15.

1 [119 marks]
1. [1 mark]
Which combination gives the standard hydration enthalpy of N a+¿ (g ) ¿?

A.  4 +359+790

B.  4 +359 −790

C.  − 4 −359+790

D.  4 −359+790

Markscheme
B
2. [1 mark]
What is the order of increasing (more exothermic) enthalpy of hydration?
Xn+ (g) → Xn+ (aq)
A.  Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+

B.  Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

C.  K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+

D.  Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+

Markscheme
C
3. [1 mark]
Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of atomization of bromine, Br 2?
1
A. Br2 (l) → Br (g)
2
B. Br2 (l) → 2Br (g)
C. Br2 (l) → 2Br (l)
1
D. Br2 (l) → Br (l)
2

Markscheme
A
4. [1 mark]
Which equation represents lattice enthalpy?
A. NaCl (g) → Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)
B. NaCl (s) → Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)
C. NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
D. NaCl (s) → Na+ (s) + Cl− (s)

Markscheme
B
5a. [1 mark]
Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.
State the electron configuration of the Cu+ ion.

Markscheme
[Ar] 3d10
OR
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 ✔
5b. [2 marks]
Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen
chloride.
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) → 2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the
data booklet.

Markscheme
ΔHθ = ΣΔHθf (products) − ΣΔHθf (reactants) ✔
ΔHθ = 2(−241.8 «kJ mol−1») − 4(−92.3 «kJ mol−1») = −114.4 «kJ» ✔
 
NOTE: Award [2] for correct final answer.
5c. [2 marks]
The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for
the reaction without a catalyst.
Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the
label Ea (cat).
Markscheme

Ea (cat) to the left of Ea ✔                        

 

peak lower AND Ea (cat) smaller ✔

5d. [2 marks]
Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.

Markscheme
«catalyst provides an» alternative pathway ✔
«with» lower Ea
OR
higher proportion of/more particles with «kinetic» E ≥ Ea(cat) «than Ea» ✔
5e. [3 marks]
Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of
formula CuCl2•xH2O.
A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value
of x. The following results were obtained:
Mass of crucible = 16.221 g
Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g
Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g
Determine the value of x.

Markscheme
mass of H2O = «18.360 g – 17.917 g =» 0.443 «g» AND mass of CuCl2 = «17.917 g – 16.221 g
=» 1.696 «g» ✔
 
moles of H2O = «$\frac{0.443\text{g}}{18.02\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$=» 0.0246 «mol»
OR
moles of CuCl2 =«$\frac{1.696\text{g}}{134.45\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$= » 0.0126
«mol» ✔

 
«water : copper(II) chloride = 1.95 : 1»

«x =» 2 ✔
NOTE: Accept «x =» 1.95.
NOTE: Award [3] for correct final answer.
5f. [2 marks]
Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as
shown.
 
State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.
Wires: 
Electrolyte:

Markscheme
Wires:
«delocalized» electrons «flow» ✔

Electrolyte:
«mobile» ions «flow» ✔
5g. [1 mark]
Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.
Markscheme
2Cl− → Cl2 (g) + 2e−
OR
1
Cl− → Cl2 (g) + e− ✔
2
NOTE: Accept e for e−.
5h. [1 mark]
Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.
Electrode number (on diagram):
Name of gas: 

Markscheme
«electrode» 3 AND oxygen/O2 ✔
NOTE: Accept chlorine/Cl2.
5i. [1 mark]
Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).

Markscheme
2H2O (l) → 4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e– ✔
NOTE: Accept 2Cl– (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e–.
Accept 4OH− → 2H2O + O2 + 4e−
5j. [2 marks]
Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and
20 of the data booklet.
The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol −1.

Markscheme
enthalpy of solution = lattice enthalpy + enthalpies of hydration «of Cu 2+ and Cl−» ✔
«+2824 kJ mol–1 − 2161 kJ mol–1 − 2(359 kJ mol–1) =» −55 «kJ mol–1» ✔
NOTE: Accept enthalpy cycle.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
5k. [1 mark]
Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride
and copper.
2Cu+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu2+ (aq)
Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section
24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
Eθ = «+0.52 – 0.15 = +» 0.37 «V» ✔
5l. [1 mark]
Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
spontaneous AND Eθ positive ✔
5m. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔGθ, to two significant figures, for the
disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
ΔGθ = «−nFE = −1 mol × 96 500 C Mol–1 × 0.37 V=» −36 000 J/−36 kJ ✔
 
NOTE: Accept “−18 kJ mol–1 «per mole of Cu+»”.

