Results 262
4.8. Notes and Remarks 269

Chapter 5. Essential Spectrum. The Second Step: The Hilbert Matrix and
Other Hankel Operators 281
5.1. Piecewise Continuous Functions 281
5.2. The Schur Test 282
5.3. The Hilbert Matrix 283
5.4. The Main Theorem on the Essential Spectrum 288
5.5. Essentially Quasi-Nilpotent, and Essentially Self-Adjoint Hankel
Operators, and Other Corollaries 292
5.6. Exercises and Further Results 293
5.7. Notes and Remarks 302

Chapter 6. Hankel and Toeplitz Operators Associated

with Moment Problems 309
6.1. The Power Moment Problem 309
6.2. Hankel Operators Associated with a Measure 311
6.3. An Integral representation 314
xii CONTENTS

6.4. The Trigonometric Moment Problem and Positive Toeplitz Forms 315
6.5. Exercises and Further Results 316
6.6. Notes and Remarks 324
Chapter 7. Singular Numbers of Hankel Operators 331
7.1. The Schmidt Decomposition 331
7.2. The Basic Adamyan-Arov-Krein Theorem 333
7.3. Multiplicative Properties of s-Functions 336
7.4. An Application to Interpolation by Meromorphic Functions:
The Schur-Takagi Problem 337
7.5. Exercises and Further Results 338
7.6. Notes and Remarks 346
Chapter 8. Trace Class Hankel Operators 351
8.1. The Main Theorem. Connection with Rational Approximation 351
8.2. Information about Besov Classes 352
8.3. Information about the Class ©i 354
8.4. An Integral Representation and the Proof of Peller's Theorem 355
8.5. Another Approach to Trace Class Hankel Operators 359
8.6. Hilbert-Schmidt and Other Schatten-von Neumann Classes © p 360
8.7. Exercises and Further Results 361
8.8. Notes and Remarks 372
Chapter 9. Inverse Spectral Problems, Stochastic Processes and One-Sided
Invertibility 377
9.1. Inverse Spectral Problems for Hankel Operators 377
9.2. One-sided Invertibility of Toeplitz Operators and the
Operator Corona Problem 385
9.3. Exercises and Further Results 393
9.4. Notes and Remarks 396
Bibliography 401
Author Index 441

Subject Index 447

Symbol Index 459
 CONTENTS

Volume 2: Model Operators and Systems

Part C. Model Operators and Free Interpolation

Chapter 1. The Basic Function Model
1.1. Unitary Dilations
1.2. Functional Embeddings and The Characteristic Function
1.3. The Function Model and Its Transcriptions
1.4. Models for Certain Accretive and Dissipative Operators
1.5. Exercises and Further Results
1.6. Notes and Remarks

Chapter 2. Elements of Spectral Theory in the Language of the Characteristic

Function
2.1. Invariant Subspaces
2.2. The #°°-Functional Calculus
2.3. The Class Co, Minimal Annihilators, and the Spectrum of Me
2.4. The Commutant Lifting Theorem
2.5. Exercises and Further Results
2.6. Notes and Remarks
Chapter 3. Decompositions in Invariant Subspaces and Free Interpolation
3.1. Unconditional Bases
3.2. Generalized Free Interpolation
3.3. Exercises and Further Results
3.4. Notes and Remarks

Part D . Analytic Problems in Linear Systems Control

Chapter 1. Basic Theory
1.1. The Main Formula
1.2. Basic Observations about Controllability
1.3. Basic Criteria for ACO, ECO, and NCO
1.4. Stable Systems
1.5. An Example: Heating of a Metal Bar
1.6. Exercises and Further Results
1.7. Notes and Remarks
Chapter 2. First Optimizations: Multiplicity of the Spectrum and the DISC
2.1. The Least Dimension of Controlling Subspaces
2.2. Reduction to Bounded Operators
2.3. Some Properties of the Multiplicity of the Spectrum
2.4. The Minimal Dimension of Constrained (Realizable) Control
2.5. Exercises and Further Results
2.6. Notes and Remarks
Chapter 3. Eigenvector Decompositions, Vector Valued Exponentials, and
Squared Optimization
3.1. Examples of Parabolic and Hyperbolic Systems
3.2. Complete Generators
3.3. Riesz Bases and Exact Controllability
XIV CONTENTS

3.4. Generalized Controllability and Renormalizations

3.5. Null Controllability (NCO)
3.6. Weak Controllability
3.7. Squared (Energy) Optimization
3.8. Control at Time r = oo and Interpolation in H2
3.9. Notes and Remarks
Chapter 4. A Glance at Bases of Exponentials and of Reproducing Kernels
4.1. Small Perturbations of Harmonic Frequencies
4.2. Bases of Exponentials on the Half-Line
4.3. Bases of Exponentials on Finite Intervals
4.4. Bases of Reproducing Kernels in Model Spaces
4.5. Back to Exponentials
4.6. A Levinson Completeness Theorem
4.7. Exercises and Further Results
4.8. Notes and Remarks
Chapter 5. A Brief Introduction to H°° Control
5.1. Input-Output Maps and Transfer Functions
5.2. Noise Minimization, Feedback Control, and Sensitivity
5.3. Remarks on Robust Stabilization
5.4. Scattering Type Input-Output and Hankel Operators
5.5. Remarks on Finite Dimensional Systems
5.6. Exercises and Further Results
5.7. Notes and Remarks
 Bibliography

[Abl] E.V. ABAKUMOV, Inverse spectral problem for finite rank Hankel operators, Zapiski
Nauchn. Semin. POMI, 217 (1994), 5-15 (Russian); English transl.: J. Math. Sci. (New
York), 85 (1997), no. 2, 1759-1766.
[Ab2] Cyclicity and approximation by lacunary power series, Michigan Math. J., 42
(1995), 277-299.
[Ab3] Essais sur les operateurs de Hankel et la capacite d'approximation des series
lacunaires, Thesis, Univ. Bordeaux, 1994.
[AbB] E.V. ABAKUMOV AND A.A. BORICHEV, Shift invariant subspaces with arbitrary indices
in weighted lvA spaces, preprint, 1998.
[AbrKr] M.B. ABRAHAMSE AND T . L . K R I E T E , The spectral multiplicity of a multiplication oper-
ator, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 22 (1972/73), 845-857.
[AAKl] V.M. ADAMYAN, D.Z. ARO AND M.G. KREIN, On infinite Hankel matrices and the gen-
eralized problems of Caratheodory-Fejer and F. Riesz, Funkcional. Analiz i Prilozhen.,
2 (1968), 1-19 (Russian); English transl.: Functional. Anal. Appl. 2 (1968), 1-18.
[AAK2] On bounded operators commuting with a contraction of class Coo having non-
unitarity rank 1, Funkcional. Analiz i Prilozhen., 3 (1969), 86-87 (Russian); English
transl.: Functional. Anal. Appl. 3 (1969), 242-243.
[AAK3] Infinite Hankel block matrices and related problems of extension, Izvestia Akad.
Nauk Armyan. SSR Ser. Mat., 6 (1971), 87-112 (Russian); English transl.: Amer. Math.
Soc, Translat., II. Ser. I l l (1978) 133-156.
[AAK4] Analytic properties of Schmidt pairs of a Hankel operator and the generalized
Schur-Takagi problem, Matem. Sbornik, 86 (128) (1971), 33-73 (Russian); English
transl.: Math. USSR Sbornik, 15 (1971), 31-73.
[Agl] J. AGLER, The Arveson extension theorem and coanalytic models, Integral Eq. and
Oper. Theory, 5 (1982), 608-631.
[Ag2] Some interpolation theorems of Nevanlinna-Pick type, preprint, 1989.
[Ag3] Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation on Sobolev space, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 108
(1990), 341-351.
[Ag4] On the representation of certain holomorphic functions defined on a polydisc,
pp. 47-66 in: Operator Theory: Adv. and Appl., 48, Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel, 1990.
[AY] J. AGLER AND N.J. YOUNG, A converse to a theorem of Adamyan, Arov, and Krein,
J. Amer. Math. Soc. 12 (1999), no. 2, 305-333.
[Agm] S. AGMON, Sur un probleme de translations, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 229 (1949), no. 11,
540-542.
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 Author Index

