Notes of Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS12 (Mathematics F. Sc.

Part 2 or HSSC-11
Punjab text book board Lahore, PAKISTAN
Chapter 3. 2nd year INTEGRATION

Integration: 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜

Draw ⊥ 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 ⊥
The technique or method to find such a function
PR 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. |𝑃𝑅| = 𝑑𝑥
whose derivative is given involves the inverse process
|𝑄𝑅| = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅|

4
of differentiation, called anti derivative or
⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅| → (𝑖)

21
integration. |𝑇𝑅| |𝑇𝑅|
Differential of variable: 𝐼𝑛 △ 𝑇𝑃𝑅, 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 = =
|𝑃𝑅| 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓 be a differentiable function defined as

43
⇒ |𝑇𝑅| = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) So(𝑖) ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇|
⇒ 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

44
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑁𝑜𝑤 lim = lim 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ |𝑄𝑇| 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙

43
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑓′(𝑥) So 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 |𝑄𝑇|
𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦

03
∵ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 Example:
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 Find𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 of the function defined as
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑏𝑦𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ∈. 𝑖. 𝑒 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)+∈ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝛿𝑥 d
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑒 Solution:
za
𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑦. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 =?
2
𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥  𝑦=𝑥
eh

Note: 1.The differential of 𝒙 is denoted by 𝒅𝒙 and 𝑑𝑦

 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
defined as 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 Take 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.01
𝒅
Sh

𝒊. 𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙)𝜹𝒙 𝑑𝑦 = 2(2)(0.01) = 0.04

𝒅𝒙 Now we find 𝛿𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2
⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝜹𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒙
′ (𝒙)𝒊𝒔  𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦 , 𝑦 = (𝑥)2 = (2)2 = 4
2. 𝒇 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕.
ir

= (2 + 0.01)2 − 4 ∵ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥 = 0.01
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
Am

𝛿𝑦 = 4.041 − 4 = 0.0401
Example:
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
𝑦 Use differentials find 𝒅𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
by

Solution:
𝒚
− 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
𝒙
𝒚
n

 𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒄)
te

𝒚
 𝒅 (𝒙) − 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝟎
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
rit

 − 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
∅ 𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)  = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
W

R 𝒙𝟐
𝑦 𝛿𝑥  𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙
∅  𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝑥 𝒙+𝒚
0 𝑥 M N  𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
 =
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜

𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 1

 𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(√𝑥)
Exercise 3.1 d𝑦 = 2
1
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 1
𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 d𝑦 = 2 4 (0.41)
√
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: d𝑦 = 0.1025
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3 𝑡𝑜 3.02, 𝑠𝑜 Now.
2 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑦=𝑥 −1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦

4
d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 0 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦

21
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥
d𝑦 = 2(3)(0.02) 𝑥 =4,

43
d𝑦 = 0.12 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 4.41 − 4 = 0.41
Now 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 𝛿𝑦 = √4 + 0.41 − √4

44
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 = 0.1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆

43
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 1 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 𝒊) 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟒

03
𝑥=3 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 3.02 − 3 = 0.02 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑑(4)

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑥) = 0
𝛿𝑦 = (3 + 0.02)2 − (3)2
d𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
za
𝛿𝑦 = 0.1204 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥
dy 𝑦+1
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝟏. 𝟖 =− 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
eh

dx
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: dx 𝑥
= − 𝑦+1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 dy
Sh

𝟐 𝟐
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 2
𝑑(𝑥 + 2𝑦 ) = 𝑑(16)
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑑(𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = 0
ir

d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2.2𝑦 2−1 . 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
Am

2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
d𝑦 = 2(2)(−0.2) + 2(−0.2)
4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d𝑦 = −1.2 dy 2𝑥 𝑥
Now dx
= − 4𝑦 = − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
dx 2𝑦
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) =−
by

dy 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
n

𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 2 )

te

𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑(𝑥 4 ) + 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = (𝑥)′ (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2 )′𝑥

𝑥 =2, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑦 2 + (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦)𝑥
rit

𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 1.8 − 2 = −0.2 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
W

𝛿𝑦 = (2 − 0.2)2 + 2(−0.2) − (2)2 (2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

Dy 𝑦 2 −4𝑥 3
𝛿𝑦 = −1.16 = 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = √𝒙 dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
= 𝑦2 −4𝑥3
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒 𝒕𝒐 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 dy
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒊𝒗) 𝒙𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑑(𝑥𝑦 − ln 𝑥) = 𝑑(𝑐)
𝑁𝑜𝑤
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑑(ln 𝑥) = 0
𝑦 = √𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 2

 1 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 30° ,
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 29° − 30° = −1° = −0.01745
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = cos 30° = 0.866
𝑥𝑦−1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
dy 1−𝑥𝑦
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(cos 𝑥)
dx
= 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx 𝑥2
= 1−𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 30° (−0.01745)
dy 𝑑𝑦 = − (0.5) (−0.01745)
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087

4
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇: 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 cos 29° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝟒
𝒊) √𝟏𝟕

21
= 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 0.8747
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 4√𝑥 = 𝑥 4 𝒊𝒗) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟏°

43
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 17 − 16 = 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 60° ,

44
1 1
𝑦 = (16)4 = (24 )4 = 2 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 61° − 60° = 1° = 0.01745
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦=𝑥 4 𝑦 = sin 60° = 0.866

43
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 ) 4

1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(sin 𝑥)
1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

03
1 3 𝑑𝑦 = cos 60° (0.01745)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (0.5) (0.01745)
4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1 d 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087
3 3
1 1 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 sin 61° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = (16)−4 (1) = (24 )−4
za
4 4
1 1 1 1 = 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑑𝑦 = (2)−3 = . = = 0.8747
4 4 8 32
𝑑𝑦 = 0.03125 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
eh

4
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 √17 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕
= 2 + 0.03125 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐.
Sh

= 2.03125 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝒊𝒊) (𝟑𝟏)𝟓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝐿 . 𝑊 . 𝐻
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑉 = 𝑥. 𝑥. 𝑥
ir

1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑉 = 𝑥3
Am

𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑(𝑉) = (𝑥 3 )
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 31 − 32 = −1 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5 𝑡𝑜 5.02, 𝑠𝑜
𝑦 = (32)5 = (25 )5 = 2
1 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 5.02 − 5 = 0.02
by

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑥5 𝑑𝑉 = 3(5)2 (0.02) = 1.5 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 5 ) 𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 5 −1 𝑑𝑥
n

𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎.

5
1 −4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
te

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚

5
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑𝑥 = −1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝜋𝑟 2
rit

1 4
𝑑𝑦 = 5 (32)−5 (−1) = − 5 (25 )−5
1 4
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑥 2
𝑑(𝐴) = 𝑑(𝜋𝑥 2 )
W

1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 5 (2)−4 = 5 . 16 = 80 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋. 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −0.0125 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 44 𝑡𝑜 44.4,
1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 (31)5 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 22 𝑡𝑜 22.4, 𝑠𝑜
= 2 − 0.0125 𝑥 = 22 , 𝑑𝑥 = 22.2 − 22 = 0.2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(2)(22)(0.2)
= 1.9875
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟗° 𝑑𝐴 = 27.646 𝑐𝑚2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 3

 Integration as anti-derivative 1
2. ∫ √𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
(inverse of derivative)
3
− +1
1 −
3 𝑥 2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑣. 𝑣. 𝑣. 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(∗∗∗) =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2
( ) 3
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑥 3 −2+1
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. −
1
Consider 𝐹(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 2
= +𝑐=− +𝑐
1 √𝑥
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹 ′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −2