Do not accept values of n other than 1.

Apply SF in this question.

Accept J/kJ or J mol−1/kJ mol−1 for units.

5n. [1 mark]
Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during
the disproportionation.

Markscheme
2 mol (aq) → 1 mol (aq) AND decreases ✔
NOTE: Accept “solid formed from aqueous solution AND decreases”.
Do not accept 2 mol → 1 mol without (aq).
5o. [1 mark]
Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, for the
disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
ΔGθ < 0 AND ΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0
OR
ΔGθ + TΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0 ✔
5p. [1 mark]
Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I)
chloride solution.

Markscheme
TΔS more negative «reducing spontaneity» AND stability increases ✔
NOTE: Accept calculation showing non-spontaneity at 433 K.
5q. [3 marks]
Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is
colourless.
Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the
data booklet.

Markscheme
«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔
light absorbed as electrons transit to higher energy level «in d–d transitions»
OR
light absorbed as electrons promoted ✔
energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in visible region of spectrum ✔
colour observed is complementary ✔
5r. [1 mark]
Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.
Markscheme
full «3»d sub-level/orbitals
OR
no d–d transition possible «and therefore no colour» ✔
5s. [1 mark]
When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion,
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, forms.
State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.
 
Molecular geometry:
Bond angles: 

Markscheme
octahedral AND 90° «180° for axial» ✔
NOTE: Accept square-based bi-pyramid.
5t. [2 marks]
Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base,
referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl4]2−.

Markscheme
Any two of:
ligand/chloride ion Lewis base AND donates e-pair ✔
not Brønsted–Lowry base AND does not accept proton/H+ ✔
Lewis definition extends/broader than Brønsted–Lowry definition ✔
6a. [1 mark]
This question is about sodium and its compounds.
Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.
 
 

Markscheme

     [✔]
Notes: Accept curve showing general trend.
Award mark only if the energy difference between the first two points is larger than that
between points 2/3 and 3/4.
 
6b. [1 mark]
Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.
Markscheme
same number of electrons in outer shell
OR
all are s1 [✔]
6c. [2 marks]
Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.

Markscheme
«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»
OR
lattice «of ions»    [✔]
 
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
OR
electrostatic attraction between Na+ and O2− ions    [✔]
 
Note: Do not accept “ionic” without description.
6d. [2 marks]
The Born-Haber cycle for sodium oxide is shown (not to scale).
Calculate values for the following changes using section 8 of the data booklet.

ΔHatomisation (Na) = 107 kJ mol−1

ΔHatomisation (O) = 249 kJ mol−1
1
O (g) → O2- (g):
2 2
Na (s) → Na+ (g):
 
 

Markscheme
1
O (g) → O2- (g)
2 2
«ΔHatomisation (O) + 1st EA + 2nd EA = 249 k Jmol−1 − 141 kJmol−1 + 753 kJmol−1 =» «+»861
«kJmol−1»    [✔]
 
Na (s) → Na+ (g)
«ΔHatomisation (Na) + 1st IE = 107 kJmol−1 + 496 kJmol−1 =» «+»603 «kJmol−1»     [✔]
6e. [2 marks]
The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide is −414 kJ mol −1. Determine the lattice
enthalpy of sodium oxide, in kJ mol−1, using section 8 of the data booklet and your answers
to (d)(i).

(If you did not get answers to (d)(i), use +850 kJ mol −1 and +600 kJ mol−1 respectively, but
these are not the correct answers.)

Markscheme
lattice enthalpy = 861 «kJ mol−1» + 2 × 603 «kJ mol−1» −(−414 «kJ mol−1»)     [✔]
«= +» 2481 «kJ mol−1»    [✔]
 
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.
If given values are used:
M1: lattice enthalpy = 850 «kJ mol−1» +
2 × 600 «kJ mol−1» −(−414 «kJ mol−1»)
M2: «= +» 2464 «kJ mol−1»
6f. [1 mark]
Justify why K2O has a lower lattice enthalpy (absolute value) than Na2O.