Abakumov, viii, 18, 83, 90, 295, 305, 306, Beckenbach, vii
396 Bellman, vii
Adamyan, 183, 205, 207, 213, 217, 224, 225, Bercovici, 18, 19, 29, 171
241, 333, 337, 348, 349 Berenstein, 89
Agler, 241 Berg, 325, 326, 374
Aizenberg, 60 Bergh, 138
Akhiezer, 75, 77, 87, 140, 240, 325, 326, Bergman, 18, 326
329, 374 Bernstein, 77, 87
Aleksandrov, viii, 18, 20, 83, 90, 136, 137, Besov, 374
139, 141, 194, 207, 208 Beurling, 9, 14, 17-19, 29, 58, 89, 141, 171,
Aleman, 16, 18, 19 216
Allan, 390, 391, 399 Bhatia, 349, 350
Alpay, 326, 327 Bishop, 398
Amar, 327 Blasco, 62, 135, 210
Anderson, 374 Bloomfeld, 396
Ando, 327, 349 Boas, 91, 347
Apostol, 18 Bochner, 325, 326, 390, 399
Arakelian, 61 Bonami, 269, 278, 327
Arazy, 364, 373, 375 Bonsall, 196, 204, 220, 224, 225, 241, 273
Arendt, 61 Boole, 137
Arocena, 204 Borel, 141
Aronszajn, 18, 317-320, 326, 327 Borichev, viii, 18, 77, 78, 87, 90, 162
Arov, 183, 205, 207, 213, 217, 224, 225, Bottcher, 224, 225, 265, 269-272, 274-277
241, 333, 337, 348, 349 Bourgain, 119, 134, 137, 139, 193, 208, 209
Arsene, 205 Bram, 75, 89
Arveson, 208, 278, 347, 385, 398 Bratteli, 194
Atkinson, 329 Bridges, 398
Avetisyan, 375 Brodskii, 62
Avram, 277 Brown, 139, 141, 269, 270
Axler, 131, 198, 202, 222, 224, 225, 254, Browning, vii
268, 271, 301, 302, 374 Brudnyi, 374
Bruna, 269, 278
Babenko, 130 Bukhvalov, 62, 134
Bachelis, 347 Burbea, 240
Badea, 209 Burkholder, 134
Baez-Duarte, 171 Butz, 305, 348, 349
Bagemihl, 59
Balazard, 171 Cantor, 306
Ball, 161, 204, 239-241, 329 Caratheodory, 237, 239, 324
Banach, 94, 100, 139 Carleman, 141, 341, 350
Baranov, viii Carleson, 115, 130, 137, 140, 156, 162, 388,
Baratchart, 60 397
Ban, 104, 140 Cassier, 209
Barth, 59 Chang, 224, 225, 254, 268, 271, 272
Baumgartel, 306 Christensen, 325, 326
Baxter, 276 Cima, 20, 60, 90
Beatrous, 240 Clancey, 270, 275

441
442 AUTHOR INDEX

Clark, 136, 278, 300, 307, 349 Foias, 18, 19, 61, 85, 88, 151, 161, 171, 205,
Coburn, 224, 258, 269, 272, 274 208, 230, 239-241, 385, 398
Cohen, 398 Frazho, 161, 205, 239-241
Cohn, 139, 201 Fredholm, 342
Coifman, 131, 132, 135, 138, 140, 360, 363, Fricain, 171
372, 374, 375 Friedrichs, 129
Cole, 241 Frobenius, 301
Collingwood, 59 Frost man, 45, 58, 61
Conway, 17, 28 Fuglede, 188
Cotlar, 132, 133, 136, 201, 204, 241 Fuhrmann, 300, 307, 388, 397
Cowen, 170, 171 Fulton, 350

Danilevich, 62 Gabriel, 151

David, 132 Gaier, 17
Davidson, 139, 194, 209, 241, 278, 347, 349, Gamal, viii
350 Gamelin, 17, 162
Davis, 209, 350 Gantmacher, 205, 304, 347, 349, 350
de Branges, v, 19, 58, 78, 87, 171, 320, Garcia-Cuerva, 132
326-328. Garnett, 61, 132, 139, 162, 206, 225, 239,
de Leeuw, 85, 88 241, 272, 274, 305, 327, 348, 397, 398
Denjoy, 141 Gasparov, vii
Gaudry, 139, 140, 275
Devinatz, 86, 88, 250, 263, 270, 272, 273
Gauthier, 61
DeVore, 140, 210
Gavurina, 60
Dijksma, 242
Gelfand, 273, 326
Djrbashian, 60
Gershgorin, 302, 307
Dolzhenko, 374
Gheondea, 205
Donoghue, 240
Gillespie, 135, 273
Dostal, 89
Ginzburg, 62
Douglas, 29, 44, 61, 81, 83, 86, 88, 90, 170,
Gohberg, 62, 161, 239-241, 269-276, 278,
171, 185, 224, 253, 254, 259, 267,
329, 342-350
269-275, 285, 302, 305
Goldberg, 269, 275, 278, 346
Dovbysh, 105, 129, 140
Goluzin, 58, 60, 224
Duncan, 241
Gonchar, 141, 374
Dunford, 46, 48, 61, 346, 350
Graham, 152, 206, 273, 275, 375
Duren, 18, 57, 58, 91, 363, 375, 397
Grenander, 269, 277, 325
Dyakonov, 195, 210, 271
Gribov, 90
Dym, 240, 326, 396
Grigoryan, 375
Dyn'kin, 132, 134, 136-138, 140, 375
Grudsky, 272, 275
Gurarii, 171
Edwards, H., 171
Edwards, R., 139, 140, 210, 275 Hadamard, 302
Ehrenpreis, 89 Hall, 77, 87
Eiderman, 61 Halmos, 208, 269, 270, 376
El-Fallah, 266, 275, 398 Hamburger, 129, 310, 325, 327
Enflo, 347 Hankel, 309
Esterle, 17 Hardy, 124, 171, 195, 209, 210, 340, 349
Exel, 205 Hartman, 214, 224, 248, 270
Hartmann, viii
Faddeev, 171 Hasumi, 18
Fatou, 39, 57, 58 Hausdorff, 325
Fefferman, 126, 139, 206 Havin, 17, 19, 29, 59, 60, 90, 130, 139, 162,
Fejer, 237, 315 272, 375, 397, 398
Feldman, 269, 272-276 Hayashi, 271, 396
Ferguson, 139, 193, 208 Hay man, 61
Ferrier, 89 Hedenmalm, 16, 18-20, 60, 90, 131, 162,
Fillmore, 209 224
Fischer, 364, 373, 375 Helson, 9, 12, 17, 19, 29, 61, 75, 86, 88, 91,
Foguel, 208 130, 151, 396
 AUTHOR INDEX 443

Helton, 204, 240 Koranyi, 323, 328

Herglotz, 42, 58, 239, 315, 324, 327 Korenblum, 18-20, 60, 89, 131, 224
Herrero, 209 Kovalishina, 240
Hilbert, 131, 195, 209, 325, 341, 350 Krein, 28, 62, 78, 86-88, 138, 151, 183, 205,
Hildebrandt, 209 207, 213, 217, 224, 225, 237, 239, 241,
Hille, 46, 49, 61, 151, 342 269, 272, 273, 278, 324-326, 329, 333,
Hitt, 18 337, 345-350
Hoffman, 140, 162, 224, 272 Kriete, 28, 87
Holbrook, 350 Kronecker, 217, 225
Hopf, 270, 273, 275 Krupnik, 269-272, 274, 275
Hormander, 275 Krylov, 60, 151
Horn, 340, 349 Kupin, viii
Howland, 302-305, 372, 397 Kuroda, 344, 350
Hruschev, 128, 137, 141, 201, 221, 222, 224, Ky Fan, 204, 339, 341
368, 372, 375-378, 381, 396
Hunt, 112, 119, 130, 140 Lacey, 279
Lance, 16, 20
Ibragimov, 396 Lavrentiev, 13, 17, 75
Iokhvidov, 204, 205 Lax, 14, 19, 149, 151
Ismagilov, 278 Lebedev, 328
Izumi, 77, 87 Lebesgue, 11, 116
Leblond, 60
Jacob, 131 Leech, 393
Jakobsson, 16 Lehto, 59
Janson, 203, 373, 393, 396 Levi, 52
Jensen, 55 Levin, 91
Jewell, 396 Levinson, 130, 140
Johnson, 349 Lidskii, 349
Jones, 61, 327 Lifshic, 350
Joricke, 29, 59, 90, 162, 375 Lin, 224, 399
Judovich, 362, 363, 375 Lindelof, 305
Julia, 186, 206 Lindenstrauss, 129, 347, 399
Lions, 122, 141, 374
Kaashoek, 240, 241, 269, 275, 278, 346 Littlewood, 56, 58, 124, 139, 210, 340, 349
Kac, I., 326, 329 Litvinchuk, 269, 270, 275
Kac, M., 157 Livshic, 62, 325
Kaczmarz, 375 Lizorkin, 374
Kahane, 206, 350 Lofstrom, 138, 374
Kakutani, 397 Lohwater, 59
Kapustin, viii Lorentz, 140, 210
Karlovich, 272, 275 Lowdenslager, 19, 86, 88, 151
Kashin, 210 Luecking, 131, 198, 204, 373
Kato, 61, 347, 349 Lusin, 19, 59, 131, 140
Katsnel'son, 240 Lyubarskii, 60
Katznelson, 326 Lyubich, 325
Kawata, 77, 87
Keldysh, 89 MacLane, 59
Khavinson, vii, 16, 20, 60, 327 Magnus, 303
Kheifets, 240 Makarov, 128, 141
Kislyakov, viii, 90, 206, 207, 376 Malgrange, vii
Klemes, 210 Mandelbrojt, 87
Klyachko, 350 Marcinkiewicz, 120, 121, 141
Knutson, 350 Marcus, 307, 328, 347
Kolmogorov, 11, 26, 28, 65, 87, 88, 97, 100, Markus, 104, 128, 129, 141, 276, 342, 350,
114, 130, 139, 140, 151, 210, 396 390, 399
Konig, 346 Marshall, 61, 272, 349
Konyagin, 195, 210 Martinez-Avendaho, 296, 306, 396
Koosis, 19, 59, 77, 78, 87, 133, 136, 138, Masani, 29, 86, 88, 90, 160, 396
139, 206, 241, 327, 397 Matsaev, 136, 278
444 AUTHOR INDEX

