Important Solved Questions of CS601

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Question: What do we mean by the term session?

Answer: Session is the period of time a user interfaces with an application.
The user session begins when the user accesses the application and ends when the
user quits the application.

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Question: How can I define Data communication?

Answer: Data Communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 0’s and 1’s)
between two devices (computers) via some form of the transmission medium. Data
communication is communication between computers. Data communication concerns
the exchange of digital data between computers. Nowadays, data communication
between computers also supports digital speech telephone and videophone, thus
supporting direct communication between people.

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Question: How could it be more secure using distributed processing?

Answer: In this case security is achieved by providing the user with limited
access. It means that user can only perform those tasks which are allowed by
system designer. Its' simple example is bank's ATM. Where user can't perform
operations on database other than provided.

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Question: What does the terms transit and response time mean? Also tell me
about the topic peak load periods.
Answer: Transit time is the time taken by the message to travel from source to
destination. Response time is the time of response (acknowledgement) from
destination to source. Peak load periods are those periods of time in which
number of users on a network are more than normal time.

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Question: What are the advantages of networking?

Answer: • Files can be stored on a central computer (the file server) allowing
data to be shared throughout an organization. • Files can be backed up more
easily when they are all on a central fileserver rather than when they are
scattered across a number of independent workstations. • Networks also allow
security to be established, ensuring that the network users may only have access
to certain files and applications. • Software and resources can be centrally
managed. • Network versions of software often allow for their speedy
installation on workstations from the file server. • Expensive devices such as
laser printers or scanners can be shared. • Users can access their files from
any workstation

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Question: What are different factors to choose a network topology?

Answer: Working conditions of network, working scenarios, arrangement of links
and devices. Depending upon our network what actually we are dealing with and in
which geographical area our devices are present, small area available or have
large area. All these factors are considered when choosing a Topology.

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Question: What is the relative status of the devices to be linked?

Answer: The geographical area in which our devices are present is the relative
status of devices.

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Question: What is the definition of Hub?

Answer: Hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are
commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When
a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets. A passive hub serves simply as a
conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another.
So-called intelligent hubs include additional features that enable an
administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure
each port in the hub. Intelligent hubs are also called manageable hubs. A third
type of hub, called a switching hub, actually reads the destination address of
each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct port.

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Question: What do we mean by "TAP"?

Answer: A tap is a connection to a coaxial cable in which a hole is drilled
through the outer shield of the cable so that a clamp can be connected to the
inner conductor of the cable. Instead of cutting the cable and attaching
connectors to both ends of the severed coaxial cable,

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Question: Give some detail about "fault tolerance".

Answer: Fault tolerance means the system will not fail because any one
component fails. The system also should provide recovery from multiple failures.
Components are often over engineered or purposely underutilized to ensure that
while performance may be affected during an outage the system will perform
within predictable, acceptable bounds

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Question: What is PDU in OSI Model?

Answer: Normally a communication request originates at the highest layer
(Application Layer). The request is passed down through the lower layers in the
form of a packet called a protocol data unit (PDU). Layers in the protocol stack
communicate with their adjacent layers via one or more Service Access Points
(SAP). Each succeeding layer in the stack adds its own information to the PDU
that will be read by its counterpart (peer) layer on the receiving system. Once
the data arrives at the lower layers, the PDU is encoded into data frames and
placed onto the cable for transmission. The data frames make their way to the
receiving system and the entire process is reversed as the PDU makes its way up
the protocol stack. As it moves up the stack, each layer "unwrap" the PDU and
receives the information from its peer layer on the sending system.
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Question: What is the difference between radio and microwave?

Answer: Although there is no clear-cut demarcation between radio and microwave,
electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 KHz and 1 GHz are
normally called radio waves; waves ranging in frequencies between 1 GHz and 300
GHz are called microwaves. Radio waves are used for multicast communications,
such as radio and television systems.

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Question: What is the difference between internet and intranet?

Answer: Internet The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide
in scope and facilitate data communication services such as remote login, file
transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web and newsgroups. With the meteoric
rise in demand for connectivity, the Internet has become a communications
highway for millions of users. The Internet was initially restricted to military
and academic institutions, but now it is a full-fledged conduit for any and all
forms of information and commerce. Internet websites now provide personal,
educational, political and economic resources to every corner of the planet.
Intranet A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an
organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with authorization. An intranet's Web sites look
and act just like any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet
fends off unauthorized access. Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to
share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the
Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private
networks based on proprietary protocols.

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Question: What is the difference between hub and switch?