Markscheme
K+ ion is larger than Na+
OR
smaller attractive force because of greater distance between ion «centres»      [✔]
6g. [3 marks]
Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V)
oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.
Sodium oxide, Na2O:
Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10:
Differentiation:
 
 

Markscheme
Sodium oxide:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH (aq)      [✔]
Phosphorus(V) oxide:
P4O10 (s) + 6H2O(l) → 4H3PO4 (aq)     [✔]
Differentiation:
NaOH/product of Na2O is alkaline/basic/pH > 7 AND H3PO4/product of P4O10 is acidic/pH <
7     [✔]
6h. [2 marks]
Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.
2Na2O (s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O2 (s)
Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00g of sodium oxide produces 5.50g
of sodium peroxide.

Markscheme
5.00 g
n(Na2O2) theoretical yield «=  » = 0.0807/8.07 × 10−2 «mol»
61.98 g mo l −1
OR

5.00 g
mass of Na2O2 theoretical yield «=  × 77.98 gmol−1» = 6.291 «g»    [✔]
61.98 g mo l −1
5.50 g 0.0705
% yield «= × 100» OR «  × 100» = 87.4 «%»     [✔]
6.291 g 0.0807
 
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.
6i. [3 marks]
Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.
2Na2O2 (s) + 2CO2 (g) → 2Na2CO3 (s) + O2 (g)
Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and
section 12 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
∑ΔHf products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ»    [✔]
∑ΔHf reactants = 2 × (−510.9) + 2 × (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ»     [✔]
ΔH = «∑ΔHf products − ∑ΔHf reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ»     [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
Award [2 max] for “+ 452.6 «kJ»”.
6j. [1 mark]
Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (g)(i).

Markscheme
only valid for covalent bonds
OR
only valid in gaseous state     [✔]
6k. [1 mark]
An allotrope of molecular oxygen is ozone. Compare, giving a reason, the bond enthalpies of
the O to O bonds in O2 and O3.

Markscheme
bond in O3 has lower enthalpy AND bond order is 1.5 «not 2»    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “bond in ozone is longer”.
6l. [1 mark]
Outline why a real gas differs from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.
Markscheme
Any one of:
finite volume of particles «requires adjustment to volume of gas»     [✔]
short-range attractive forces «overcomes low kinetic energy»    [✔]
6m. [1 mark]
The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one
other sodium compound. Suggest the formula of this compound.

Markscheme
NaOH    [✔]
6n. [1 mark]
State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3.

Markscheme
IV    [✔]
7. [1 mark]
Which change is exothermic?
 
1
A.  Cl2 (g) → Cl (g)
2
B.   K (g) → K+ (g) + e−
C.   KCl (s) → K+ (g) + Cl− (g)
D.   Cl (g) + e− → Cl− (g)

Markscheme
D
8. [1 mark]
What is the enthalpy of solution of MgF2(s) in kJ mol−1?
Lattice enthalpy of MgF2(s) = 2926 kJ mol−1
Hydration enthalpy of Mg2+(g) = −1963 kJ mol−1
Hydration enthalpy of F−(g) = −504 kJ mol−1
A.     2926 − 1963 + 2(−504)
B.     2926 − 1963 − 504
C.     −2926 − (−1963) − (−504)
D.     −2926 − (−1963) − 2(−504)

Markscheme
A
9. [1 mark]
Which value represents the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol −1, of strontium chloride, SrCl2?
A.     – (–829) + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – (–698)
B.     –829 + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – 698
C.     – (–829) + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – 698
D.     –829 + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – (–698)

Markscheme
C
10a. [2 marks]
Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements
in the periodic table.
Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl.

Markscheme
nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer
electrons» ✔
same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔
 
Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.
10b. [2 marks]
Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na+, is smaller than the radius of the oxide ion,
O2−.