Matveev, 86, 88, 90 Peetre, 122, 141, 201, 203, 363, 364,
McGehee, 152, 195, 206, 210, 273, 275, 375 373-375
Mcintosh, 350 Pekarskii, 374, 375
McKean, 396 Pelczynski, 119, 137, 162
Megretskii, 293, 299, 305, 306, 377, 384, 396 Peller, 139, 194, 200, 202, 206-208, 221,
Mercer, 326 222, 224, 278, 299, 302, 305, 306, 344,
Mergelyan, 77, 87, 374, 376 347, 348, 350, 352, 361, 364-368, 370,
Meyer, 132, 135, 138 372-375, 377-384, 396
Mikhlin, 269, 270, 276 Perron, 301
Milin, 328 Petermichl, 114, 132, 140, 207
Mine, 307, 328, 347 Petersen, 137
Montel, 54 Petunin, 138
Moore, 317, 326 Phillips, 46, 49, 61, 390, 399
Mourre, 304 Pick, 233, 237, 239, 324
Muckenhoupt, 112, 119, 130, 140 Pietsch, 346, 347
Muirhead, 349 Pigno, 195, 210
Murphy, 17, 285, 305 Piranian, 141
Murray, 17 Pisier, 131, 194, 207, 208
Pitts, 241
Naimark, 326, 328 Plessner, 58
Nakazi, 133, 196, 205 Poltoratski, 137
Natanson, 128, 141 Polya, 49, 91, 171, 210, 327, 340, 349
Nazarov, 130-133, 135, 207, 306, 376 Pommerenke, 58
Nehari, 182, 205 Potapov, 62, 240
Nevanlinna, F., 58 Pott, 135
Nevanlinna, O., 375 Power, 196, 204, 205, 220, 224, 225, 293,
Nevanlinna, R., 58, 234, 237, 239, 241, 324 300, 302, 303, 305-307, 348, 372, 374,
Newman, 61, 115, 120, 161 396
Nicolau, 61 Privalov, 19, 59, 305
Nieto, 122, 123, 141 Ptak, 205
Nikodym, 11 Putinar, 325
Nikolski, 17-20, 28, 29, 58, 61, 62, 83-85, Putnam, 188, 304
88-91, 105, 128-132, 139-141, 152,
162, 171, 205, 207, 224, 225, 241, 266, Quiggin, 241
269-275, 302, 303, 326-328, 348, 349,
375, 396-399 Radjavi, 28
Nikol'sky, 374 Radon, 11
Noshiro, 59 Raikov, 273, 326
Nudel'man, 236, 239, 242, 325 Reed, 304
Nyman, 161, 170, 171 Rehtman, 237, 239, 324
Reich, 276
O'Neill, 61 Reinhard, 160
Ober, 396 Ressel, 325, 326
Olkin, 349 Richter, 15, 16, 18, 19
Ostrovski, 340, 350 Riemann, 171
Riesz, F., 26, 42, 57-59, 205, 239, 315, 324,
Page, 134, 189, 196, 207 327
Paley, 129, 130, 139, 146, 151, 191, 206 Riesz, M., 26, 58, 59, 115, 117, 138, 140,
Papoulis, 160 310, 325
Parodi, 307 Ringrose, 278
Parrott, 205 Robinson, 194
Parter, 277 Rochberg, 131, 196, 202-204, 224, 225, 360,
Partington, 60, 131, 372 363, 372-375
Patil, 60 Rodman, 161, 239-241, 329
Pau, 61 Romberg, 363, 375
Paulsen, 139, 193, 194, 208, 209 Rosay, 61
Pavlov, 171 Rosenblum, 61, 88, 103, 139, 196, 205, 207,
Pearcy, 18, 19 209, 237, 239-242, 269, 275, 278, 302,
Pedersen, viii 303, 326, 372, 388, 393, 394, 397, 398
 AUTHOR INDEX 445

Rosenthal, 28, 209 Steinhaus, 375

Ross, 18, 20, 90 Stessin, 16, 20, 60
Rota, 209 Stieltjes, 309
Rovnyak, 19, 61, 88, 237, 239-242, 269, Stolz, 39
275, 278, 302, 326, 327 Stone, 13
Rozanov, 29, 86, 88, 90, 269, 396 Stroethoff, 224
Rubio de Prancia, 132 Strouse, 225
Rudin, 18, 44, 48, 49, 61, 85, 88, 90, 115, Sudakov, 105, 129, 140
140, 156, 161, 162, 206, 238, 241, 285, Sundberg, 16, 18, 19
305, 326, 346, 375, 376 Sz.-Nagy, 19, 61, 85, 88, 151, 205, 207, 208,
230, 323, 328, 385, 388, 397, 398
Saakyan, 210 Szego, 19, 23, 26, 28, 49, 58, 65, 87, 91,
Sadosky, 132, 133, 136, 201, 204, 241 130, 151, 171, 269, 277, 304, 320, 325,
Saias, 171 327, 328
Saitoh, 18, 326
Sarason, 17, 18, 130, 136, 207, 221, 224, Tamarkin, 151, 325, 342
225, 229, 230, 240, 241, 253-255, 267, Tao, 350
268, 271, 272, 327, 396 Taylor, 89, 274
Schaefer, 49 Tchebyshev, 121, 138
Schatten, 346 Thiele, 279
Schmidt, 170, 171, 341, 347, 349, 350 Thomas, 61
Schneider, 59 Thomson, 28, 87
Schubert, 385, 398 Thorin, 138
Schur, 232, 234, 238, 239, 303, 319, 327 Titchmarsh, 171
Schwartz, vii, 46, 48, 61, 346, 350 Toeplitz, 239, 269, 309, 324
Seidel, 59 Tolokonnikov, 200, 201, 205, 266, 275, 388,
Seip, 60 397, 398
SeLegue, 277 Totaro, 350
Semenov, 138 Treil, 85, 88, 105, 108, 110, 113, 130-136,
Sementsul, 390, 399 140, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 207, 266,
Semmes, 201, 366, 372, 375 275, 276, 296, 299, 305, 306, 348, 377,
Senichkin, 130 378, 384, 396-398
Seybold, 275 Trent, 398
Shamoyan, 60, 90 Triebel, 374
Shannon, 160 Tsereteli, 115, 136, 137
Shapiro, vii, 58, 80, 81, 83, 89, 90, 394, 395, Tumarkin, 83, 90
398 Tzafriri, 129, 347, 399
Sherman, viii
Shevchuk, 62 Uchiyama, 397
Shields, 81, 83, 89, 90, 139, 141, 363, 375 Ushakova, 60
Shilov, 271, 273
Shimorin, viii, 15, 16, 19, 20 Vasilescu, 325
Shinbrot, 270 Vasyunin, viii, 19, 58, 83-85, 88, 90, 171,
Shirokov, 18, 60 305, 326-328, 388, 396, 397
Shohat, 325 Verbitskii, 139, 201
Sibilev, 17, 129, 141 Videnskii, 60, 77, 87
Silbermann, 224, 225, 265, 269-272, Vinogradov, 105, 127, 130, 137, 141, 161,
274-277 201, 206, 368, 370, 375, 376
Simon, 304, 347, 371, 376 Vitali, 124
Simonenko, 271, 272 Vitse, viii, 399
Singer, 129, 224, 272 Volberg, 17, 28, 78, 87, 90, 91, 105, 107,
Smirnov, 17, 19, 23, 29, 42, 57, 67, 87, 90, 108, 110, 113, 130-136, 140, 198, 199,
91, 100, 139 201, 202, 204, 207, 224, 254, 268, 271,
Smith, 195, 210 396
Sodin, 78, 87 von Neumann, 13, 17, 344, 346, 350
Spitkovsky, 269, 270, 272, 275 Vrbova, 205
Srinivasan, 17, 18
Stechkin, 264, 275 Wang, 205
Stein, 57, 123, 126, 132, 135-141, 206, 374 Weierstrass, 13
446 AUTHOR INDEX

