EXPERIMENT NO :- 01

PROGRAM:
clc;

clear all;
close all;

f=input('Enter the frequency in Hz'); MVA=input('Enter

the MVA rating');

V=input('Enter Generating voltage in KV');

H=input('Enter Inertia Constant in MJ/MVA');
p=input('Enter the no. Of poles');

Pml=input('Enter initial mechanical input in MW');

Pm2=input('Enter final mechanical input in MW');

k=input('Enter no. Of cycles'); wk=MVA*H;

Pa=Pm2-Pm1;

A=(Pa*180*f)/(wk);

t=k/50;
deltaA=0.5*A*t^2;
Ns=(120*f)/p;

Na=A*60/(p*180)*t;

Nr=Ns+Na;
fprintf('\n\n Energy stored in rotor at synch. Speed=%1.3fMJ',wk); fprintf('\n\n
Accelerating Power=%1.3fMW ',Pa);

fprintf('\n\n Change in Acceleration =%1.3f elect.deg./sec^2',A);

fprintf('\n\n Change in torque angle =%1.3f elect.deg./sec^2',deltaA); fprintf('\n\n Rotor speed at
the end of %d cycle =%1.3f rpm',k,Nr);

OUTPUT 1 :

Enter the frequency in Hz 50

Enter the MVA rating 200

Enter Generating voltage in KV 11

Enter Inertia Constant in MJ/MVA 6 Enter

the no. Of poles 4

Enter initial mechanical input in MW 160

Enter final mechanical input in MW 120

Enter no. Of cycles 5

Energy stored in rotor at synch. Speed=1200.000MJ

Accelerating Power= -40.000MW

Change in Acceleration=-

300.00 elect.deg/sec^2 Change in torque angle=-

1.500elect.deg/sec^2 Rotor speed at the end of %d

cycle=1497.500rpm

OUTPUT 2 :

Enter the frequency in Hz 50

Enter the MVA rating 100

Enter Generating voltage in KV 11

Enter Inertia Constant in MJ/MVA 8

Enter the no. Of poles 4

Enter initial mechanical input in MW 50

Enter final mechanical input in MW 80 Enter

no. Of cycles 10 Energy stored in rotor at

synch.

Speed=800.000MJ Accelerating Power=

30.000MW

Change in Acceleration=337.500elect.deg/sec^2

Change in torque angle=-6.750elect.deg/sec^2 Rotor

speed at the end of %d cycle=1505O.625rpm

RESULT:

Energy stored in rotor at synch. Speed=1200.000MJ

Accelerating Power= - 40.000MW

Change in Acceleration=- 300.000elect.deg/sec^2

Change in torque angle=-1.500elect.deg/sec^2 Rotor

speed at the end of %d cycle=1497.500rpm

CONCLUSION: Thus stored energy, rotor acceleration, change in rotor angle and rotor speed in
rpm is determined by using swing equation.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 02
PROGRAM
clc; clear all;
close all;
v1=input('enter bus voltage at bus 1 in pu');
v2=input('enter bus voltage at infinite bus in pu');
xg=input('gen reactance');
xl=input('line reactance');
x1=xg+xl;
x=1;
for a=0:pi/12:pi
I=(v1*(cos(a)+1i*sin(a))-v2)/(1i*xl);
E=v1*(cos(a)+1i*sin(a))+1i*I*xg;
fprintf('\n for iteration=%d',x);
delta=angle(E);
Eg=abs(E);
SSSL=(Eg*v2)/x1;
fprintf('\n steady state stability limit is %f at delta=%f',SSSL,delta);
b=0:pi/12:pi
pe=SSSL*sin(delta);
pe1=SSSL*sin(b);
plot(delta,pe); plot(b,pe1)
x=x+1; end
title('curve for SSSL');
xlabel('power angle');
ylabel('electric power');
legend('pe vs delta');

OUTPUT

enter bus voltage at bus 1 in pu1.1 enter bus

voltage at infinite bus in pu1 gen
reactance0.6
line reactance1 for
iteration=1
steady state stability limit is 0.725000 at delta=0.000000

for iteration=2
steady state stability limit is 0.744135 at delta=0.392602 for
iteration=3
steady state stability limit is 0.797593 at delta=0.760902 for
iteration=4
steady state stability limit is 0.875935 at delta=1.092946 for
iteration=5
steady state stability limit is 0.968569 at delta=1.389120 for
iteration=6
steady state stability limit is 1.066349 at delta=1.655578 for
iteration=7
steady state stability limit is 1.162164 at delta=1.899349 for
iteration=8
steady state stability limit is 1.250660 at delta=2.126431 for
iteration=9
steady state stability limit is 1.327827 at delta=2.341481 for
iteration=10
steady state stability limit is 1.390679 at delta=2.548042
for iteration=11
steady state stability limit is 1.437044 at delta=2.748843 for
iteration=12
steady state stability limit is 1.465440 at delta=2.946073