4
𝑑

21
=∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ (2𝑥+3)4 𝑑𝑥 =
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 1 (2𝑥 + 3)−4+1

43
−4
∫(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = . +𝑐
𝑑 2 −4 + 1
∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟. 1
𝑑𝑥 =− +𝑐

44
6(2𝑥 + 3)3
*The symbol ∫ … 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 "𝑥" 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐

43
*The anti- derivative of a function is also called 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= +𝑐
integrated is called integrand of the integral. 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐

03
*The function which is to be integrated is called 𝑎
integrand of the integral. 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=− +𝑐
Some standard formulae for Anti- 3
d 6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
derivatives = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
za
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥
∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐(𝑛 ≠ −1) = +𝑐 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
eh

𝑛+1
5
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥
= +𝑐
𝑎
Sh

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑠𝑒5𝑥
= +𝑐
5
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐
ir

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏

+𝑐
Am

𝑎
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
1 9. ∫ 3𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 3𝜆𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑎 = 𝜆𝑙𝑛3
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐, 𝑥 ≠ 0 , ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐|𝑥| + 𝑐
by

𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐 1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−1 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
n
te

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

1. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
rit

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑠| + 𝑐 2. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Prove that
W

Here c is constant of integration. These formulae can

be verified by showing that the derivatives of right [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
hand side of each w.r.t “x” is equal to the 𝒏+𝟏
Proof:
corresponding integral 𝑑
Examples: We know that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥))
𝑥 (𝑛+1) 𝑑
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒏+𝟏
𝑑
𝒙 𝟓+𝟏
𝒙 𝟔  (𝑓 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= +𝒄= +𝒄 𝑑𝑥
𝟓+𝟏 𝟔 Taking integration
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 4
 𝑑 (𝑛+1) 5
𝑥2
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2
+ +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 5
2
2
𝑛+1 (𝑥) 𝑛 (𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 𝑓 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 2 5
1
𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥)
= 5 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑐
 ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝟏
𝑛+1
𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝒇′(𝒙)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
Prove that ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 1
= ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
Proof: × 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

4
1
We know that 1
= ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 . 2 𝑑𝑥
2

21
𝑑 1 1
[𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = . 𝑓′(𝑥) =2
1 (2𝑥+3)2
+1
+𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 1
+1
2
Taking integration both sides

43
3
1 (2𝑥+3)2
𝑑 1 = 3 +𝑐
∫ [𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 3

44
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 2 . 3 (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 1 3
= 3 (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
𝒇′ (𝒙)

43
 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗) ∫(√𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙)
(∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝒄) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

03
Hence proved. = ∫(√𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫((√𝑥)2 + 2√𝑥. 1 + (1)2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫[𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 1]
Exercise 3.2 d
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1
za
1
+1
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: 𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
= + 2. 1 + x+𝑐
𝒊) ∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1+1
2
+1
eh

3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑥2 𝑥2
= + 2. + x+𝑐
= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 2 3
2
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 3
Sh

1 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 2 3
= 3. − 2. +𝑥+𝑐 1 2 4 3
2+1 1+1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 3
= 3. − 2. + 𝑥 +𝑐 𝟏
3 2 𝒗𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
ir

3 2
= 𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥+𝑐 √
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
Am

𝟏
𝒊𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 1
√𝒙 = ∫(√𝑥 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: √
2
1 2 1 1
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [(√𝑥) + ( ) − 2√𝑥. ] 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥 √ √𝑥
by

1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥 + − 2] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 1 1
+1 − +1
𝑥2 𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= 1 + 1 +𝑐
+1 − +1
n

2 2 𝑥 1+1
3 1 = 1+1
+ ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥2
te

= 3 + 1 +𝑐 =
1 2
𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
2 2 2
2 3 1
𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑸. (𝒗𝒊)
rit

= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
3 AGAR FUNCTION OVER M HO AUR FUNCTION KI POWER
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙(√𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
W

1 HO TU AP US PAR POWER RULE NI LAGA SAKTAY.

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: FOR EXAMPLE:
= ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 −1+1 𝑥0 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = −1+1 = 0 = 0 = ∞
= ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 IS M ANSWER ∞ A GIA SO NOT SOLVED?
= ∫ 𝑥 1+2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 THEN AGAR FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE UPER MAJOOD H
3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 T US K 𝑙𝑛 K SATH LIKH DE.
3 𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝑥2
+1
𝑥 1+1 𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
= 3 + 1+1
+𝑐 √𝒙
+1
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 5

 3𝑥+2 𝟐
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (𝟏 − √𝒙)
√𝑥
3𝑥 2 𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
√ √
√𝒙
3√𝑥√𝑥 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 = √𝑥. √𝑥 (1−√𝑥)
2
√ √
2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
= [3
∫ √ 𝑥 + ] 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 (√𝑥)2 +(1)2 −2√𝑥
1
−
1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
= ∫ [3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1−2√𝑥
1 1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

4
𝑥 1 2√𝑥
𝑥2
1
+1
1
− +1
𝑥 2
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
√ √ √

21
=3 1 +2 1 +𝑐 1
+1 − +1 =
2 2 ∫ [√𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
3 1 √
1 1
𝑥2 𝑥2
=3 +2 +𝑐 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

43
3 1
1 1
2 2 +1 − +1
𝑥2 𝑥 2
2 3 1
= + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
= 3 3 𝑥 + 2 .2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 1
2
+1
1
− +1
2

44
3 1 3 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐 =
𝑥2
+
𝑥2
− 2𝑥 + 𝑐
3 1
√𝒚(𝒚 + 𝟏) 2 2

43
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 2 3 1
𝒚 = 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒆𝒙

𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙

03
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝒆𝒙
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √ 𝑒𝑥
=
𝑦+1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√
d
=
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∫ [ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
za
𝑦 1
= ∫ [ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥] =∫ [𝑒 𝑥
+ 1] 𝑑𝑥
√ √ 𝑥
1 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [√𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥]
eh

√ 𝑒𝑥
1 1
= + 𝑥+𝑐
− 1
= ∫ [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝑥+𝑐
Sh

1 1
𝑦2
+1 − +1
𝑦 2 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑫𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑽𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑀
= 1 + 1 +𝑐 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION KA JAB DERIVATIVE LATY H T
+1 − +1
2 2
3 1 FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KA DERIVATIVE MULTIPLY
𝑦2 𝑦 2
= + +𝑐 KARTY H. LAKIN INTEGRATION M DIVIDE KARE GAI.
ir

3 1
2 2
2 3 1 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆:
Am

= 3 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 𝒅𝒙
𝐢) ∫
𝟐 √𝒙+𝒂+√𝒙+𝒃
(√𝜽 − 𝟏) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝜽 𝑑𝑥
√𝜽 ∫
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
by

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
(√𝜃−1)
2 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
√ √
∫ 𝑑𝜃
√𝜃 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
(√𝜃)2 +(1)2 −2√𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
n

(√𝑥+𝑎)2 −(√𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥−𝑏

=∫ 𝑑𝜃 1
√𝜃
= 𝑎−𝑏 ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑑𝑥
te

𝜃+1−2√𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 1 1 1
√𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏 {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥}
rit

𝜃 1 2√𝜃
= ∫[ + − ] 𝑑𝜃 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
√𝜃 √𝜃 √𝜃 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄
1 𝒏+𝟏
W