Weiss, 123, 131, 140, 141, 363, 375

Wermer, 13, 15, 17, 19, 241
Weyl, 339, 341, 349
Wheeden, 112, 119, 130, 140
Widom, 250, 263, 270, 272, 312, 313, 327
Wiener, 8, 17, 29, 86, 88, 90, 129, 130, 146,
151, 154, 155, 160, 185, 270, 271, 273,
275, 396
Williams, 208
Wintner, 248, 270
Witter, 114, 132, 140
Wojtaszczyk, 206, 347, 350
Wold, 11, 88
Wolf, 272
Wolff, J., 14, 17, 141
Wolff, Th., 222, 224, 266, 275, 398
Wright, 171
Wrobel, 61
Wu, 202

Yakubovich, 278
Yamamoto, 133
Yang, 28
Young, 129, 130, 210, 241
Yuditskii, 240

Zakharyuta, 362, 363, 375

Zaremba, 326
Zarrabi, 266, 275, 398
Zasukhin, 86, 88
Zeller, 139, 141
Zheng, 131
Zhu, 18-20, 60, 131, 202, 204, 224, 225,
372-374, 398
Zygmund, 57, 59, 120, 125, 139, 206, 275,
350, 375
 Subject Index

(A2),{AP), see also Muckenhoupt condition stable, see also stable

AAK, see also Theorem, Lemma,
Adamyan-Arov-Krein, 205, 241 (B), see also Blaschke condition
formula, 348 B.Ph.A.M.S, see also Bochner-Phillips-
step-by-step extension, 183, 189 Allan-Markus-Sementsul
Adamyan-Arov—Kretn, see also AAK theory
admittance, 155 backward shift, see also shift
algebra Banach
almost periodic functions, 393 function space, see also Space, function
C*, 286 class
disk, see also disk algebra generalized limit, 268
Douglas, see also Douglas weak, 388
generated by / and H°°, 254 lattice, 62, 368
Toeplitz, see also Toeplitz, algebra theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma
triangular, 387 bandpass, see also filter
Wiener, see also Wiener basic sequence, see also sequence, 94
all-pass, see also filter basis, see also sequence
almost Abel-Poisson, 103
orthogonal, see also asymptotically conditional, 130
orthogonal generalized, 103
periodic function, see also algebra Markushevich, 129
amplitude non-symmetric, 94
distortion, 155 Riesz, see also Riesz
spectrum, 153 symmetric, 94
analytic unconditional, 103
function, see also vector valued uniformly minimal, see also sequence
measure, see also measure Berezin, see also transform
angle best rational approximation, see also
between past and future, 29, 379 approximation, rational
between subspaces, a = (L,M), 95, 104, Bezout equation
379 (generalized) and Toeplitz operators, 393
operator, 380 and local power bounds, 388
approximate left, see also invertibility, left
solution (e-), 380 right, see also invertibility, right
approximation, see also completeness with separated singularities, 394
by Blaschke products, 44, 61 biorthogonal, 93, 200
by inner functions, 44 Blaschke
polynomial, 87, 374 condition (B), 37, 165
weighted, 22, 88 on C+, 147
property, (AP), 218, 347, 399 factor, 37, 165
rational (best), 378 product, 37, 147
rate of, 367 approximation by, see also
(ARN), see also Radon-Nikodym property approximation
(analytic) Blaschke-Potapov product, 62
asymptotically Bochner
orthogonal, 381 integrable, see also integrable
448 SUBJECT INDEX

integral, 47 completely
Bochner-Phillips-Allan-Markus-Sementsul nonunitary, 11
theory, see also invertibility, left; polynomially bounded, see also operator
Theorem, Lemma completeness, see also approximation,
Bohr mean motion, 274 see also translates
boundary of polynomials, 65, 75
limit of vector valued polynomials, 84
o f / eHP, 34 completion (extension), see also matrix
o f / e ^ ( T , E ) , 51 composition
operator, 56
(C), see also Carleson, condition compression, 228
Calderon-Zygmund, see also singular condition number, 277
integral conformally equivalent, 73
Calkin algebra, 212, 218 conjecture
canonical anticommutation relation, Szokefalvi-Nagy-Halmos, 208
(CAR), 194 conjugation, see also harmonic conjugate
canonical factorization, see also constant of uniform minimality, see also
factorization sequence, uniformly minimal
(CAR), see also canonical anticommutation contraction, 186
relation, 208 c.n.u., see also completely nonunitary
Caratheodory-Fejer problem, see also contractive, 62
interpolation convolution, 33, 184
Carleson convolutor, 155, 161
condition, 273, 296 coordinate
measure, 105, 109, 151, 199, 202, 206, functional, 93, 94, 104
314, 327 projection, 94
vanishing, 314, 327 corona, see also Theorem, Lemma,
sequence, see also Carleson condition Carleson, 389
window, 314 problem, 385, 388, 389
Cauchy, see also transform cross norm, see also normed ideal
integral, kernel Cyc, 66
in C+, 150 cyclic, see also cyclicity, 8, 66, 75, 79-81, 88
transform, see also transform 1-cyclic, 66
causal, see also filter 2-cyclic, 66
center (of an algebra), 390 function, vector, 66
class of functions, see also Space, function 5-cyclic, 5 C M , 161
class cyclicity, see also cyclic
class of operators splitting of, see also splitting
Hilbert-Schmidt, see also
Hilbert-Schmidt de Branges formula, 319
Schatten—Lorentz, see also describable (in terms of BMO rational
Schatten-Lorentz approximations), 368
Schatten-von Neumann, see also design problem, see also filter
Schatten-von Neumann determining boundedness, 48
trace, see also trace determining set, 46
clos£, 7 deterministic, see also process
cluster set, 58 dilation, 228
(c.n.u.), see also completely nonunitary step-by-step, see also AAK
commutant, 229 unitary, 206
in a RKHS, 322 Dirichlet kernel, 33
lifting, see also Theorem, Lemma, disk algebra, 18, 71, 171, 371
commutant lifting distance
commutator, 135, 215, 253 function (formula), 164
ideal, 274 dual, 164
commuting, see also operator local, see also local
complementary spaces, 319, 327 distortion, see also amplitude
complete distribution
hereditarily (HC), 103, 104 function, 114
sequence, see also sequence tempered, 262
 SUBJECT INDEX 449

Divisibility (of inner functions), 24 optimal, 156

divisor, 216, 223 stable, 159, 161
domain stationary, 153
frequency, see also frequency synthesis, 155
time, see also time time-invariant, 153
dominating subset, 61, 127 final space, 187, 300
doubling condition, 133 "finite defect" basis property, 273
Douglas algebra, 272 finite differences, 352
DTRA, see also describable finite section method, 275, see also
dual operator algebra approach, 19 Toeplitz operator, 294
duality invertible by, 276
H^e and BMO, 190 Foguel
6 i and L(H), 343 -Hankel operator, see also operator
6 P and &p,, 343 operator, see also operator
of HP, 127, 182 Fourier
o f H S p , 373
coefficients
of Bergman, Besov and Bloch spaces, 362
of Lipschitz functions, 342
embedding theorem, see also Theorem, multiplier, 263
Lemma, Carleson (embedding) series, 9, 94, 161
weighted, 110 component (projection on the n-th), 94
energy generalized, 129
density, 153 majorization property, 347
spectrum, 155 transform, see also transform
entropy, 155, 159 Fredholm
essential operator, see also operator
norm, 212 spectrum, 219
range, 247 Fredholm-Riesz-Schauder theory, 346
spectrum, 212 free
Euler-Gamma function, 169 interpolation, see also interpolation
exponential frequency
type, 150 characteristic, 155
exponentials domain, 153
nonharmonic, 130 response, 155
exposed point, 130 Frostman
extension, step-by-step, see also AAK Theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma
extreme point, 85 function
count ably valued, 46
factorable weight, see also weight
distance, see also distance
factorization
Green's, see also Green
canonical (Riesz-Smirnov), 29, 57, 62,
147, 148, 155, 182, 275 Hardy-Littlewood maximal, see also
in D, see also Theorem, Riesz-Smirnov Hardy-Littlewood
in C+, see also Theorem, Lemma inner, see also inner
inner-outer, 23, 29, 57, 236 Littlewood-Paley, see also
in C + , 148 Littlewood-Paley
operator valued, 14, 62 Lusin, 138
Fejer kernel, 33 nontangential maximal, 138
filter, 153 outer, see also outer
all-pass, 155 piecewise continuous, see also piecewise
bandpass, 155 continuous
causal recursion, 157 quasi-continuous, see also
causal, physically realizable, 153 quasi-continuous
continuous time, 159, 160 radial maximal, see also radial maximal
design problem, 155 singular, see also singular
identification problem, 161 transfer, see also transfer
linear, 153 weighting, see also weighting
matched, 156 functional
minimal phase, 155 calculus, see also H°° functional calculus
450 SUBJECT INDEX

