UNIVERSITY OF BENGHAZI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Power protection lab (EE482)

Experiment #5

Differential Protection

Name: Rima mosbah mukhtar

SN: 21329

Instructor: Zakaria El-feetouri

Date: 5-5-2019/Monday
Contents

1. Objective.................................................................................................................................3
2. Apparatuses Required...........................................................................................................3
3. Introduction...........................................................................................................................4
4. Practical work........................................................................................................................5
5. Preliminary Work..................................................................................................................6
6. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................7
7. References:.............................................................................................................................8
1. Objective:
To check the operating characteristics of the digital differential Relay.

2. Apparatuses Required:
As shown in Fig. 1

1- Human Machine Interface (HMI): Laptop.

2- Secondary Injection Tester: OMICRON 256-CMC.

3- Digital Differential Relay: SIEMENS 7UT612. 4- AC Power Supply 220V.

Figure.1

Figure.2 Connection Between Omicron and Relay

3. Introduction:
Differential protection is a unit type for specified zone , it’s based on the fact that only
in case of internal faults the relay will work, the differential protection is designed to
protect power transformers and high voltage motors.

Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary
current Is. If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio
Is/1A at the secondary side of the transformer. The secondaries of these both CTs are
connected together in such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose
each other. [1]
In other words, the secondaries of both CTs should be connected to the same current coil
of a differential relay in such an opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in
that coil in a normal working condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs
inside the transformer due to which the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the
secondary current of both transformers will not remain the same and one resultant current
will flow through the current coil of the differential relay, which will actuate the relay
and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of
current because of star-delta connection of transformer winding in the case of three-phase
transformer, the current transformer secondaries should be connected in delta and star as
shown in figure.3.[1]

Fig.3. Differential power transformer protection scheme

At maximum through fault current, the spill output produced by the small percentage
unbalance may be substantial. Therefore, differential protection of transformer should be
provided with a proportional bias of an amount which exceeds in effect the maximum
ratio deviation. [1]

Both current transformers connected to the relay are star connection (400/1A-

1200/1A) And the power transformer (30/11kv-20MVA-DELTA-YN11).

4. Practical work:
Test one:

• Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

• Set Ip of the relay Ip =0.2A ,t=0

• Apply two currents I1, I2 according to Table.1, and fill the necessary columns.

• On a squared paper draw the operating characteristic (Differential current vs Restrained

current) of the percentage differential relay. Distinctly mark the Operating and
Restraining region.

Table.1 differential relay characteristic

Sl. I1 I2 Restrained Differential

No. Current (IRT) Current (Id)

1 10 10 20 1% NT
2 1 1 2 10% NT
3 1.25 1.25 2.5 12.5% NT
4 1 0.9 1.9 19.5% NT
5 1 0.8 1.8 29% NT
6 1 0.7 1.7 38.5% NT
7 1 0.6 1.6 48% T
 Idiff(A)

2.5

Trip z one
1.5

Block zone
0.5

0 IR(A)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figure.4. differential relay characteristic

Slope m = 0.25

5. Preliminary Work:
Q1. What are the main causes of error in case of Differential Protection of Transformer?

a. Inrush currents

Magnetizing inrush current in transformers results from any abrupt change of the
magnetizing voltage. Although usually considered as a result of energizing a transformer.
[2]
b. Over excitation conditions

Over excitation of a transformer could cause unnecessary operation of transformer

differential relays. [2]

c. Current transformer saturation

The effect of CT saturation on transformer differential protection is double-edged.

Although, the percentage restraint reduces the effect of the unbalanced differential
current, in the case of an external faults, the resulting differential current which may be of
very high magnitude can lead to a relay male-operation. [2]

Q2. What is the main advantage of Differential Relays over Over-Current Relays?

The advantage of this relay is that it is less likely to operate incorrectly than a
differentially connected overcurrent relay when a short circuit occurs external to the
protected zone. [3]

6. Conclusion:
Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The
differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of
power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents
the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the
transformer. The first step was at external fault and noticed there is no-trip that means
that the differential relays don’t work at external faults, then two steps at over load
condition and it shows also no trip, and the other steps where at internal faults which
shows that the relay is working. unlike numerical relay which is working through external
faults after a quiet time. [2]

The differential is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference between
two or more identical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount the differential relay
works on the principle of comparing between the phase angle and magnitude between
two or more similar quantities.
7. References:
[1] Differential Protection of Transformer | Differential Relays
(https://www.electrical4u.com/differential-protection-of-transformer-differential-relays).

[2] Transformer Differential Protection Scheme With Internal Faults Detection

Algorithm Using Second Harmonics Restrain And Fifth Harmonics Blocking Logic –
Ouahdi Dris, Farag. M. Elmareimi and Rekina Fouad.

[3] https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/applications-and-forms-of-differential-relays.