= ∫ [√𝜃 + − 2] 𝑑𝜃 1
+1
1
+1
√𝜃 1 (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)2
1 1 = 𝑎−𝑏 { 1 + 1 }+𝑐
= ∫ 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝜃 −2 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃 2
+1
2
+1
1 1 3 3
+1 − +1
𝜃2 𝜃 2 1 (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)2
= 1 + 1 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐 = 𝑎−𝑏 { 3 + 3 }+𝑐
+1 − +1
2 2 2 2
3 1 3 3
𝜃2 𝜃2 1 2 2
= + − 2𝜃 + 𝑐 = { (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 } + 𝑐
3 1 𝑎−𝑏 3 3
3 3
2 2 2
2 3 1 = {(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 } + 𝑐
3(𝑎−𝑏)
= 𝜃 + 2𝜃 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
2 2
𝟏−𝒙𝟐
3
𝐢𝐢) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 6

 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
= ∫[ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ] 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒𝑥
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =∫ [𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑥
+ 𝑒 + 3 + 3𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑥]
2−1−𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
2−(1+𝑥 2 ) = + + 3𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 −1 2 1
1
2 1+𝑥 2 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

4
−1
= 2 tan 𝑥−𝑥+𝑐 ∫ sin(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙 −cos(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥

21
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙+𝒂+ 𝒙 = + 𝑐
√ √ 𝑎+𝑏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
= − 𝑎+𝑏 cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥

43
∫ DERIVATION M FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE LENA HOTA H
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥
1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 AUR SATH ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE KO MULTIPLY KARTY H.
= ∫ 𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑎− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ √ √ BUT INTEGRATION M ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE K DIVIDE

44
√𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥
= ∫ ( 𝑥+𝑎)2 −( 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 KARE GAI.
√ √
1
= 𝑎 ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + )𝑑𝑥 𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

43
1 1
1
= 𝑎 {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥} 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ √1 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

03
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝒏+𝟏
1
+1
1
+1
𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐
1 (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥)2
= 𝑎{ 1 + 1 }+𝑐 𝑺𝒐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
+1 +1

1
2

(𝑥+𝑎)2
3
2

(𝑥)2
3
d
= ∫ √2sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
za
= { 3 + 3 }+𝑐 = ∫ √2 √sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 = √2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= { (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐
eh

𝑎 3
3
3
3 = √2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
2
= {(𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐
2
= −√2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
3𝑎
𝟑 1
Sh

𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝒂 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
3 1
∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2 ∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ir

× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑨𝒔 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
Am

3
1 𝟏
= −2 ∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 . (−2) 𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙 , 𝒔𝒐
3 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
+1
= −2
1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2
+𝑐 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏
3
+1
2 (ln 𝑥)𝟏+𝟏
5 = + 𝒄
by

1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2 𝟏+𝟏
= −2 5 +𝑐 (ln 𝑥)𝟐
2
= 𝟐
+𝒄
5
1 2 𝟐
= − . (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐 𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
n

2 5
1 5 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= − 5 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐
te

∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KE DERIVATIVE S DIVIDE KARNA H. 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 =
rit

𝑒𝑥 𝟐
∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = 𝑒𝑥 +𝑐 1−cos 2𝑥
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
W

1
𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(𝟏+𝒆𝒙 )𝟑 = 2 ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 sin 2𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = [𝑥 − ]+𝑐
2 2
(1+𝑒 𝑥 )3 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒𝑥
∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
3 𝟏
13 +(𝑒 𝑥 )3 +3(1)(𝑒 𝑥 )(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑒𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1+𝑒 3𝑥 +3𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑒 𝑥 ) 1
=∫ 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 7

 𝒙 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝑺𝒐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟐 Cos 2𝑥−1
=∫
1
𝒙 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos2 1−cos 2𝑥
𝟐
1 𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 2
∫ sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝟐
𝑥 ∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = ⟹ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
1 tan 𝑥 𝟐
=2 1
2
+𝑐 = tan 2 +𝑐 ∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
⟹ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
2 𝟐
sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 2 sin2 𝑥
= − ∫ 2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑖 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑗𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑦𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑎𝑝 𝑦𝑒
= − ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec2 𝑥

21
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑒.
1−cos 2𝑥 = − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = 2
1+cos 2𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
cos2 𝑥

43
= 2 𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1 ∫ Tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

44
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

43
INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G.

sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼. Integration by method of

03
(sin 𝑥)′ = cos 𝑥 substitution
(cos 𝑥)′ = − sin 𝑥 Sometimes it is possible to convert an integral into
(tan 𝑥)′ = sec2 𝑥
standard form by a suitable change of a variable.
d
(cot 𝑥)′ = − csc2 𝑥
This is called substitution method.
za
(sec 𝑥)′ = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
(cosec 𝑥)′ = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI
eh

INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = ∅(𝑡) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ∅′′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G. So ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(∅(𝑡))∅′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Sh

sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼. Some useful substitutions:

𝒂𝒙+𝒃
𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1. √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒂𝒙 +𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: (∵ 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽)
ir

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 2. √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Am

× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 (∵ sec 2 𝜃 − 1 = tan2 𝜃

1 2(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 3. √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1 2𝑎𝑥+2𝑏
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 (∵ sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
4. √𝑥 + 𝑎(0𝑟)√𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑡
by

′
𝒇 (𝒙)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫
[𝒇(𝒙)]
= 𝒍𝒏[𝒇(𝒙)]
1
𝑜𝑟(√𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑡
= 2 𝒍𝒏(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝒄
5. √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
n

𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

6. √2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
te

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
rit

× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

1
W

= 2 ∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
As 2cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
= 2 ∫[sin(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) − sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫[sin(5𝑥) − sin(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 {∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
1 − cos 5𝑥 −cos 𝑥
= 2{ 5 − 1 } + 𝑐
1 cos 5𝑥
= − 2 { 5 − cos 𝑥} + 𝑐

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 8

 𝑓 ′(𝑥)
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
Exercise 3.3 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
𝒙+𝒃
Evaluate the following integrals: 𝑸. 𝟔: ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
−𝟐𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝟐
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟒−𝒙𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫
𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
1
−2𝑥
∫ √4−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
1
−
1 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 2 . (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(4 − 𝑥 2 )−2
(−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

4
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑏)

21
𝑓′(𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2
1
− +1 1
(4−𝑥 2 ) 2 1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)−2 . 2(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
= 1 2

43
− +1 1
2 − +1
1 1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 2
(4−𝑥 2 )2 = 1 +𝑐
2 − +1
= 1 +𝑐 2

44
1
2
1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
= 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∵ 𝑡 = 4 − 𝑥 2 = 2 1 +𝑐
𝒅𝒙 2
𝑸. 𝟐: ∫ 𝟐 = √𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑐

43
𝒙 +𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟑
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙
𝑸. 𝟕: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

03
𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
=∫ sec2 𝑥
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4−4+13
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +9 √tan 𝑥
1
1 = ∫(tan 𝑥)−2 sec 2 𝑥
d
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +(3)2 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
za
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
∵∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
1 𝑥+2 1
= 3 tan−1 ( )+ 𝑐 (tan 𝑥)−2+1
= +𝑐
eh

3 1
− +1
𝒙𝟐 2
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫ 𝟒+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1
(tan 𝑥)2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = +𝑐
Sh

1
2
(+) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−) 4
= 2√tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
4+𝑥 2 −4
=∫ 4+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟖: (𝒂) 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
2 𝒅𝒙
ir

4+𝑥 4
= ∫( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) + 𝒄
4+𝑥 4+𝑥 2 √𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
Am

4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = ∫
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 22 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑥 − 4. 2 tan−1 (2) + 𝑐 =∫
𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
by