Conclusion: Thus, the calculation of steady state stability limit can be done by varying the angle
δ.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 03

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Eg=input('Enter Generator voltage in pu');
V=input('Enter Motor voltage in pu');
xg=input('Enter Generator voltage in pu');
xt1=input('Enter reactance of transformer 1 in pu');
xt2=input('Enter reactance of transformer 2 in pu');
xl=input('Enter reactance of transmission line in pu');
xm=input('Enter reactance of motor in pu');
xc=input('Enter reactance of capacitor to be connected in pu');
xin=input('Enter reactance of inductor to be connected in pu');
xt=xt1+xt2+xl+xm+xg;
Pm=(Eg*V)/xt;
x12=(xt1+xg+xl)+(xm+xt2)+((xt1+xg+xl)*(xm+xt2))/xc;
x13=(xt1+xg+xl)+(xm+xt2)+((xt1+xg+xl)*(xm+xt2))/xin;
Pm1=(Eg*V)/x12;
Pm2=(Eg*V)/x13;
fprintf('\n The steady state power limit=%1.1f pu',Pm);
fprintf('\n The steady state power limit with capacitor=%1.1f pu',Pm1);
fprintf('\n The steady state power limit with inductor=%1.1f pu',Pm2);
delta=0:0.1:pi
Pe=Pm*sin(delta);
Pe1=Pm1*sin(delta);
Pe2=Pm2*sin(delta);
plot(delta,Pe,'b',delta,Pe1,'r',delta,Pe2,'g');
gtext('Power angle curve with capacitor');
gtext('Power angle curve without inductor');
gtext('Power angle curve with inductor');
xlabel('Delta');
ylabel('Power');
OUTPUT:

Enter Generator voltage in pu 1.1

Enter Motor voltage in pu 1
Enter Generator voltage in pu 1
Enter reactance of transformer 1 in pu 0.1
Enter reactance of transformer 2 in pu 0.1
Enter reactance of transmission line in pu 0.25
Enter reactance of motor in pu 1
Enter reactance of capacitor to be connected in pu -1
Enter reactance of inductor to be connected in pu 1

The steady state power limit=0.4 pu

The steady state power limit with capacitor=1.1 pu
The steady state power limit with inductor=0.3 pu
delta =

Columns 1 through 5

0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000

Columns 6 through 10

0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000

Columns 11 through 15

1.0000 1.1000 1.2000 1.3000 1.4000

Columns 16 through 20

1.5000 1.6000 1.7000 1.8000 1.9000

Columns 21 through 25

2.0000 2.1000 2.2000 2.3000 2.4000

Columns 26 through 30

2.5000 2.6000 2.7000 2.8000 2.9000

Columns 31 through 32

3.0000 3.1000
.

CONCLUSION: Hence, it is concluded that capacitive reactance increases SSSL and inductive
reactance decreases SSSL.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 04
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Eg=input('Enter generator bus voltage in pu ');
V=input('Enter infinite bus voltage in pu ');
xg=input('Enter generator reactance in pu ');
xl=input('Enter transmission line reactance in pu ');
r=input('Enter transmission line resistance in pu ');
xt=xg+xl;
Z=r+xt*i;
Y=1/Z;
theta=angle(Y)
y=abs(Y)
delta=0:0.001:pi;
P1=Eg*V*y*cos(delta+theta+pi);
P2=Eg*V*y*cos(delta-theta);
Losses=P1+P2;
plot(delta,P1,'b',delta,P2,'g',delta,Losses,'r');
hold on;
grid on;
title('Curve for Power vs. delta for positive resistance');
xlabel('delta--->');
ylabel('Power--->');
legend('Power vs Delta p1','Power vs Delta p2','Power vs Delta losses');
gtext({'P1';'P2';'Losses'});
OUTPUT:
Enter generator bus voltage in pu 1.1
Enter infinite bus voltage in pu 1
Enter generator reactance in pu 0.6
Enter transmission line reactance in pu 1
Enter transmission line resistance in pu 0.3

theta =
-1.3854

y=
0.6143

RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

The power angle curve for positive resistance is plotted.