Answer: On the outside, hubs and switches appear very similar in that they both
have a number of RJ-45 jacks for connecting devices. Inside, however, they work
very differently. To understand why switches provide so much more functionality
than hubs, you must understand a fundamental limitation of (non-switched)
Ethernet: there can only be one device transmitting on a segment at any given
time. If two or more devices attempt to transmit at the same time, a collision
occurs. (In fact, an Ethernet segment where only one conversation can occur is
called a collision domain.) After a collision, all devices must retransmit. As
you can imagine, as the number of devices on an Ethernet segment increases, the
probability for collisions increase. Because devices must spend more time
retransmitting data, the network is perceived to be slow. Before the advent of
switches, a network could be divided into segments with a device called a
bridge. Bridges have two Ethernet ports. As traffic flows through a network, a
bridge learns which devices (identified by the MAC or "hardware" address) are on
each side. The bridge then makes decisions to forward or not forward each packet
to the other side based on where the destination device is located. A bridge
thus divides a network into two collision domains, allowing two independent
"conversations" to occur. If a bridge is placed intelligently (e.g., separating
two departments and their respective file servers), they can improve network
efficiency. Hubs do no processing on network traffic--they simply repeat the
incoming signal to all available ports. On a switch, every port acts as a
bridge. If each switch port is connected to a single device, each device can, in
principle, act independently of every other device. For example, consider a
switch with the following devices attached: computer 1 computer 2 computer 3
printer file server uplink to the Internet In this case, computer 1 could be
printing a document, while computer 2 connects to a files server, while computer
3 accesses the Internet. Because the switch intelligently forwards traffic only
to the devices involved, there can be multiple independent simultaneous
conversations.

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Question: How different layers of OSI model are implemented?

Answer: The OSI 7 layers model has clear characteristics. Layers 7 through 4
deal with end to end communications between data source and destinations. Layers
3 to 1 deal with communications between network devices. On the other hand, the
seven layers of the OSI model can be divided into two groups: upper layers
(layers 7, 6 & 5) and lower layers (layers 4, 3, 2, 1). The upper layers of the
OSI model deal with application issues and generally are implemented only in
software. The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user.
The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues. The physical
layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware and software. The
lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical network medium (the
wires, for example) and is responsible for placing data on the medium.

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Question: What is the difference between WAP and GPRS?

Answer: Wireless Application Protocol, a secure specification that allows users
to access information instantly via handheld wireless devices such as mobile
phones. Wireless Application Protocol (or WAP) is envisioned as a comprehensive
and scalable protocol designed to use with mobile phones using Short Message
Services (SMS), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), CDMA and GSM.

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Question: What are routers, repeaters and bridges?

Answer: Router: Routers relay packets among multiple interconnection networks.
Router is device that determines the next network point to which a data packet
should be forwarded enroute toward its destination. Routers create or maintain a
table of the available routes and use this information to determine the best
route for a given data packet.

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Question: What do we mean by capacity of the channel?

Answer: Channel capacity: The maximum possible information transfer rate
through a channel, subject to specified constraints.

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Question: What is remote data communication?

Answer: Data Communication is considered remote, if the devices are farther
apart.

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Question: Explain VPN (Virtual Private Network

Answer: A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public
telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote
offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network.
A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or
leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to
provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost.

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Question: Define encryption of data.

Answer: Encryption of data: The translation of data into a secret code.
Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. To read an
encrypted file, you must have access to a secret key or password that enables
you to decrypt it. Unencrypted data is called plain text; encrypted data is
referred to as cipher text.

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Question: Can we implement OSI in wireless networks?

Answer: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), a secure specification that allows
users to access information via handheld wireless devices, specifies
architecture based on layers that follow the OSI model fairly closely. WAP
defines network architecture for content delivery over wireless networks.
Central to the design of WAP is a network stack based on the OSI model. WAP
implements several new networking protocols that perform functions similar to
the well-known Web protocols HTTP, TCP, and SSL.

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Question: What is distributed processing?

Answer: It refers to any of a variety of computer systems that use more than
one computer, or processor, to run an application. This includes parallel
processing, in which a single computer uses more than one CPU to execute
programs. More often, however, distributed processing refers to local-area
networks (LANs) designed so that a single program can run simultaneously at
various sites. Most distributed processing systems contain sophisticated
software that detects idle CPUs on the network and parcels out programs to
utilize them. Another form of distributed processing involves distributed
databases, databases in which the data is stored across two or more computer
systems. The database system keeps track of where the data is so that the
distributed nature of the database is not apparent to users.

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Question: What is a sample?

Answer: Sample is the amplitude of an analog signal at some specific interval.
It is achieved in pulse amplitude modulation, which is the first step towards
analog to digital conversion.

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Question: What Is Line Discipline?

Answer: Whatever the system, no device in it should be allowed to transmit
until that device has evidence that the intended receiver is able to receive and
is prepared to accept the transmission. What if the receiver does not expect a
transmission, is busy, or is out of commission? With no way to determine the
status of intended receiver, the transmitting device may waste its time sending
data to a nonfunctioning receiver or may interfere with signals already on the
link. The line discipline function of the data link layer oversees the
establishment of links and the right of a particular device to transmit at a
given time. Line discipline answers the question. Who should send now?
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Question: Is it possible for digital data to be transmitted via ordinary phone

line?
Answer: The Digital Subscriber line (DSL) is a newer technology that uses the
existing telecommunication networks such as the local loop telephone line (still
an analog line) to accomplish high speed delivery of data, voice, video and
multimedia.