√(𝑎 sec 𝜃)2 −𝑎2 √𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑎2

𝑥
= 𝑥 − 2 tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐 =∫
𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
2
√𝑎2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1) √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝟏
𝑸. 𝟒: ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
n

tan 𝜃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + 𝑐1
te

1 1
∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ = sec 𝜃
rit

1 𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐴𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
W

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓′ (𝑥)
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
tan 𝜃 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
= 𝑙𝑛[ln 𝑥] + 𝑐
𝒆𝒙 𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟓: ∫ 𝒆𝒙 +𝟑 𝒅𝒙 tan 𝜃 = √(𝑎) − 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑒𝑥 tan 𝜃 = √
𝑎2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +3 ̇
√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝜃 =
𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 9

 ̇ 1+𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑎 +
𝑥 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
| + 𝑐1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
𝑎 1 𝑥
̇
𝑥+√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
= 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑐1 1 1
𝑎 = sin−1 𝑥 + ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )
−
2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑨 −2
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝐥𝐧 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − 𝒍𝒏𝑩 1
− +1
𝑩 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
= sin−1 𝑥 − 2 . +𝑐
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | − 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 1
− +1
2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = −𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 1
−1 1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 = sin 𝑥− 2
. 1 +𝑐
2

4
𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟗: ∫ 𝟑 = sin−1 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

21
(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫ 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

∫
𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3

43
sin 𝜃 1
(1+𝑥 2 )2 ∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 cos 𝜃 = 𝑡 ⟹ − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝑑(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
∫ 1+𝑡 2 . −𝑑𝑡 = − tan−1 𝑡 + 𝑐

44
sec2 𝜃
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = cos 𝜃
(1+tan2 𝜃)2
= − tan−1 ( cos 𝜃) + 𝑐

43
sec2 𝜃
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 𝒂𝒙
(sec2 𝜃)2 𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫ 𝟐 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
√𝒂 −𝒙
sec2 𝜃
= ∫ sec3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

03
𝑎𝑥 𝑥
=
1
∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 2 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 −𝑥 √𝑎 2 −(𝑥 2 )2
1
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
d 2
sin 𝜃 𝑎 1 𝑎 𝑡
= 1
+𝑐 = 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
za
√𝑎 2 −𝑡 2
sin 𝜃 1 𝑥
= cos 𝜃
. cos 𝜃 +𝑐 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎
= tan 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 + 𝑐 𝑎 𝑥2
eh

tan 𝜃 = 2 sin−1 𝑎
+𝑐 ∵ 𝑥2 = 𝑡
= sec 𝜃
+𝑐 𝒅𝒙
tan 𝜃 𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫
= +𝑐 √𝟕−𝟔𝒙−𝒙𝟐
Sh

√sec2 𝜃 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
tan 𝜃
= +𝑐 𝑑𝑥
√1+tan2 𝜃 ∫ √7−6𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑥
ir

= +𝑐 𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑥 2
=∫
√7−𝑥 2 −6𝑥−9+9
Am

𝟏
𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 =∫
√7−(𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9)+9
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 =∫
∫ (1+𝑥 2 )𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
√16−(𝑥+3)2
1 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 + 𝑐
by

1 1
∫ . 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 𝑎
𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 ) −1 𝑥+3
−1
= sin +𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥2 )
n

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
te

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐 1 cos 𝑥

∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥| + 𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
rit

𝟏+𝒙 cos 𝑥
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫ √𝟏−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜
W

𝑓 ′(𝑥)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥] + 𝑐
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= ∫ √1−𝑥 × √1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 cos 𝑥
= ∫ √1−𝑥 × 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
= ∫ √ 1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 10

 [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]1+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+2+1−1 𝑥+3 1
= +𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
1+1 √𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 √𝑥+3
1 1
1
= [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]2 + 𝑐 ∫ √𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 3) . 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 +
2
2 √𝑥+3
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫ 𝟒+𝟐𝒙+𝒙𝟐 −
3) .1 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

1 1 3 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+3)2+1 (𝑥+3)−2+1 (𝑥+3)2 (𝑥+3)2
∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥2 1 + 1 +𝑐 = 3 + 1 +𝑐
1 2𝑥 +1 − +1
2 2 2 2
= 2 ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 3
1 2𝑥+2−2 = 3
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 2 √𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐
= 2 ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4
√𝟐
1 2𝑥+2 2 𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 2 {∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥}

21
1 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2 {ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+12 +4−12 𝑑𝑥} 1
∫1 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2 ( cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)

43
= 2 ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +( 3)2 𝑑𝑥 √2
1
√
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 =∫ 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫ 𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒄 cos 𝑥 . +sin x .
√2 √2

44
1
1 1 (𝑥+1) =∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) − 3 tan−1 3 + 𝑐 cos 𝑥 cos 45°+sin 𝑥 sin 45°
√ √
𝒙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 1

43
𝟐
𝒙𝟒+𝟐𝒙 +𝟓 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑥−45°)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 = ∫ sec(𝑥 − 45°) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 2 )2 +2𝑥2 +5 𝑑𝑥

03
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 𝑙𝑛|sec(𝑥 − 45°) + tan(𝑥 − 45°)| + 𝑐
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫ 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
1 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+
√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑡 d 𝟐 𝟐
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
za
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 =∫
1
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 2 +2𝑡+5 1 √3
1 1 sin 𝑥 . +cos 𝑥 .
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 2
1
2
2 𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1+5−1
eh

1 1 = ∫ sin 𝑥 . cos 60°+cos 𝑥 . sin 60° 𝑑𝑥

= ∫
2 (𝑡+1)2 +22
𝑑𝑡
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 1 𝑡+1
= . tan−1 2 + 𝑐 =∫
1
𝑑𝑥
Sh

2 2 sin(𝑥+60°)
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 =𝑡 = ∫ cosec(𝑥 + 60°) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 +1
= tan−1 +𝑐 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐
4 2
= 𝑙𝑛|cosec(𝑥 − 60°) + cot(𝑥 − 60°)| + 𝑐
ir

𝒙 𝟏
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫ [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (√𝒙 − 𝟐) × ( − 𝟏)] 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙
Integration by parts.
Am

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 1 We know that for two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔
∫ [cos (√𝑥 − 2) × ( − 1)] 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑥 𝑑
𝑃𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 − 2 = 𝑡 (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
by

𝑥 𝑑
⟹ 𝑑 (√𝑥 − 2) = 𝑑(𝑡)  𝑓(𝑥)𝑔’(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
1 1
− 2 = 𝑑𝑡 Taking integrations w.r.t x𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2√𝑥
𝑑
n

1 1
( − 1) = 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
te

1
( 𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑑𝑡 𝑑
√ = ∫( (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) − ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫[cos 𝑡 × 2 𝑑𝑡]
rit

= 2 ∫[cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

W

sin 𝑡
=2
1
+𝑐 Or∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 In other words.
𝑥
= 2 sin (√𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟐 ∫(1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
√𝒙+𝟑
[𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟗] = (1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡). ∫(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑
− ∫(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) (𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 11

This is called “integrations by parts”
Some basic rules for Integration by Exercise 3.4
parts. 𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
nd
*some the function as 2 function whose integration is 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
known or possible. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given functions are known but one 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
of the given function is polynomial functions then whose
= 𝑥 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
polynomial function as first function.