 EXPERIMENT NO :- 05

Program:

clc;
close all;
clf;
Eg=input('Enter generator voltage in pu ');
V=input('Enter infinite bus voltage in pu ');
xg=input('Enter generator reactance in pu ');
xl=input('Enter transmission line reactance in pu ');
r=input('Enter shunt resistance in pu ');
xt=xg+xl;
Z=-((xl*xt)/2)+(xt+xl)*1i;
Y=1/Z;
theta=angle(Y);
y=abs(Y);
delta=0:0.001:pi;
P1=Eg*V*y*cos(delta+theta+pi);
P2=-Eg*V*y*cos(delta-theta);
losses=P1+P2;

plot(delta,P1,'b',delta,P2,'g',delta,losses,'r');
hold on;
grid on;
title('Curve for Power vs delta for positive resistance');
xlabel('delta--->');
ylabel('Power--->');
legend('Power vs delta');
gtext({'P1';'P2';'Losses'});
Output:

Enter generator voltage in pu 1.1

Enter infinite bus voltage in pu 1
 Enter generator reactance in pu 0.6

Enter transmission line reactance in pu 1

Enter shunt resistance in pu 0.3

Conclusion:

Power angle curve with intermediate shunt resistance of two machine system is plotted.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 06

Example: A generator operating at 50Hz delivered 1.0pu power to an infinite bus through a
transmission line where resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing the maximum
power transferable to 0.5pu whereas before the fault this power was 2.0pu and after
clearance power is 1.5pu. By using equal area criteria find critical clearing angle.
Program:

clc;
clear all;
clos all;
Pmax=input(‘enter the value max power that can be transfer in pu’);
Pm=input(‘enter the value of steady power before fault in pu’);
P2=input(‘enter the value of power transfer during fault in pu’);
P3=input(‘enter the value of power transfer after fault in pu’);
Wo=asin(Pm/Pmax)
Wm=pi-asin(P3/Pmax
A=((Wm-Wo)+(P3*cos(Wm))-(P2*cos(Wo)))/(P3-P2);
Wc=acos(A)*180/pi
Result:
enter the value max power that can be transfer in pu 2
enter the value of steady power before fault in pu 1
enter the value of power transfer during fault in pu 0.5
enter the value of power transfer after fault in pu 1.5 ,Wo=0.5235 ,Wm=2.2933 Wc=70.35

Conclusion:

By knowing values of power transfer before, during and after the fault the value of critical
clearing angle can be determined.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 07
Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
clf;
Eg=input('Enter Generator voltage');
V=input('Enter infinite bus voltage');
xd=input('Enter Generator transient reactance');
P=input('Enter power delivered in pu');
x1=input('Enter line 1 reactance');
x2=input('Enter line 2 reactance');
xt=input('Enter transmission line reactance');
X1=xd+((x1*x2)/(x1+x2))+xt;
Pmax1=(Eg*V)/X1;
delta0=asin(P/Pmax1)
x3=xd+x1+xt;
Pmax3=(Eg*V)/x3;
deltam=pi-asin(P/Pmax3)
deltacr=acos(((Pmax3*cos(deltam))-(P*delta0)+(P*deltam))/Pmax3)

for i= delta0:0.01:deltacr
Pe2=0;
plot(i,Pe2);
hold on;
end
delta =0:0.01:pi;
Pe1=((Eg*V)/X1)*sin(delta);
Pe3=((Eg*V)/x3)*sin(delta);
plot(delta,Pe1,'b',delta,P,'r',delta,Pe3,'g');
hold on;
grid on;
title('curve for Power vs delta for equal area citerion');
xlabel('delta ---->');
ylabel('Power ---- >');
legend('Power vs Delta');
gtext({'Pe1';'Pe3';'Pm'});
Output:

Enter Generator voltage

1.2
Enter infinite bus voltage
1
Enter Generator transient reactance
0.25
Enter power delivered in pu
1
Enter line 1 reactance
0.5
Enter line 2 reactance
0.4
Enter transmission line reactance
0.05
delta0 =

0.4502
deltam =

2.4119
deltacr =

0.9735
 Fig. Graphical output

Conclusion:

The critical clearing time angle for the given example is calculated by equal area
criterion.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 08
Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=50
G=input('Enter MVA rating');
H=input('Enter inertia constant');
E=input('Enter Generator voltage');
V=input('Enter infinite bus voltage');
Xd=input('Enter Generator transient reactance');
P=input('Enter power delivered in MW')
x1=input('Enter line 1 reactance')
x2=input('Enter line 2 reactance')
Mpu=H/(180*f)
disp('Prefault condition')
X1=Xd+((x1*x2)/(x1+x2));
Pmax1=(E*V)/X1;
Pm=P/G;
del0=asind(Pm/Pmax1)
disp('During fault condition')
x=x2/2;
X2=(Xd*x+X1*x+Xd*X1)/(x);
Pmax2=(E*V)/X2;
disp('After fault condition')
X3=Xd+x1;
Pmax3=(E*V)/X3;
dT=input('Enter delta T for step by step method');
c=input('Enter no. of cycle upto which fault is sustained');
t=c/f;
disp('Sr. t Pmax sind(del) Pe=Pmax*sind(del) Pa=Pm-Pe ((dT)*(dT)*Pa)/M Ddel del');
del=del0;
Ddel=0;
for m=1:10
 Pe=Pmax2*sin(del);
Pa=Pm-Pe
in=((dT)*(dT)*Pa)/Mpu;
Ddel=Ddel+in;
del=del+Ddel;
s=sind(del);
fprintf('%d %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f %2.3f
n',m,t,Pmax2,s,Pe,Pa,in,Ddel,del);
t=t+dT;
end

Output:

f= 50

Enter MVA rating 20

Enter inertia constant 2.52

Enter Generator voltage 1.1

Enter infinite bus voltage 1

Enter Generator transient reactance .35

Enter power delivered in MW 18

P = 18

Enter line 1 reactance .2

x1 = 0.2000

Enter line 2 reactance .2

x2 = 0.2000

Mpu = 2.8000e-04

Prefault condition

del0 = 21.6035

During fault condition

After fault condition

 Enter delta T for step by step method .05

Enter no. of cycle upto which fault is sustained 2.5

Sr. t Pmax sind(del) Pe=Pmax*sind(del) Pa=Pm-Pe ((dT)*(dT)*Pa)/M Ddel del

Pa = 0.7249

1 0.050 0.463 0.471 0.175 0.725 6.473 6.473 28.076 n

Pa = 0.8088

2 0.100 0.463 0.666 0.091 0.809 7.221 13.694 41.770 n

Pa = 1.2712

3 0.150 0.463 0.919 -0.371 1.271 11.350 25.044 66.814 n

Pa = 1.2450

4 0.200 0.463 0.974 -0.345 1.245 11.116 36.160 102.974 n

Pa = 0.6021

5 0.250 0.463 0.581 0.298 0.602 5.376 41.536 144.510 n

Pa = 0.9016

6 0.300 0.463 -0.244 -0.002 0.902 8.050 49.586 194.096 n

Pa = 1.1923

7 0.350 0.463 -0.963 -0.292 1.192 10.646 60.232 254.327 n

Pa = 0.8346

8 0.400 0.463 -0.616 0.065 0.835 7.452 67.683 322.011 n

Pa = 0.4368

9 0.450 0.463 0.553 0.463 0.437 3.900 71.584 393.595 n

Pa = 1.2615

10 0.500 0.463 0.895 -0.362 1.262 11.264 82.848 476.442 n

Conclusion:

Thus, we have calculated critical clearing angle by step by step method.

 EXPERIMENT NO :- 09

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
E=input('enter generator voltage');
V=input('infinite bus voltage');
H=input('enter per unit inertia constant');
X=input('enter transient reactance');
Pm=input('enter input power');
D=input('enter damping power coefficient');
f0=input('enter frequency');
Pmax=(E*V)/X
d0=asin(Pm/Pmax)
Ps=Pmax*cos(d0)
wn=sqrt((pi*60)/(H*Ps))
z=(D/2)*wn
wd=wn*sqrt(1-z^2)
fd=wd/(2*pi)
tau=1/(z*wn)
th=acos(z)
Dd0=10*pi/180
t=0:0.01:3;
Dd=Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2).*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin((wd*t)+th);
d=(d0+Dd)*180/pi;
Dw=-wn*Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2).*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f=f0+Dw/(2*pi);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,d)
grid
xlabel('t sec');
ylabel('delta degree');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,f)
grid
xlabel('t sec');
ylabel('frequency Hz');
subplot(1,1,1)
Output:

enter generator voltage

1.35
infinite bus voltage
1
enter per unit inertia constant
9.94
enter transient reactance
0.65
enter input power
1
enter damping power coefficient
0.138
enter frequency
50

Pmax =

2.0769
d0 =

0.5023
Ps =

1.8203
wn =

3.2276
z=

0.2227
wd =

3.1466
fd =

0.5008
tau =

1.3912
th =

1.3462
Dd0 =

0.1745

Fig. Graphical Output

Conclusion:

Thus, we have described natural frequency response and rotor angle of

machine undergoing small disturbance.