Markscheme
isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔
more protons in Na+ ✔
10c. [2 marks]
Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.
Markscheme

Sketch showing:
largest increase between third and fourth ionization energies ✔
IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 < IE5 ✔
10d. [2 marks]
Predict, giving your reasons, whether Mn2+ or Fe2+ is likely to have a more exothermic
enthalpy of hydration.
Markscheme
Fe2+ AND smaller size/radius
OR
Fe2+ AND higher charge density ✔
 
stronger interaction with «polar» water molecules ✔
 
M1 not needed for M2.
11. [1 mark]
Which statements are correct for ionic compounds?
I.   Lattice energy increases as ionic radii increase.
II.  Within the same group, the melting point of salts tends to decrease as the radius of
the cation increases.
III. Solubility in water depends on the relative magnitude of the lattice energy compared
to the hydration energy.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
C
12. [1 mark]
Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium sulfide?
A. MgS (s) → Mg (g) + S (g)
B. MgS (s) → Mg+ (g) + S– (g)
C. MgS (s) → Mg2+ (g) + S2– (g)
D. MgS (s) → Mg (s) + S (s)

Markscheme
C
13. [1 mark]
Which equation represents enthalpy of hydration?
A.     Na(g) → Na+(aq) + e−
B.     Na+(g) → Na+(aq)
C.     NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl−(g)
D.     NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

Markscheme
B
14. [1 mark]
The Born-Haber cycle for potassium oxide is shown below:
Which expression represents the lattice enthalpy in kJ mol –1?
A.     –361 + 428 + 838 + 612
B.     –(–361) + 428 + 838 + 612
C.     –361 + 428 + 838 – 612
D.     –(–361) + 428 + 838 – 612

Markscheme
B
15. [1 mark]
Which ion’s hydration energy is the most exothermic?
A.     Li+
B.     Na+
C.     Br–
D.     I–

Markscheme
A
16. [1 mark]
Which transition represents an enthalpy of hydration?
 
 
 
A.  2H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
B.  NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
C.  K+(s)→K+(aq)
D.  K+(g)→K+(aq)

Markscheme
D
17. [1 mark]
Which represents the enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion?
Markscheme
A
18. [1 mark]
Which ionic compound has the largest value of lattice enthalpy?
A. MgS
B. MgO
C. CaBr2
D. NaF

Markscheme
B
19a. [4 marks]
Tin(II) chloride is a white solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent.
(i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to
strontium chloride, using section 9 of the data booklet.
(ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change when strontium chloride is dissolved in water,
using sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.
(iii) Tin(II) chloride reacts with water to precipitate the insoluble basic chloride, Sn(OH)Cl.

Suggest why tin(II) chloride is usually dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid.

Markscheme
(i)
same charge AND same/similar ionic radius
(ii)
enthalpy of hydration «= −1483 + 2 (−359)» = −2201 «kJmol −1»
enthalpy of solution «= 2170 − 2201» = −31 «kJmol−1»
Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1 max] for +31 «kJmol−1».
Award [1 max] for ±4371.
(iii)
hydrochloric acid shifts equilibrium to left
OR
hydrochloric acid prevents the basic chloride forming/precipitating
Accept “hydrochloric acid reacts with «basic» chloride” OR “hydrochloric acid suppresses salt
hydrolysis”.
 
19b. [3 marks]
Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state.

Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state of +4 to +3 according to the equation:

(i) Calculate the cell potential, EΘ, and the standard free energy, ΔGΘ, change for the reaction
between the VO2+ and Sn2+ ions, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.
EΘ:
ΔGΘ:
(ii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether a reaction between Sn2+(aq) and VO2+(aq) would
be spontaneous.

Markscheme
(i)
EΘ «= 0.34 − 0.15» = 0.19«V»
∆GOΘ«= − nFEΘ = −2 × 96500 × 0.19» = −36670 / −37000«J» / − 37«kJ»
Accept −18335 «J» or −18 «kJ» as equation not specified.
(ii) 
yes AND ∆GΘ is negative
OR
yes AND EΘ for the cell is positive
OR
yes AND Sn2+ (aq) is a stronger reducing agent than V3+(aq)
OR
yes AND EΘ SN4+ (aq) is more negative that  EΘ or VO2+ (aq)
OR
yes AND VO2+ (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Sn4+ (aq)
OR
yes AND EΘ for  VO2+  (aq) is more positive than EΘ for SN4+ (aq)
Do not accept reference to anti-clockwise rule.
19c. [2 marks]
Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the
term transition metal.