4
= 𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[1. (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given function are known but no
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫[− cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

21
one is polynomial function. Then we may choose any
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫[cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
function as 1st.
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

43
*if we are given only one function whose integration is = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
unknown or cannot be easily find. 𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝑖. 𝑒, sin−1 𝑥, cos−1 𝑥, √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

44
√𝑥 − 𝑎2
2
∫ ln 𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥
Then we take 1 as 2nd function. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1

43
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
“Review above Rules” = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

03
st nd 𝑥
1 function 2 function = ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
d
𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
za
sin−1 𝑥 𝑥𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 sin−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
𝑥𝑛 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
eh

tan−1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥
Sh

2 2
𝑥2 1
𝑥𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
tan−1 𝑥 1 = ln 𝑥 − . +𝑐
−1 2 2 2
∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥
ir

𝑥 2 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
Am

√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 1 2 2
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
You may remember the word “ILATE” ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2
by

I=inverse function
L=logarithmic function 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
A=algebraic function 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥
n

T=trigonometric functions 3 𝑥 3
𝑥3
te

E=exponential functions. = ln 𝑥 .3
1
− 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
*Remember useful formulas* 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
= ln 𝑥 − . 3 +𝑐
rit

1 𝑥 3 3
1. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin1 ( ) + 𝑐 𝑥 3 1
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎
= ( ln 𝑥 − 3 ) + 𝑐
W

1 3
2. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 𝟑
√𝑥 −𝑎 𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
3. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐| 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑥 +𝑎
Prove that ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙))𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Prove:∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑥4 1 𝑥4
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved. 4 𝑥 4
𝑥4 1
= ln 𝑥 .4 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 12

=
𝑥4
ln 𝑥 − .
1 𝑥4
+𝑐 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
4 4 4 ∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑥 4 1
𝑓(𝑥)
= 4
( ln 𝑥 − 4 ) + 𝑐
𝟒
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 4 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

4
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2

21
5 5 = tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[. ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 2 1+𝑥 2 2
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2 1
5 5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5 1+ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2

43
= ln 𝑥 − . 5 +𝑐 𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2 −1
5 5 −1
= 2 tan 𝑥 − 2 ∫ ( 1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 2 ± 1
𝑥 5 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − 5 ) + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2 1 1 −1
5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

44
−𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑥2 1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑥2

43
∫ 1 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
= tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 1 −1 2 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = (2 tan 𝑥) (𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑥 + 𝑐

03
𝟑 −𝟏
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −1 1
tan 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [1+𝑥 2 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 2𝑥 d∫ 𝑥 3 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
za
1
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2
𝟐 = tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= tan−1 𝑥 .
𝑥4 1 𝑥4 𝑥2 − 1
eh

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 4
− ∫ [1+𝑥 2 . 4
] 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n 𝑥4 1 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 4
= 4 tan−1 𝑥 − 4 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 4 ± 𝑥 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥
Sh

𝑥 4 1 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 4 tan−1 𝑥 − 4 ∫ (𝑥 2 − 1 + 1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 1 1 1 1
∓𝑥 2 ∓ 1
−1 2
= tan 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 4 4 4 4 1+𝑥 2
𝑥4 1 𝑥3
ir

1 1
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫[𝑥 . cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = tan −1
𝑥 − + 4 𝑥 − 4 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 4 3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
Am

1 4 −1 𝑥3
= [𝑥 tan 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
= −𝑥2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 4 3
1 𝑥3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫[1 . sin 𝑥 ]} = [(𝑥 4
− 1) tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑥] + 𝑐
4 3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥3
= 4 [𝑥 4 tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
by

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐 3

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
n

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n
∫ 𝑥 2 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
te

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑉 = cos 𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
rit

= 𝑥3 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥3 )′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3
= 𝑥 3 . (sin 𝑥) − ∫[3𝑥 2 . (sin 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
W

= tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[
1
. ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 1+𝑥 2 3 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3 ∫[𝑥 2 sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 1 𝑥3 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , ±𝑥 3 ± 1
3 3 1+𝑥 2
𝑥3 1 𝑥
= 𝑥3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ (𝑥 − 1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) ]}
𝑥3 1 1 2𝑥 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3.2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
𝑥3 1 𝑥2 1
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 2 + 6 ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫[1. sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥)} + 𝑐
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 13
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 6 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥) sin 𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 6) cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 }
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫(− sin 2𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 dx }
𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
∫ 1 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 𝐼
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 5𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
−1
= sin 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼=
𝑒𝑥
(sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)

4
1 5
−1
= sin 𝑥 .𝑥 − ∫[ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑝

21
√1−𝑥 2 𝒙𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
1 −
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 − −2 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

43
1
− +1 1
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + 2
1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
+𝑐 ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥. 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
1
− +1 1
2
1 2
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

44
1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
= 𝑥 sin −1
𝑥 + 1 +𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 2𝑥
2
2 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 1

43
= [𝑥 . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
2
𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1 cos 2𝑥 1 cos 2𝑥
= 2 𝑥 . (− 2 ) − 2 ∫ [1 (− 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 =

03
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 1
− 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
1
4
1 sin 2𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 = − 4 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 2 + 𝑐 = 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 2 ] +
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= sin
−1
𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
d 1
𝑐 = 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 +
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2
]+𝑐
za
1 1
= 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥] + 𝑐 = 4 [sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= sin−1 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 cos 2𝑥] + 𝑐
2 √1−𝑥 2 2
eh

𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
√1−𝑥 2
𝑥 2 1 −𝑥 2
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
Sh

√1−𝑥 2 1+cos 2𝑥 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

𝑥 2 1 2
1−𝑥 −1 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 =
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝟐
√1−𝑥 2 1 1
𝑥 2 1 1−𝑥 2 1 1 = ∫𝑥 . (1 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 2
1 𝑥2
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
ir

2 2 2 1 1 1
𝑥2 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
Am

√1−𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥

2
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 1 = + 2 [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 {2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 } − 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 4
𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 4 + 2 [𝑥 . 2 − ∫ [1. 2 ] 𝑑𝑥]
by

𝑐
𝑥2 1 𝑥 1 𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 1
= 2
sin−1 𝑥 + 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 4 + 2 𝑥 . 2 − 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 + (4 − 2) sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 = 4 + 4 −4
n

2 2
𝑥2 1 𝑥 1 1
= (𝑥 2 + x sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
te

= 2
sin−1 𝑥 − 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 4 2
𝒙
𝒙𝒗) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
rit

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
W

1−cos 2𝑥
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 sin2 𝑥 =
1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥
2 2
1
𝐼= 2
∫ 𝑒𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= 2∫𝑥
1
. (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥2 1
= 2∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 [𝑈 ′ 2
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫[cos 2𝑥 . 2 . 𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
− 2 [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 14

 𝑥2 1
= − [𝑥 .
sin 2𝑥
− ∫ [1.
sin 2𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥] = 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 2 2 2
𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 1 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔:
= 4
− 2 𝑥 . 2 + 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 x sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥
𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 4
− 4 + 4( 2 ) + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1
= 4
(𝑥 2 − x sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐 ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(
𝒙𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 . tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = ∫ tan2 𝑥 ( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
∫( ln 𝑥)2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

4
tan3 𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ( ln 𝑥)2 , 𝑉 = 1 = − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

21
3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 tan3 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(( ln 𝑥)2 )′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 3

43
1
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [2(ln 𝑥) 𝑥 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

44
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[∫ (ln 𝑥) .1 𝑑𝑥] ∫ sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

43
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 tan3 𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2 [ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [𝑥 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] = tan 𝑥 + +𝑐
3

03
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] = tan 𝑥 +
1
tan3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥] + 𝑐
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 2 ) + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
d
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
za
𝒙𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ tan2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ ln(tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
eh

= ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln(tan 𝑥) , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
= 3 sec 3 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
Sh