Gamma function, see also Euler-Gamma symbol, 196

function SymH{H2{^),H2_{yy,P), 201
Garsia norm, 131, 190, 206 SymH(HP,Hq_), 200
Gaussian, see also process, stationary SymH(l2A{wn), (L 2 (D, M ) ) ~ ) , 201
GCD, see also greatest common divisor S y m ^ K ) , ( L 2 ( D , M ) ) _ ) , 198
G elfand S y m - H 6 P ( X , Y ) , 372
theory, 389 Hardy
generalized inequality, 195
Fourier series, see also Fourier series vector valued, 210
limit, see also Banach space, see also Space, function class
Gershgorin's circles, 301 Hardy-Littlewood
Goluzin—Krylov formula, 59 maximal function, 124
greatest common divisor, GCD, 24, 55, 231, maximal operator, 119
334 harmonic conjugate, 98, 114, 189
Green (HC), see also complete, hereditarily
formula, 109, 125 Helson-Szego condition (HS), 99, 103, 113,
function, 91 201
H2,HP, see also Space, function class, hereditary, see also complete
Hardy Herglotz, see also Schwarz-Herglotz
Hadamard, see also lacunary Hermitian
test, 301 modulus, 377
Hankel Hilbert
equation, 181, 189, 196, 202, 203 inequality, 195
matrix, 180, 192 matrix, 195, 283
Simon's, 371 tensor product, 321
operator, 179, 192, 273 transform, see also transform
(51,52), 196, 223 Hilbert-Schmidt
( X i , X 2 - ) - , 196 class, 192, 360
and moment problems, 359 operator, see also operator
associated with measure //, 262, 309, Hilbertian tensor product, 319
327, 359 H°° functional calculus
big, 197, 373 of Sz.-Nagy and Foias, 229
big finite rank, 223 holomorphic, see also vector valued
compact, 6oo n H , 212 homogeneous of Lebesgue type, 293
essential spectrum, 288 Horn conjecture, 350
finite rank, 212, 217, 223 (HS), see also Helson-Szego
generalized, 205 hypercyclic, 90
higher order, 202
in 6 P , 364 ideal
in the upper half plane, 261 Matsaev, see also Matsaev
inverse of, 231 normed, see also normed ideal
inverse spectral problem, 296, 306, 377 Schatten-von Neumann, see also
little, 197, 199, 373 Schatten-von Neumann
modulo kernel, 300 impedance, 155
nilpotent, 293 impulse response, 155
normal, 300 index
n-th finite section of, 371 of a function, see also winding number
on # 2 ( C + ) , 261 of a subspace, 18
projection onto, 192, 207, 364, 366, of an operator, 218
370, 373 inequality
quasi-nilpotent, 293 Hardy, see also Hardy
quasi-nilpotent (essentially), 292 Hilbert, see also Hilbert
singular number, see also singular Jensen, see also Jensen
number Jensen-Young, see also Jensen-Young
symbol of, 179, 181, 221 John-Nirenberg, see also John-Nirenberg
trace class, 351 Lebedev-Milin, see also Lebedev-Milin
vector valued, 188, 207 Littlewood—Paley, see also
with kernel, 262, 273, 383 Littlewood-Paley
 SUBJECT INDEX 451

Mourre, see also Mourre common zeros, 168

Tchebyshev, see also Tchebyshev of finite codimension, 222
von Neumann, see also von Neumann problem, 18
weak-type (1,1), see also Kolmogorov related to the ^-function, 169
Weyl, see also Weyl singular, 11
initial strange shift-invariant operator ranges,
space, 187, 300 19
inner, 10, 23, 334 2-invariant operator ranges, 19
arithmetic, 24 inverse spectral problem, see also Hankel
co-inner, *-inner, 14 invertibility
operator valued, 14 left, 387
part, 43 and outer functions, 387
singular, 42, 80 Bochner-Phillips-Allan-Markus-
two-sided, 14 Sementsul theory,
inner-outer factorization, see also 389
factorization in finite dimensions, 387
input right, 385
pulse, see also signal, finite energy in the triangular algebra, 387
integrable, 47 involution, 285
Bochner integrable, 47 isometry
SOT, 47 partial, 187, 300
weakly (Pettis), 47 pure, 189
W O T , 47
integral, see also integrable Jensen
interpolating, see also interpolation -Young geometric mean inequality, 41,
Blaschke product, 61 54, 68, 108
inequality, formula, 35, 55
polynomial (Lagrange), 394
generalized, 36
interpolation, see also interpolating
John-Nirenberg inequality, 206
asymptotic, 233
Jordan
basic, 240
domain, 73
between Lp spaces, 121
Julia matrix, 186, 319
boundary, 240
Caratheodory-Fejer, 237, 323 Keldysh method (extended), 89
constrained, 239 kernel
free, 241 Cauchy, see also Cauchy
meromorphic, 337 Dirichlet, see also Dirichlet
multiple, 233 Fejer, see also Fejer
Nevanlinna-Pick, 232, 239, 323 generalized Toeplitz, 204
tangential, 329 Poisson, see also Poisson
Nudel'man, 236 positive definite, see also positive definite
of a function reproducing, see also reproducing kernel
with respect to 0 , 233 Kolmogorov, see also Theorem, Lemma
of an operator, 233 inequality, 114, 137
operator valued, 240 Krein
tangential Nevanlinna-Pick, 240 space, see also space
Pick-Akhiezer, 348 structure, 204
Schur, 232, 323
Schur-Takagi, 157, 337, 348 lacunary, 82, 206
invariant function, 220, 369
unitary, see also unitary series, 191
invariant subspace, 7 2-lacunary, 83
1-(simply) invariant, 8 Lagrange interpolating polynomial, see also
character, 148 interpolating
translation, 148 Laplace transform, see also transform
2-(doubly) invariant, 8 Lat, see also lattice
character, 148 lattice, Lat, 27
translation, 148 type holomorphic space, LTHS, 79, 322
absolutely continuous, 11 LCM, see also least common multiple
452 SUBJECT INDEX

least common multiple, LCM, 24, 55 maximum principle, see also Theorem,
Lebedev-Milin inequality, 320 Lemma, 251, 259
Lebesgue vector valued, see also Theorem, Lemma
decomposition, 11, 39, 66 measurable
point, 39, 48, 116 SOT, 46
Lidskii strongly, 46
Theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma weakly, 46
trace W O T , 46
formula, 350 measure
lifting of the commutant, see also absolutely continuous, 11
Theorem, Lemma, commutant lifting analytic, 26
Lipschitz condition (for integral kernels), arc length, 13
342 Carleson, see also Carleson
Littlewood Mobius invariant, 363
problem, 195 othogonal to polynomials, 127
subordination principle, 56 singular, 11
Littlewood-Paley spectral (of a process), see also process
function, 125, 138, 191 symmetric, 199, 202
inequality, 366 Mellin transform, 166
norm, 111 meromorphic, see also Nevanlinna function
local distance, 254 minimal, see also sequence
Loewner Mobius invariant, see also measure
matrix function (monotone), 240 model
theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma de Branges-Rovnyak, 326
logarithmic residue, 70, 170 operator, 228, 239, 381
in C+, 148 space, 228
LTHS, see also lattice type holomorphic de Branges, 321, 326
space de Branges-Rovnyak, 137, 240
Lusin von Neumann, 384
function, see also function modulus of continuity, 80
problem, 140 moment
Lyapunov equations, 383 problem, 309, 324
and Hankel operators, see also Hankel
majorization operator
problem, 347 Hausdorff, 325
property, 349 Stieltjes, 325
for Fourier series, see also Fourier trigonometric, 315
series Mourre inequality, 304
matrix Muckenhoupt condition, A2,AP, 105, 107,
completion (extension) problem, see also 119, 130, 139, 272, 274, 275
AAK, 183, 205 discrete, 119
Hankel, see also Hankel for matrices, 134
Hilbert, see also Hilbert multicyclicity, 90
Julia, see also Julia multiplicative integral, 63
Toeplitz, see also Toeplitz multiplicity
Matsaev ideal, 62, 278, 373 function, 293, 384
maximal of a holomorphic function, 38
function, 138 global, 89
Hardy-Lit tie wood, see also local, 89
Hardy-Littlewood of the spectrum, see also multicyclicity
nontangential, see also function multiplier, 79, 199, 264
radial, see also radial Fourier, see also Fourier
ideal space, 389 Schur, see also Schur
operator small lp-, 264
Hardy-Littlewood, see also space, Mult (A'), 126
Hardy-Littlewood
of the Cauchy transform, 137 Nehari
radial, see also radial -Hankel equation, see also Hankel
transform, 138 problem, 196
 SUBJECT INDEX 453