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Question: What is then difference between T-lines and E-Lines?

Answer: Europeans use a version of T lines called E lines. The two systems are
conceptually identical, but their capacities differ.

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Question: What do we mean by wireless networking?

Answer: The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or
more computers to communicate using standard network protocols, but without
network cabling. Strictly speaking, any technology that does this could be
called wireless networking. The current buzzword however generally refers to
wireless LANs.

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Question: How can we define networking?

Answer: In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and
use of network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router,
and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer
software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation
policies and procedures related to the network

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Question: Define Protocols

Answer: Protocol is an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two
devices. The protocol determines the following: 1) The type of error checking to
be used. 2) Data compression method, if any. 3) How the sending device will
indicate that it has finished sending a message? 4) How the receiving device
will indicate that it has received a message?

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Question: What is Tx and Rx?

Answer: Tx is the abrivation used for transmission/ transmitor and Rx is
reciever.

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Question: What is walkie talkie?

Answer: A handie talkie, often referred to by its abbreviation, HT, is a
handheld, portable two-way radio transceiver. This type of radio is sometimes
called a "walkie talkie" or a "handheld." Handie talkies are popular among
amateur radio operators, especially on their VHF and UHF bands at 144 and 432
MHz. Handie talkies are widely used by security personnel, military personnel,
and police officers. Most HTs are used in conjunction with repeaters for
extended range. Some HTs are designed for the 27-MHz Citizens Band (CB) radio
service. A typical HT is a rectangular box about the size and weight of an old-
fashioned telephone handset. The antenna protrudes from the top end, and
consists of a coiled-up element encased in rubber and wound around a flexible
rod. This type of antenna, known as a "rubber duck," is not particularly
efficient, but is convenient and rugged. Volume and squelch controls are usually
placed next to the antenna. The frequency control knob or buttons are on the top
end or the front.

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Question: Give some detail about "fault tolerance".

Answer: Fault tolerance means the system will not fail because any one
component fails. The system also should provide recovery from multiple failures.
Components are often over engineered or purposely underutilized to ensure that
while performance may be affected during an outage the system will perform
within predictable, acceptable bounds.

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Question: What are regulatory Agencies?

Answer: All communication technology is subject to regulation and laws by
government agencies. The purpose is to protect Public Interest by regulating
Radio, Television and Cable Communications.

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Question: What is the main problem with ASK (amplitude Shift Keying)?
Answer: The main problem with ASK is the noise. Noise usually affected the
amplitude so it is most affected by Noise.

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Question: What are the basic components of a data communication system ?

Answer: There are five basic components of a data communication. These are as
follows:- 1) message 2) sender 3) receiver 4) medium 5) protocol

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Question: How can I define Data communication?

Answer: Data communication is the name of a communication between computers.
More specifically, the exchange of data in the form 0's and 1's between two
devices (computers) via some form of the transmission medium. Nowadays, data
communication between computers also supports digital speech telephone and
videophone, thus following direct communication between people.

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Question: What is PCMCIA?

Answer: PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) is an
international standards body and trade association with over 100 member
companies that was founded in 1989 to establish standards for Integrated Circuit
cards and to promote interchangeability among mobile computers where ruggedness,
low power, and small size were critical. As the needs of mobile computer users
has changed, so has PCMCIA. By 1991, PCMCIA had defined an I/O interface for the
same 68 pin connector initially used for memory cards. At the same time, the
Socket Services Specification was added and was soon followed by the Card
Services Specifcation as developers realized that common software would be
needed to enhance compatibility.

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Question: Will VoIP work with DSL?

Answer: Yes, VoIP works with DSL. Many of the phone companies currently
providing DSL and landline phone services are in the process of unbundling DSL
and phone services.

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Question: What is attenuation?

Answer: Attenuation is signal loss due to the diminishing availability of
signal energy, or signal power. As a analog or digital signal traverses across a
medium, it fades. High attenuation may lead to the inability to recover the
signal on the far end. Signal repeaters may be used on the transmission path to
periodically boost the signal strength. Baseband transmission is extremely
limited to attenuation. Broad-band much less so, In addition, wireless
communications is much less susceptible to attenuation that is wire-line
communications such as x-DSL or cable modems.

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Question: What is difference between logical address and physical address?

Answer: The OSI model is a good place to start to learn more about the
differences between physical and logical addressing. Think of the physical
address as the 48-bit MAC address that manufacturers encode in their network
interface cards (NICs). This type of address is unique, referred to as the
Ethernet or hardware address, and cannot be changed. The MAC or Ethernet address
is associated with Layer 2 (data Link) of the OSI Model. The logical address is
a 32-bit IP address that is not embedded in the network card but it is assigned
to it for the purpose of routing between networks. This type of address operates
at Layer 3 (network) of the OSI Model.

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