= ln(tan 𝑥) . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
∫[[ln(tan 𝑥) ]′ . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒗) ∫ 𝐱 𝟑 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
sec2 𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ln(tan 𝑥) . tan 𝑥 − ∫ [ tan 𝑥 . tan 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
∫ x 3 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ir

= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 3 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 5𝑥

Am

= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = x 3 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 3 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
= x3 − ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 5 5
by

5𝑥
3 𝑒 3
∫
𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =
1
∫ sin−1
𝑥 [(1 − 𝑥
1
2 )−2
(−2𝑥)] = x 5 − 5 {∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
√1−𝑥 2 −2
1 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
2 −
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = (1 − 𝑥 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑒 5𝑥 3
= x3 − {x 2 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
n

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 5 5

𝑒 5𝑥 3 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
te

1
1
= − 2 {sin−1 𝑥 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − = x3 − {x − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
1
5 5 5 5
rit

−
∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} = x3
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 5
− +1 − +1
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
W

1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
= − 2 {sin−1 𝑥 1 −∫[ . 1 ] 𝑑𝑥} = 𝑒 5𝑥
− +1 √1−𝑥 2 − +1 3 6
2 2 = x3 5
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 {𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
1 1
1
− 2 {sin−1 𝑥
(1−𝑥 2 )2
− ∫[
1
.
(1−𝑥 2 )2
] 𝑑𝑥} ∫[(x)′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
1 1
√1−𝑥 2 𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
2 2 = x3 5
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 {𝑥 5
−∫1 . 5
𝑑𝑥}
1
= − {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − ∫[2] 𝑑𝑥} = 3 𝑒
5𝑥 3 6 6
2 = x 5 − 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 125 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 − 125 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
− 2 {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥2 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥} = 𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6 𝑒 5𝑥
−1
= x3 5 − 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 125 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 − 125 5
+𝑐
− sin 2
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 15

 𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6 2𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐1
= 5
(x 3 − 5 x 2 + 25 𝑥 − 125) + 𝑐 1 1
−𝒙 𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐1
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2
1
2

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐

2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 −𝑥 Jab pure quadratic equation h aur us ka derivative b
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 majood na h t substituition s solve karty h aur
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 substitution m trigonometry functions hi let karty
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 − ∫ [(cos 2𝑥 . 2) ] 𝑑𝑥 lakin j c s start hu w let nai karny nai t book answer

4
−1 −1
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ni aye ga ut jin pure quadratic equation walay

21
1
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 questions ki power 2 h t un k ap by parts integration
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
k method s b kar saktay h.

43
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2 {cos 2𝑥 − ∫ [(− sin 2𝑥. 2) ] 𝑑𝑥}
−1 −1
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4𝐼 + 𝑐1 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙

44
5𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝟏 𝒃
2 1 𝑐 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝐼 = − 5 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 5 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 51 √ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂

43
2 1 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 = − 5 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = 5 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

03
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cos 3𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – ∫ [cos 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏. ] 𝑑𝑥
d 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑏
– ∫ cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
za
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cos 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2
− ∫ [(− sin 3𝑥 . 3) 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – {cos 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑎 𝑎
eh

𝑒 2𝑥 3 ∫[(cos 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + ∫[sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2 2 𝑏
𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – {cos 𝑏𝑥 − ∫ [−sin 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏. ] 𝑑𝑥}
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Sh

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝑒2𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥
2
+ 32 {sin 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑎
–
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + {sin 3𝑥 − ∫ [cos 3𝑥 . 3 . ] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼 + 𝑐1
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
2 2 2 2
𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝑒 2𝑥 3 9 𝐼+ 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐1
ir

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2 + 4 sin 3𝑥 𝑒 − 4 ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1 𝑏
) 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥
Am

𝑒 2𝑥 3 9 ( – cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐1
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2 + 4 sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 𝐼 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2 1 𝑏 𝑎2
9 𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1
𝐼 + 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1 1
𝑎
4 2 4 𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎
sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) +
13 𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + 4 sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑎2
by

4 2 𝑐 (𝐴) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =𝑐
4 𝑒 2𝑥 3 4 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1
𝐼= (cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥) + 𝑐1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (1) , 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (2)
13 2 2 13
2 2𝑥 3 4 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝐼= 𝑒 (cos 3𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐
13 1
= 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
n

13
𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃
=
𝑏
te

3 2𝑥 2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎
𝐼= 13
𝑒 (sin 3𝑥 + 3
cos 3𝑥 )+𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) tan 𝜃 =
𝑏
𝑎
𝟑
rit

𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2 2 2 𝑏
𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑟 ⟹ 𝑟=√ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑎
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝐴)
W

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1

𝐼 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cosec 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cosec 2 𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏
𝑟
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) +
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
= cosec 𝑥 ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cosec 𝑥)′ . ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛)
𝐼 = cosec 𝑥 (− cot 𝑥) − ∫[(− cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥)(− cot 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥 cos 𝜃 – cos 𝑏𝑥 sin 𝜃) +
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑟)
𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 (cosec2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝜃))𝑐
𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2

𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − I + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 – cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 16

𝐼=
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 − tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑎
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
′
𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: 𝐼 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√4 − 5𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−10𝑥
I = √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2√4−5𝑥 2
𝒊) ∫ √𝒂𝟐− 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
−5𝑥 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫
4−5𝑥 2 −4
𝑑𝑥

4
√4−5𝑥 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1 4−5𝑥 2 4

21
𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 √4−5𝑥 2 √4−5𝑥 2
′ 1
𝐼 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 4
𝑑𝑥
√5( −𝑥 2 )

43
−2𝑥 5
I = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 4 1
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
−𝑥 2 √5 √( 2 ) −𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

44
√5
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
4 𝑥

43
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 −∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √5
√5
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4 √5𝑥
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
− 5𝑥 2

03
1 𝑥 √5
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 21
√5
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐1 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝑥 𝐼 = 2 √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 21
d =𝑐
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 + 𝑐1 √5
𝑎
za
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐1
𝑥 𝒊𝒗) ∫ √𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎 +
eh

2 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎 +𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝑐
2 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
Sh

𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

′
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐼 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√3 − 4𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−8𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 I = √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
ir

2√3−4𝑥 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑉 = 1 −4𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Am

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 √3−4𝑥 2

′ 3−4𝑥 2 −3
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3−4𝑥 2
2𝑥 3−4𝑥 2 3
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 √3−4𝑥 2 √3−4𝑥 2
by

1
𝑥2 𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
√4( −𝑥 2 )
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 4
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 +𝑎2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫
3 1
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
n

2
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑎2 √(√3) −𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2
te

√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎2 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 +𝑐
√𝑥 −𝑎
rit

1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 3 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 2 sin−1 ( √3 ) + 𝑐1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐼 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
W

2
3 2𝑥
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 + 2 sin−1 ( 3) + 𝑐1
− 4𝑥 2
√
𝑥 3 2𝑥 𝑐
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1 𝐼 = 2 √3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 sin−1 ( 3) + 21
√
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑐1
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 2
𝑥 3 2𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 sin−1 ( 3) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑐1
=
√ 2
𝑥 𝑎2
𝐼= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | +𝑐
2 2 𝒗) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝑐1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =𝑐
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 . 1 𝑑𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 17

 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 + 4 , 𝑉 = 1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
′
𝐼= √𝑥 2 + 4 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 + 4 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑥 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 + 4 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
) 𝒅𝒙
2√𝑥 2 +4
𝑥2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4
𝑥 2 +4−4
= ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑥 2 +4−∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥.sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4 4

4
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 √ √𝑥 2 +4

21
1 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4
1 = 𝑒 3𝑥 cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎2 | +
2 𝑐 𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