Nevanlinna integral, 342

characteristic, 60 local type, 271
class, see also Space, function class lower triangular, 387
Nevanlinna function maximal, see also maximal
meromorphic, 81 model, see also model
Nevanlinna-Pick, see also interpolation normal, 89, 188
Newton formula, 296 nuclear, 338, 351
nilpotent, 286 polynomially bounded, 193, 207
Hankel, see also Hankel operator positive, 186, 231
non-quasianalytic, see also quasi-analytic power bounded, 208, 373
nonharmonic exponentials, see also radial maximal, see also radial maximal
exponentials Schrodinger, 304
nontangential sectorial, see also sectorial
limit, 39, 58, 145 shift, see also shift
vector valued, 50-54 similar, see also similar
maximal, see also function singular Cauchy integral, 274
norm singular integral, see also singular
essential, see also essential integral
Garsia, see also Garsia square root of, see also square root
range, see also range sublinear, 122
symmetric, cross, see also normed ideal Toeplitz, see also Toeplitz
normal trace class, see also trace class
operator, see also operator translation, 148
normed ideal unitary, 11
quasi-normed, 306 partial, 300
symmetric (cross) norm, 344 Volterra (type), see also Volterra;
symmetrically, 344, 347 Volterra type
nuclear, see also operator Volterra Hankel, 294
Nudel'man, see also interpolation weak-type, 112, 114, 344, 365
numerical Wiener-Hopf, 262, 273
range, 209 Wold-Kolmogorov type, see also
operator Wold-Kolmogorov
c-concave, see also operator, concave Wolff's diagonal, 14
Carleman integral, 303 orthogonal subspaces, 95
class, see also class of operators outer, 15, 17, 23, 43, 67, 72, 79, 201, 250,
commuting with the shift, 154, 160, 185 277
compact, 378 at a point, 68
completely polynomially bounded, 208 co-outer, *-outer, 15
composition, see also composition exposed, rigid, 396
concave, 15 in Q, 73
c-concave, 16 in C+, 147
derivation, 193, 208 locally, 68
derivation-integration part, 43
Weyl fractional, see also Weyl
expanding, 204 Paley-Wiener
finite rank, 218 condition, 160
Foguel, 192, 208 theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma
Foguel-Hankel, 193, 208, 209 parametrization, 241, 348
Predholm, 218, 257 partial
Hankel, see also Hankel isometry, see also isometry
Hardy-Littlewood maximal, see also PDK, see also positive definite kernel
H ardy-Lit t le wo o d Pettis, see also integrable
Hilbert-Schmidt, 117, 192, 203, 211, 338, phase
341 delay, 155
homotopic, 219 minimal, see also filter
hypercyclic, see also hypercyclic Phragmen-Lindelof
ideal, see also normed ideal; class of major ant, 73
operators principle, 29, 91
454 SUBJECT INDEX

principle (generalized), see also Bergman, 203, 362

Theorem, Lemma on the n-th component of a Fourier
Pick body, 241 series, see also Fourier series
piecewise continuous, 262, 281 onto Hankel operators, see also Hankel
Poisson, 80 operator
integral, formula, 39 onto Toeplitz operators, see also Toeplitz
on C+, 147 operators
kernel, 33 Riesz, 97, 99, 114, 158, 181, 200
on E, 316 of a measure, 137
polar o n L 2 ( T , £ ) , 189
decomposition, 187 skew, 95
polynomially pseudo
bounded, see also operator -continuable, 81
convex hull, 28 pseudohyperbolic disk, 169, 198, 360
polynomials pulse input, see also signal, finite energy
analytic, Vol+, 9
trigonometric, Vol, 8 QC, see also quasi-continuous
positive definite quasi
function, 31.7 -analytic, 87
non-quasianalytic weight, 162
kernel, 317
-continuous function, 215, 221, 252
subordinated, 317
-normed ideal, see also normed ideal
prediction
n-step, 23, 379 radial maximal
one-step, 23, 88 function, 124
principal value integral, 116 operator, 119, 125
problem Radon-Nikodym
Caratheodory-Fejer, 277 derivative, 11, 66
design, see also filter property
filter identification, see also filter analytic (ARN), 62
invariant subspace, see also invariant theorem, see also Theorem, Lemma
subspace range
inverse spectral, see also Hankel essential, see also essential
Littlewood, see also Littlewood norm, 318
Lusin, see also Lusin reducing, 8, 13, 22, 188
majorization, see also majorization regularizer, 219, 257, 259, 267
moment, see also moment removable singularity property, 223
Nehari, see also Nehari reproducing kernel, 164, 190, 216, 221, 222,
Nevanlinna-Pick, see also interpolation, 228, 317
Nevanlinna-Pick Hilbert space, RKHS, see also Space,
Nudel'man, see also interpolation, functions class
Nudel'man normalized, 294, 381
Riemann-Hilbert, see also of tf2(C+), 166
Riemann-Hilbert thesis, RKT, 131, 204, 224, 246, 398
Schur, see also interpolation, Schur, 277 for Toeplitz operator, 398
Schur-Takagi, see also interpolation, residue, logarithmic, see also logarithmic
Schur-Takagi resolvent, 249
process map, 237
deterministic, 23 Riemann
future of, 23, 379 C-function, 163
non-deterministic, 23, 379 functional equation, 169
past of, 23, 379 hypothesis, 163
regular, 88, 379 Riemann-Hilbert problem, 274
completely, 379 Riesz
spectral measure, 23 basis, 296
stationary, 28, 379 property, 273
gaussian, 378 projection, see also projection
stochastic, 23 RKHS, see also Space, function class,
projection reproducing kernel Hilbert space
 SUBJECT INDEX 455

RKT, see also reproducing kernel thesis of a Hankel operator, 331

"rolling a disk", 146 singularities, see also Bezout equation
^-subset, 29 SIO, see also singular integral operator
running mean, 159 s-number, see also singular number
SOT, see also measurable
Schatten-Lorentz class &pq, 372 Space, function class
Schatten-von Neumann analytic functions (vector valued), 48
class 6 P , 207, 211, 360 Banach function, 88, 196, 223
Schmidt
Bergman, 18, 89, 131, 197, 202, 225, 320
decomposition, 331
p-Bergman, 197
of normal operators, 349
Peller's form, 366
pair, 333
weighted, 16, 80, 361
vector, 333
Besov class, 352, 369
Schur, see also interpolation
analytic, 354, 361
multiplier, 202, 373
Bloch, 198, 361
procedure, 241
Bounded Mean Oscillation, BMO, 189,
product (of matrices), 319
206
test, see also Theorem, Lemma, Schur
Bounded Mean Oscillation, analytic,
test, see also Vinogradov-Senichkin,
BMO A, 139, 189, 206
191, 192, 282, 301, 362
derivative space (Hp)', 126
Schwarz-Herglotz
Dirichlet, 131, 198, 202, 320, 361
kernel, 41
-type, 16
outer, 58
disk algebra, see also disk algebra
in C+, 147
Hardy, 9, 32
transform, 137
section, see also Toeplitz operator on an annulus, 18
sectorial, 248 on the right half-plane, 166
semicommutator, 131, 253 on the upper half-plane, 145
separated, see also sparse operator valued, 189
singularities, see also Bezout equation real H^e, 190
separating, 48 vector valued, 46, 188
sequence weighted, 137, 201, 274, 322
basic, see also basic with respect to measure /x, 22
complete, 104 H°° + C, 214
A(p), 90 Krein, 204
minimal, 93, 104, 200 LP
stationary, 23, 28 vector valued, 47
unconditional, see also Riesz, sequence Nevanlinna, Nev, 54, 72
uniformly minimal, 93 QC, see also quasi-continuous
constant of uniform minimality, 139 reproducing kernel Hilbert space, RKHS,
shape of a drum, 157 240, 317, 362
shift, 5, 7, 28, 154, 180, 192, 196, 222, 228, commutant of the shift, see also
387 commutant
backward, 81, 90, 181, 192, 222, 228, 237 generated by K, 317
periodic, 371 Smirnov, 72
simple, 197 Vanishing Mean Oscillation, VMO, 220,
signal, 153 225
finite energy, 153 Vanishing Mean Oscillation, analytic,
input, output, 153 VMO A, 220
plus-, 153 Wiener class, 155, 161
similar, see also similarity, 193 span, 8
similarity, see also similar sparse, 60, 360
to a contraction, 193, 207 spectral
to a unitary, 207 measure, 384
singular multiplicity, see also multicyclicity
inner, see also inner function, see also multiplicity function
integral operator, 117, 131 radius, 187
Calderon-Zygmund, 133 of T<p, 246
number, 211, 224, 333, 338, 351, 378 synthesis, 103
456 SUBJECT INDEX