Markscheme
1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2
OR
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 
incomplete d «sub-» level/orbital/shell «in its compounds/ions»
19d. [3 marks]
In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H 2O)6]3+, [VCl
(H2O)5]2+ or [VCl2(H2O)4]+ depending on the concentration of chloride ions in the solution.
(i) Describe how Cl− and H2O bond to the vanadium ion.
(ii) Outline what would happen to the wavelength at which the vanadium complex ions
would absorb light as the water molecules are gradually replaced by chloride ions, using
section 15 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
(i)
give/donate a lone/non-bonding electron pair
Accept “through the formation of a dative/ coordinate bond”.
Accept “by acting as Lewis bases”.
Do not accept “act as ligands”.
(ii)
«more chlorido ligands» smaller energy gap between split d-orbitals
OR
Cl− is lower than H2O in spectrochemical series
OR
Cl− is a weaker ligand/has lower charge density
the absorption will move to longer wavelengths
OR
the absorption wavelength will increase
Do not accept answers in terms of change of frequency.
19e. [6 marks]
Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below:

(i) State the sub-levels from which each of the first four electrons are lost.
First:    Second:    Third:    Fourth:    
(ii) Outline why there is an increase in ionization energy from electron 3 to electron 5.
(iii) Explain why there is a large increase in the ionization energy between electrons 5 and
6.
(iv) Vanadium is comprised almost entirely of 51V. State the number of neutrons an atom
of 51V has in its nucleus.
Markscheme
(i)
First: 4s AND Second: 4s AND Third: 3d AND Fourth: 3d
Do not apply ECF from (c).
(ii)
«in the same sub-shell and a» decrease in electron-electron repulsion
OR
«in the same sub-shell and» as more electrons removed, the pull of of the nucleus/positive
ions holds the remaining electrons more tightly
Do not accept “greater nuclear charge/ effective nuclear charge”.
(iii)
electron 5 is lost from the 3d orbital
OR
electron 5 is lost from the valence shell
electron 6 is lost from a 3p orbital
OR
electron 6 is lost from a «complete» inner shell
3p orbital/complete inner shell experiences a much larger effective nuclear charge
OR
3p orbital/complete inner shell is less well shielded
OR
3p orbital/complete inner shell is nearer the nucleus
Award [1 max] (for M1/M2) (ECF) if candidate recognises electrons 5 and 6 are from
different levels.
(iv)
28
 
20. [1 mark]
What is the correct order for increasing lattice enthalpy?
A.     MgO< MgC l 2< NaCl<CsCl

B.     CsCl< NaCl< MgC l 2< MgO

C.     NaCl<CsCl< MgO< MgC l 2

D.     NaCl<CsCl< MgC l 2< MgO

Markscheme
B
21a. [1 mark]
Bromomethane was used as a pesticide until it was found to be ozone-depleting.
State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.

Markscheme
C H 4 + B r 2 →C H 3 Br+ HBr ;

21b. [4 marks]
Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane
with bromine, including necessary reaction conditions.

Markscheme
Initiation:
UV / h f /h v
B r2 → 2 Br •;

Reference to UV/light or high temperatures must be included.

Propagation:
Br •+C H 4 →C H 3 •+ HBr ;

C H 3 •+ B r 2 → C H 3 Br + Br •;

Termination:
Award [1 max] for any one of:
Br •+Br •→ B r 2;

C H 3 •+ Br • →C H 3 Br;

C H 3 •+C H 3 •→ C2 H 6;

Allow representation of radical without • (eg Br, C H 3) if consistent throughout mechanism.

Award [3 max] if initiation, propagation and termination are not stated or are incorrectly
labelled for equations.
21c. [1 mark]
Bromomethane reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide. State the organic product of this
reaction.
Markscheme
methanol/C H 3 OH ;

21d. [2 marks]
Explain why the rate of the reaction between iodomethane, C H 3 I , and NaOH(aq) is faster
than the rate of the reaction between C H 3 Br and NaOH(aq).