43
𝐼 = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4 − 𝐼 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

44
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 𝑐1 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

43
2
𝑥 𝑐1
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
2 𝒗𝒊) ∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

03
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐱 𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1+𝑥−1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1+𝑥 1
∫ x 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(1+𝑥)2 − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 2 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 [ − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
za
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
1
= x 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥. +𝑐
1+𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
eh

= x2 𝑎
− ∫ 2𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 −𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
2 𝑒
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= x 𝑎 − 𝑎 {∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥}
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Sh

𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = ∫ 𝑒 −1 . 𝑥 (−1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= x2 − {x − ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥} ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑒 −1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 2
ir

= x2 − x 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
Am

𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 −𝟏 𝒙
2 𝑒 2 𝒆𝒎 𝐭𝐚𝐧
= x 𝑎 − 𝑎2
x 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎
+𝑐 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−1 1
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑚 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎 (x 2 − 𝑎 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝑐 1+𝑥 2
by

−1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝐐. 𝟓: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: 1
𝟏 𝑑𝑦 = 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 −1 𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑒 𝑚 tan
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
n

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑚
+𝑐 = 𝑚
+𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦=
1. 𝑥 1 −1
tan 𝑥
te

= ∫𝑒 (1 . ln 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟐𝒙
∵ ∫ 𝑒 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
rit

= 𝑒 1.𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 2𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
∫ 1−sin 𝑥 × 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
2𝑥(1+sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 =
W

𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 1−sin2 𝑥

2𝑥(1−sin 𝑥) 1 sin 𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 (cos2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 1 . 𝑥 (1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
= ∫ 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2

∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 ∫ 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , 𝑉 =
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 +
𝟏
) 𝒅𝒙 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 18

 = [2𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 2(1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + [2𝑥 sec 𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
∫ 2(1) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 . tan 𝑥 − 2 ln|sec 𝑥| + 2𝑥 . sec 𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 +
tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝒙) ∫
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏+𝒙)
(𝟐+𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Exercise 3.5
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2−1+𝑥 Evaluate the following integrals.
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1
(2+𝑥)−1 Q1. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥

4
3𝑥+1
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥

21
2+𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(2+𝑥)2 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
Now
1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [2+𝑥 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1 𝐴
= 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+2
𝐵

43
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 2+𝑥 + 𝑐
 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖)

44
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙𝒊) ∫ ( 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 3(3) + 1 = 𝐴(3 + 2) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 5𝐴 = 10 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2

43
𝑥 𝑥
1−2 sin cos 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 2
𝑥
2
) 𝑑𝑥
2 sin2
2 3(−2) + 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 − 3) ⇒ −5𝐵 = −6 + 1
𝑥 𝑥
2 sin cos ⇒−5𝐵 = −5 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1

03
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
2 sin2
2
2 sin2
2 3𝑥 + 1 2 1
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 2 = +
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2 cosec 2 2 − cot 2) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
𝑥 1 𝑥 d 3𝑥 + 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot + cosec 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
za
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 = 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot 2) + 𝑐 = −𝑒 𝑥 cot 2 + 𝑐 5𝑥+8
Q2. ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
eh

5𝑥+8
Solution: ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
Integration involving Partial
Sh

Now.
Fraction 5𝑥 + 8 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝐼𝑓 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑄(𝑥)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0 (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1
ir

In rational fraction
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑  5𝑥 + 8 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖)
𝑄(𝑥)
1
Am

Quadratic (irreducible) factors then the rational function is 𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)

written as as a sum of simpler rational functions, each of which 2
1 1
can be integrated by methods already known.  5 (2) + 8 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 + 3)
Here we discuss examples of the three cases of partial fraction 5+16 1+6
 = 𝐵( ) ⇒ 7𝐵 = 21 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
by

and then apply integrated. 2 2

Case1. Put 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝑒. 𝑔;  5(−3) + 8 = 𝐴(2(−3) − 1) + 𝐵(0)
n

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
= +  −15 + 8 = −7𝐴 ⇒ −7 = −7𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏
te

5𝑥+8 1 3
Or
−𝑥+6
=
𝐴
+
𝐵
+
𝐶
𝑒. 𝑡𝑐
So (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) = 𝑥+3 + 2𝑥−1
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4) 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 𝑥−4
5𝑥 + 8 1 1
rit

Case2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥+3 2𝑥 − 1
W

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 3 2
2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 = ln|𝑥 + 3| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= + + 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐 2 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)
2 2 𝑥+1
5𝑥 + 8 3
Case3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 2
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2
(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 19

 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟑𝟒 1 1
Q3. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓 𝒅𝒙 ⇒3 − (− 2) = 𝐴 (1 − 3 (− 2) + 𝐵(0))
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34 1 3 7 5
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 ⇒3 + 2 = 𝐴 (1 + 2) ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 (2)
𝑥−19 7
So ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15) 𝑑𝑥 1 ⇒𝐴 = 2
1
= ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 34
𝑥−19 𝑃𝑢𝑡 1 − 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 1 = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝑥−19 𝐴 𝐵
±𝑥 2 ± 2𝑥 ∓ 15 1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+5 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 19 ⇒ 3 − = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 ( ) + 1)
3 3
⇒𝑥 − 19 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖𝑖)∵ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 9−1 2+3 8

4
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15
= 𝐵( ) ⇒ 8 = 5𝐵 ⇒
3 3 5

21
⇒ 3 − 19 = 𝐴(3 + 5) + 𝐵(0) 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥 + 5) So
⇒ −16 = 8𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) 3−𝑥 7/5 8/5
= +

43
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) 1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1 1 − 3𝑥
⇒ −5 − 19 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−5 − 3) ⇒ −24 = −8𝐵 3−𝑥 7 1 8 1
: ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒𝐵=3

44
7 2 8 −3
𝑥 − 19 2 3 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑖) ⇒ 2 =− + 10 2𝑥 + 1 15 1 − 3𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑥−3 𝑥+5 7 8

43
Thus, = ln|2𝑥 + 1| − ln|1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34 −2 3
10 5
. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 𝟐𝒙
Q.6∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙

03
𝟐𝒙
Solution: ∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + 3 ln|𝑥 + 5| + 𝑐
(𝒂−𝒃)𝒙 Now
Q4.∫ (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃) 𝒅𝒙, (𝒂 > 𝒃) d 2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= + ∵ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)
za
(𝒂−𝒃)𝒙 𝑥2 −𝑎 2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖)
Now Put 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
eh

(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒2𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 2𝑎 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1

= +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 Put 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
Sh

⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖) ⇒ 2(−𝑎) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−𝑎 − 𝑎) ⇒ −2𝑎 = −2𝑎𝐵

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒𝐵=1
⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑎) 2𝑥 1 1
So 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥+𝑎
ir

(𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝟐𝒙 1 1

∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫
Am

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟐
𝑑𝑥
𝒙 −𝒂 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑏 − 𝑎) = ln|𝑥 − 𝑎| + ln|𝑥 + 𝑎| + 𝑐
(𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = −𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏) = ln|(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)| + 𝑐
𝑏 = −𝐵 = ln|𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
by

𝐵 = −𝑏 𝟏
Q.7∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙
Thus
𝟏
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 Solution: ∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙
n

= +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 Now ∵ 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6
te

2
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝐴 𝐵 = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥−1 + 3𝑥+4 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) + 4(2𝑥 − 1)
(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥+4)
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
rit

(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)
= 𝑎𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑎| − 𝑏𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑏| + 𝑐 1
3−𝑥 Put2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
W