spectrum, 27, 187, 246 All Stationary Filters, 158

amplitude, see also amplitude Allan, 391
continuous, 247 anonymous, 253
energy, 155 Arveson-Sz .-Nagy-Foias-Schubert ,385
essential, see also essential, 246 Axler-Chang-Sarason-Volberg, 131, 254
left, 247 B valued CA functions, 392
right, 247 B valued H°° functions, 391
Fredholm, see also Predholm B.Ph.A.M.S., see also invertibility, left,
left, 247 see also Theorem, Lemma, Bochner-
limit distribution (of finite sections), 277, Phillips-Allan-Markus-Sementsul
305 Banach, 94, 220
of an inner function, see also spectrum of Beurling, 10, 164, 216, 335, 337
an operator-valued function Beurling-Helson, 9, 149, 161, 169, 170
of an operator valued function, 71 Beurling-Lax (vector valued), 14, 204
point, 249 Bochner, 326
right, 247 Bochner-Phillips-Allan-Markus-
with respect to r n [ l ] , 304 Sementsul,
splitting 390
of cyclicity, 89 Bohr, 393
of subspaces, 27, 28 Bonsall-Power, 131
splitting (of subspaces), 27 boundary uniqueness, 36, 59
square root of a positive operator, 186 on C+, 147
stable, see also filter Bourgain, 208
asymptotically, 383 Bourgain's Lemma, 208
rank problem, 397 Bram, 75, 89
stationary, see also process Burkholder-Gundy-Silverstein, 138
filter, see also filter Canonical factorization
sequence, see also sequence in D, see also Theorem,
step-by-step extension, see also AAK Riesz-Smirnov, 165
stochastic in C+, 147
matrix, 349 Carleson (corona), 388, 394
process, see also process Carleson (embedding), 105, 130, 145,
Stolz angle, 39, 127, 138, 145 151, 312
strictly normed, 50 Carleson (free interpolation), 241
strong H2-function, 14
Causal Filters, 158
subordination principle, see also Littlewood
Coburn, 258, 270, 275, 293, 382
summation method, 103
Coifman-Rochberg, 360
Abel-Poisson, 103
commutant lifting, 229, 230, 381, 386
5-vector, see also Schmidt vector
compact operators, 378
symbol, 269
Cotlar-Sadosky, 136
matrix, 275
Devinatz-Widom, 250
of a Hankel operator, see also Hankel
Dijksma, 242
of a Toeplitz operator, see also Toeplitz
dominated convergence (vector valued),
symmetric norm, see also normed ideal
47
symplectic matrix, 294, 371
Douglas, 185, 259
Szego
Douglas-Rudin, 44
condition, 135
Douglas-Sarason, 254, 255
uniform, 136
embedding, see also Theorem, Lemma,
infimum, 23, 28, 65
Carleson
vector valued, 86
Fabry gap, 90
Tauberian, see also Theorem, Lemma Fatou, 39, 46, 127, 145
Tchebyshev inequality, 121 vector valued, 50
tensor product, see also Hilbert Fefferman-Stein, 126, 208
test, see also Schur; Vinogradov-Senichkin Fejer-Riesz, 315
Theorem, Lemma Frostman, 45
Adamyan-Arov-Krein, see also AAK, Fubini (vector valued), 47
213, 217, 333, 337 Fuglede-Putnam, 188
Agler, 241 Gelfand-Pettis, 46
 SUBJECT INDEX 457

Generalized Maximum Principle, 73 Riesz-Smirnov, 42, see also factorization,

Generalized Phragmen-Lindelof canonical; Theorem, Lemma,
Principle, 73 canonical factorization
Hamburger, 310 Riesz-Thorin, 138
Hartman, 214, 220, 224, 253, 292, 327 Rosenblum, 103
Hartman-Wintner, 248 Rouche, 260, 295
Helson, 12 Rudin-Carleson, 156, 161
Helson-Sarason, 380 Sarason, 229, 255
Helson-Szego, 99 Sarason-Sz.-Nagy-Foias, 230
Herglotz, 42 Schmidt, 331
Hruschev-Peller, 381 Schur, 232, 234, 238
Hunt-Muckenhoupt-Wheeden, 132 Schur test, see also Schur test, 282
Jackson-Bernstein, 352, 374 Sidon, 207
Julia, 186 Singular Inner Functions, 42
Kolmogorov, 97 Smirnov, 23, 67
Krein-Shmulyan, 49 Smirnov-Kolmogorov, 100
Kronecker, 217, 225, 369, 382 Spectral mapping, 187
Lavrentiev, 13, 75 Stechkin, 264
Lax, 149 Stone-Weierstrass, 187
Lax-Halmos, 386 Structure of Outer Functions, 43, 158
Lidskii, 349 Szego-Kolmogorov, 26, 65
Lindelof, 140, 285, 292 vector valued, 84
Loewner, 240, 326 Tauberian, 152, 161
Magnus, 287 Treil, 378
Marcinkiewicz, 121, 138, 344 Uniqueness theorem, see also Theorem,
Matsaev, 278 Lemma, boundary uniqueness, 10,
Maximum Principle 37, 60, 159, 258
generalized, 72 for vector valued functions, 170,
vector/operator valued, 50 see also Theorem, Lemma -
Mean Value, 14 Maximum Principle, vector/operator
Megretskii-Peller-Treil, 306, 384 valued
Montel, 183 Vitali Covering, 124
Muirhead, 349 Vitse, 392
Naimark, 286 von Neumann spectral, 123, 235, 384
Natanson, 141 Weierstrass, 214
Nazarov-Volberg, 133 Widom, 270, 312, 313
Nehari, 182, 217, 230, 327, 369 Wiener, see also Theorem, Lemma,
Nevanlinna, 234 Tauberian, 8, 17, 149, 154, 155, 161,
Nyman, 170 185, 245, 264
operator valued H°° functions, 392 continuous time, 159
Ostrovski, 340 Wold-Kolmogorov, see also
Page, 224 Wold-Kolmogorov, 11, 86, 189
Paley-Wiener, 146, 150, 262 time domain, 153
Peller, 352, 361 Toeplitz
Perron-Frobenius, 301 algebra, 256, 301
Phragmen-Lindelof (generalized), matrix, 232, 238, 243
see also Theorem, Lemma, Simon's, 371
Generalized Phragmen-Lindelof; operator, 221, 243, 273, 385
and Phragmen-Lindelof principle aggregated, 257
Pick, 233 finite section method, see also finite
Plessner, 58 section method, invertible by, 275
Power, 288 in the upper half plane, 261
Radon-Nikodym, 11 n-th section of, 238, 371
Riesz Brothers, 26, 29, 35, 75, 157 on JP(Z+), 264
in R, 151 o n J R P ( Z + ) , 264
Riesz, M., 310 projection onto, 268
Riesz-Herglotz, 315, 316, 328 resolvent growth, 265
Riesz-Markov, 311 symbol of, 244
458 SUBJECT INDEX

total, 95 von Neumann

trace, 48, 338, 355 inequality, 193
class 6 i , 211, 338, 351 spectral theorem, see also Theorem,
formula Lemma
Lidskii, see also Lidskii
Lifshic-Krein, 350 wandering subspace, 10, 189
transfer function, 155 weak-F equality, 237
transform weak-type, see also operator
Berezin, 131, 224, 246, 373 weight
Cauchy Bernstein, 87
normalized, 136 factorable, 86, 88
of a measure, 316 summable, 134
Fourier, see also Fourier, 144, 185 weighted estimates, see also transform,
Hilbert, 98, 114, 115, 189 Hilbert
discrete, 117, 264 weighting function, 155
two-weighted estimates, 133 Weyl
weighted estimates, see also Theorem, fractional derivative, 372
Lemma, fractional integration-derivation
Hunt-Muckenhoupt-Wheeden operator, 201, 376
Laplace, 262 inequality, 339, 341, 347
Mellin, see also Mellin white noise, 156
Schwarz-Herglotz, see also Wiener
Schwarz-Herglotz algebra, 264, 367, 370, 398
translates B valued, 392
completeness, 149, 152, 161 Wiener-Hopf
integer (Z-cyclicity), 162 factorization, 270
translation, see also operator method, 270
triangular, see also operator, lower operator, see also operator
triangular winding number, 258
type (of an entire function), 150 WK-type, see also Wold-Kolmogorov type
operator
UMD, see also unconditional martingale Wold-Kolmogorov
differences -type operator, 15
unconditional decomposition, see also Theorem,
basis, see also basis Lemma, 15
martingale differences (UMD), 134 Wolff-Denjoy series, 141
sequence, see also Riesz, sequence W O T , see also measurable
uniformly (Wtt), see also Theorem, Lemma,
minimal, see also sequence; basis Tauberian
unimodular, 234
zero divisor, 38, 55
uniqueness, see also Theorem, Lemma,
zero multiplicity, 38
uniqueness and boundary uniqueness
zero, localization of, 166, 171
unitary
invariants, 384
operator, see also operator

variation, 26
vector valued
function
analytic, holomorphic, 48
integrable, see also integrable
measurable, see also measurable
weakly holomorphic, 48
if p -spaces, see also Space, function class,
Hardy
Vinogradov-Senichkin test, see also Schur
test, 106, 131, 302
Vitali covering, see also Theorem, Lemma
voltage ratio, 155
 Symbol Index