Markscheme
C–I bond is weaker than the C–Br bond so more easily broken;
C–I bond is longer than the C–Br bond / I larger than Br so bonding electrons not as tightly
held / I − is better leaving group than B r −;
21e. [2 marks]
Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide.
Deduce the half-equation for the reaction at each electrode.
 
Positive electrode (anode):
 
Negative electrode (cathode):

Markscheme
Positive electrode (anode):
1
2 B r − → B r 2( g)+2 e − / B r − → B r 2 ( g)+ e−;
2
Negative electrode (cathode):
−
→ Na(l)¿
N a+¿+e ;

Award [1 max] for correct equations at incorrect electrodes.

Ignore state symbols.
Accept e instead of e −.
Penalize use of equilibrium signs once only.
21f. [2 marks]
Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of concentrated
aqueous sodium bromide.
 
Positive electrode (anode):
 
Negative electrode (cathode):

Markscheme
Positive electrode (anode):
bromine/ B r 2;
Negative electrode (cathode):
hydrogen/ H 2;

Allow sodium hydroxide/NaOH/hydroxide/O H − formation.

21g. [1 mark]
Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium iodide.
B r 2 (aq)+2 NaI (aq) → I 2 (aq)+2 NaBr(aq)

Identify the oxidizing agent in this reaction.

Markscheme
bromine/ B r 2;

Do not accept bromide/ B r −.

21h. [1 mark]
Define the term standard electrode potential, EΘ .

Markscheme
potential of reduction half-reaction under standard conditions measured relative to
standard hydrogen electrode/SHE/potential under standard conditions relative to
standard hydrogen electrode/SHE;
Instead of standard state allow either solute concentration of 1 mo l d m− 3 or

100 k P a/1.00 ×105 P a for gases.

Allow 1 bar for 100 k P a/1.00 ×105 P a.
Allow 1 atm.
Allow voltage instead of potential.
21i. [4 marks]
Draw a labelled diagram for the voltaic cell in which the following reaction occurs.
2+ ¿(aq)+ Cu( s)¿

Mg (s)+C u2+¿(aq)→ M g ¿

Include in your answer the direction of electron flow and the polarity of the electrodes.

Markscheme

correct diagram including (voltmeter), 4 correct species (state symbols not required) and
connecting wires;
No credit if wires to electrodes immersed in the solutions.
Accept ammeter/meter/lamp instead of voltmeter.
labelled salt bridge;
Accept an appropriate salt (name or formula) instead of salt bridge (eg, potassium nitrate).
correctly labelled electrodes as +/cathode and −/anode;
flow of electrons from Mg to Cu in external circuit;
21j. [2 marks]
A student measures a voltage of 2.65 V in the voltaic cell formed between magnesium and
copper half-cells using a digital voltmeter.
State the random uncertainty of this value, in V, and the number of significant figures in the
answer.
 
Random uncertainty:
 
Significant figures:

Markscheme
Random uncertainty: (±) 0.01 (V);
Significant figures: 3;
21k. [1 mark]
Outline how the student can reduce the random error in her results.

Markscheme
repeat readings and take an average / use more precise equipment;
21l. [4 marks]

Determine the standard enthalpy change of formation, Δ H Θf , of NaCl(s), in kJ mol − 1, using a

Born-Haber cycle and tables 7, 10 and 13 of the data booklet. The standard enthalpy
change of atomization (standard enthalpy change of sublimation), Δ H Θat, of Na(s) is
+108 kJ mol −1 .

Markscheme
1 enthalpy /1
atomization of chlorine= bond 243/121.5(kJ mol − 1);
2 2
correct values for ionization Na (+ 496 kJ mo l −1) and electron affinity Cl (−349 kJ mol − 1)

and lattice enthalpy of NaCl (+790 kJ mol −1 /+769 kJ mol −1);

Born-Haber energy cycle;
Accept lines or arrows in energy cycle.
Δ H Θf (NaCl(s ))=− 413.5 /− 413 /− 414 (kJ mo l −1 );

Accept −392.5 /− 392/−393 i f +769 used for lattice enthalpy.

Award [4] for correct final answer.

Printed for GREEN HILLS ACAD SEC

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2021
International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®