(L,M), 95 C a p ( / ) , 83
(x,y)coI,319 C+, 143
« , 317 C _ , 150
A < B, 185 C+, 163, 166
A1/2, 186 clos, 7
A # , 212 C M , 136, 316
E1-1, 164 Com73c, 274
L 1_ M , 95 conv(A), 100
[P+,/],215 c(X,6),cH(X,6), 265
P/,T,),253 Cyc(T), 66
[7>, 2 ^ , 2 5 3 Cyc(X), 79
[rj, 179
[t], 167 D = { z G < C : |*| < 1}, 27
"Mil, 390 £>, 72, 90
lle 2 ,192 DH-(0,241
11 Mult, 79 cU(z), 384
||*, 206 DA(0, 241
\\*VMO, 220 d B , 164
||VMO> 220 deg(G), 333
||ess, * 1 ^ <5, 203, 204
IMI*, 198 At, 352
e,©, i i V(f), 256
(g>, 390 d 7 , 167
|A|, 187 dist, 22
V?*, 253 dA, 363
/ * 0, 32 d A (/,<?), 254
d A ( / , M ) , 254
i4(l/iu), 80 P p (/x), 198
(i4 2 ),(i4 p ), 119, 274
Aa, 354 £7/, 8
alg(X), 254 £, 150, 235
algTf/oo+c, 258 E-,E+,E™, 23
a l g T x , 256 £ F , 165
alg7ioo( T ), 256
J - , ^ - 1 , 144
B, 198 Jinni J out, 2o
B Z M P , 198 J7*, 166
&A,37 $w, 154, 159
BMO, 189 / ( M e ) , 229
B M O A , 189 Fred(X,y), 218
B£, 361 F(X,Y), 218
£ £ , 352 Fn(H,K), 331
£ £ A , 354
£ j = B j x , 352 [rj, 179
Bspq, 352' r , 169
- V 261
CA, 71, 171 TK, 262

459
460 SYMBOL INDEX

r[/i], 309 l2A{wn), 198

IV, 252 ^ , 225
GCD, 24 L v , 191
GLIM, 268 LIM(A), 61
£in, 8
H°, 264 ( L i p ( i - I ) ) + , 201
Hank = U = H(H2,H2), 192 LTHS, 79, 89
#¥>, 181
H^, 261 att(T), 34
H ^ n , 212 {M©} / , 229
Hn{Xi,X2+), 203 H , 26
W n , 212 Mult(X), 79, 126, 264
H 6 o o , 212 mult(X), 264
H{S1,S2-;P-), 196
Nev, 54, 72
H{X1,X2-;P-), 196
Nev+, 72, 90
ft(Xi,X2-), 196
Np(<p), 198
#2,9
# 2 , 181 w M (t), 80
H2{E),H2_{E);H2(T,E), 188
i/ 2 (/x),i/P(M), 22, 79 P + , 97
# 2 ( C + ) , 166
(HP) 7 , 126 P C , 281
ifJ , 145 pch, 28
iJP(B), 31 n ( ( e n ) n > o ) , 276
JJP(D,X), 50 Pn,94
H°°, 31 Vol, 8
f / ° ° + C , 213, 214 P o / n , 214
H°°(E—> E), 189 Vol+, 9
H°°[f], 254 P @ , 228
H c , 132
Hol(B), 31 QC, 215
Hol(ft), 38
7e, 29
Hol(Q,X), 48
r(A), 187
i d l ( / i , . . . , / n ) , 389 R a n g e d ) , 247
i(E), 18 H M , 249
Ind(<p), 258 Rx, 192, 208
i n d T , 218 7 ^ , 285

Jf(z) = zf(z), 181 S, 7

cr(T), 27
J o , 261
5*, 90, 181
#c6, 208 &2,&p, 192, 203, 207, 211
fcA, 164 e2nn, 203
Ke, 216, 228 6oo, 211
e M , 278
A / W , 114 s ( / , x ) , 281
A(p), 90 o-(A), 187
Lat, 27 a z ( T ) , 247
LCM, 24 a r ( T ) , 247
L 2 ( £ ) , L 2 ( / z , F ) , 13 (TC(T), 247
L 2 (T, £7), 188 <7 ess (A), 212
L2,L2(M), 7 <Tleaa(T),247
LP(Q,X), 47 < S S ( T ) , 247
LP(R,iu), 75 CTF(T), 219
Lg(«;), 80, 81 <TP(T), 249
L ^ ( F — • £7), 189 S M , 373
Z 2 ,9 s n ( A ) , 211
/ 2 ( Z + , ™ 2 ) , 16 SOT, 46
 SYMBOL INDEX

span, 8
S y m f t ( X i , X 2 - ; P - ) , 196
S y m H = SymH(X1,X2-), 196
Sym(T), 257

T = {zeC: \z\ = 1}, 7

r s , 148
7 ^ , 244
2>, 261
B, 10
0E, 164
Trace, 338, 351, 355
Traj, 306
T(X), 256

U2, 143

Var, 264
F M O , 220
VMOA, 220
Vx, 192
W , 161
W O T , 46
W^y 262

A" (A), 206

C, 163
Selected Titles in This Series
(Continued from the front of this publication)

60 Iain R a e b u r n and D a n a P. W i l l i a m s , Morita equivalence and continuous-trace

C*-algebras, 1998
59 Paul Howard and J e a n E. R u b i n , Consequences of the axiom of choice, 1998
58 Pavel I. Etingof, Igor B . Frenkel, and A l e x a n d e r A . Kirillov, Jr., Lectures on
representation theory and Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations, 1998
57 M a r c Levine, Mixed motives, 1998
56 Leonid I. Korogodski and Yan S. S o i b e l m a n , Algebras of functions on quantum
groups: Part I, 1998
55 J. S c o t t Carter and M a s a h i c o Saito, Knotted surfaces and their diagrams, 1998
54 Casper Goffman, Togo Nishiura, and Daniel W a t e r m a n , Homeomorphisms in
analysis, 1997
53 A n d r e a s Kriegl and P e t e r W . Michor, The convenient setting of global analysis, 1997
52 V . A . Kozlov, V . G. Maz'ya, and J. R o s s m a n n , Elliptic boundary value problems in
domains with point singularities, 1997
51 J a n M a l y and W i l l i a m P. Ziemer, Fine regularity of solutions of elliptic partial
differential equations, 1997
50 J o n A a r o n s o n , An introduction to infinite ergodic theory, 1997
49 R. E. Showalter, Monotone operators in Banach space and nonlinear partial differential
equations, 1997
48 P a u l - J e a n C a h e n and Jean-Luc C h a b e r t , Integer-valued polynomials, 1997
47 A. D . Elmendorf, I. Kriz, M . A . Mandell, and J. P. M a y ( w i t h an a p p e n d i x by
M . C o l e ) , Rings, modules, and algebras in stable homotopy theory, 1997
46 S t e p h e n Lipscomb, Symmetric inverse semigroups, 1996
45 G e o r g e M . B e r g m a n and A d a m O. Hausknecht, Cogroups and co-rings in
categories of associative rings, 1996
44 J. A m o r o s , M . B u r g e r , K. C o r l e t t e , D . Kotschick, and D . Toledo, Fundamental
groups of compact Kahler manifolds, 1996
43 J a m e s E. H u m p h r e y s , Conjugacy classes in semisimple algebraic groups, 1995
42 R a l p h Freese, Jaroslav Jezek, and J. B . N a t i o n , Free lattices, 1995
41 Hal L. S m i t h , Monotone dynamical systems: an introduction to the theory of
competitive and cooperative systems, 1995
40.4 Daniel G o r e n s t e i n , Richard Lyons, and R o n a l d S o l o m o n , The classification of the
finite simple groups, number 4, 1999
40.3 Daniel G o r e n s t e i n , Richard Lyons, and R o n a l d S o l o m o n , The classification of the
finite simple groups, number 3, 1998
40.2 Daniel G o r e n s t e i n , Richard Lyons, and R o n a l d S o l o m o n , The classification of the
finite simple groups, number 2, 1995
40.1 D a n i e l G o r e n s t e i n , Richard Lyons, and R o n a l d S o l o m o n , The classification of the
finite simple groups, number 1, 1994
39 Sigurdur H e l g a s o n , Geometric analysis on symmetric spaces, 1994
38 G u y D a v i d and S t e p h e n S e m m e s , Analysis of and on uniformly rectifiable sets, 1993
37 Leonard Lewin, Editor, Structural properties of poly logarithms, 1991
36 J o h n B . Conway, The theory of subnormal operators, 1991
35 S h r e e r a m S. Abhyankar, Algebraic geometry for scientists and engineers, 1990
34 V i c t o r Isakov, Inverse source problems, 1990

For a complete list of titles in this series, visit t h e

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