Q5. ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3+8
3−𝑥
Solution: ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∵ 1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 ⇒1 = 𝐴 (3 (2) + 4) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( )
2
= −6𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 3
Now -3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) + 1(2𝑥 + 1) ⇒3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 11
3−𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 1)(1 − 3𝑥) 4
= 2𝑥+1 + 1−3𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
1−𝑥−6𝑥 2
3
⇒ 3 − 𝑥 = 𝐴(1 − 3𝑥) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖) 4 −8−3
1 ⇒1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− 3) − 1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 ( 3 )
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 20

 3 𝑥2 3
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − = − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|2𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
11 2 2
So 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟏
Q.9∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
1 𝐴 𝐵
= + 3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11
(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 4 Solution: ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)
Now
1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
1 3

4
⇒ 1 = 𝐴 (3 ( ) + 4) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( + 4) 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
2 2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖)

21
3+8 11 2 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 𝐴 =
2 2 11 ⇒3(1)2 − 12(1) + 11 = 𝐴(1 − 2)(1 − 3) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0)

43
4
Put 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 3 put in (i) = 3 − 12 + 11 = 𝐴(−1)(−2)
4 −8 − 3 ⇒ 2 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− ) − 1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 ( ) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑖𝑛(𝑖)

44
3 3
3 ⇒3(2)2 − 12(2) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(2 − 1)(2 − 3) + 𝐶(0)
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − ⇒ 12 − 24 + 11 = −𝐵
11

43
𝟏
𝟐
−𝟑/𝟏𝟏
⇒ −1 = −𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
So, 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏
+ 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
2𝑥−1 3𝑥+4

03
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 ⇒3(3)2 − 12(3) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3 − 1)(3 − 2)
⇒∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝟑𝒙+𝟒 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 3(9) − 36 + 11 = 𝐶(2)(1)
1 1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑥 + 4| + 𝑐 ⇒ 27 − 36 + 11 = 2𝐶
11 11 d
1 2𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 2 = 2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
= ln | |+𝑐
za
So
11 3𝑥 + 4
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 1 1 1
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟕 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3
Q.8∫ 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟐
eh

3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11
𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 2√2𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 7 1 1 1
Sh

=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
±2𝑥 3 ± 3𝑥 2 ∓ 2𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥−2 𝑥−3
𝑥−7 = ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Q10.∫ 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
ir

2 2
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 7 𝑥−7
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
2
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 Solution: ∫ 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
Am

𝑥−7
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 Now
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝑁𝑂𝑤 = + +
𝑥−7 𝐴 ∵ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝐵 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑
by

= 𝑥−2 + 2𝑥+1 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
(𝑥−2)(2𝑥+1) 𝟐𝒙 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖)3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2)) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)
⇒𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
n

⇒2 − 7 = 𝐴(2(2) + 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ −5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 55 = −1 2(0) − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 − 3) + 𝐵(0)(𝐶(0)

te

𝐴 = −1 1
1 ⇒ −1 = 𝐴(−1)(−3) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −
3
rit

𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
1 1 −1−14 −1−4
⇒2(1) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1)(1 − 3) + 𝐶(0)
W

⇒− 2 − 7 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (− 2 − 2) ⇒ 2
= 𝐵( 2 )
⇒−15 = −5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3 1
⇒ 1 = 𝐵(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = −
So 2
𝑥−7 −1 3 Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= + ⇒ 2(3) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3)(3 − 1)
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥2 −3𝑥2 −𝑥−7 1 1 5
Thus∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 5 = 6𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
2𝑥2 −3𝑥−2 𝑥−2 2𝑥+!
6
𝑥2 3 2 So
= − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2𝑥 + 1

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 21

 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟓 𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙
= + + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙)
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 Now
=− − +
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝒙−𝟏 = + +
∫ 𝒅𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) ⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 3)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
= − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ + ∫ + 𝐶(1 + 𝑥)2 → (𝑖)
𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟔 𝒙−𝟑
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
1 1 5

4
= − ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐 ⇒ 4 + 7(−1) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 + 3) + 𝐶(0)
3 2 6

21
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔 ⇒ −3 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −3
Q.11∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔 3

43
Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
2 2 2
Now 4 + 7 (− ) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶 (1 − )
3 3

44
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 14 3−2 2
= 4− = 𝐶( )
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3) 3 3

43
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 12 − 14 1
= 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3 =𝐶( )
3 9
5𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) 2 1 2 9

03
+ 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ⇒ − = 𝐶 ⇒ − × = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −6
3 9 3 1
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) From (i)
5(−1)2 + 9(−1) + 6
d 4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥
= 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 1)(2(−1) + 3) + 𝐶(0)
+ 𝐶(1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
⇒ 5 − 9 + 6 = 𝐵(−2)(1)
za
⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 2𝐴 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 2 = −2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
+ 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
eh

Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2
⇒ 5(1)2 + 9(1) + 6
= 𝐴(1 + 1)(2(1) + 3) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) 0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −(−6)
6
Sh

⇒ 5 + 9 + 6 = 𝐴(2)(5) ⇒ 20 = 𝐴10 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2` ⇒ 3𝐴 = 6 ⇒ 𝐴 = = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
3 3
Put 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2 So,
3 2 3 𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
ir

⇒ 5 (− ) + 9 (− ) + 6 = + −
2 2 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
Am

3 3
= 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶 (− + 1) (− − 1)
2 2 4 + 7𝑥 1 6 3
9 27 −3 + 2 −3 − 2 ∫
(1 + 𝑥)2 (2 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫
1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫
3 2 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5 ( ) + (− ) + 6 = 𝐶 ( )( )
4 2 2 2 3(1 + 𝑥)−1
= 2 ln|1 + 𝑥| + − 2 ln|2 + 3𝑥| + 𝑐
by

45 27 1 5 −1
− + 6 = 𝐶 (− ) (− )
4 2 2 2 3
45 − 54 + 24 5 ln|1 + 𝑥|2 − − ln|2 + 3𝑥|2 + 𝑐
=𝐶 1+𝑥
n

4 4 𝟐𝒙𝟐
Q.13 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 15 = 5𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 3
te

𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 Solution:

=
rit

(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3) Now

2 −1 3 2𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3 = + +
W

(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
:∫
(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫
𝒙−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏 ∫
𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫
𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝒅𝒙 ⇒2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2
3 Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + |2𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐 ⇒ 2(1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1 + 1) + 𝐶(0)
2
𝟒+𝟕𝒙 ⇒ 2 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
Q12.∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐+𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
Solution:
⇒ 2(−1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑜) + 𝐶(−1 − 1)2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 22

 1 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥 2 − 1)
2 = 4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
From (i) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥) ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2
⇒2𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶 − 2𝐶𝑥 Now
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝒙+𝟒 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 1 = + +
⇒2 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 + 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 − 2 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
3 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
⇒𝐴=

4
→ (𝑖)
2
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)

21
So,
2𝑥 2 3/2 1 1/2 ⇒ −1 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0)
= + + 1
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)
2 2 (𝑥 + 1)

43
⇒ 3 = 9𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 =
𝟐𝒙𝟐 3
∫ 𝒅𝒙 Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)

44
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ⇒ 2 + 4 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(2 + 1)
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
⇒ 6 = 3𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
3 (𝑥 − 1)−1 1
=
ln|𝑥 − 1| + + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐 From (i)

43
2 −1 2
3 1 1 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2)
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
2 𝑥−1 2

03
𝟏 ⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵
Q.14 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2
d
Now 1 1
za
⇒ 0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =−
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 3 3
= + + 𝒙+𝟒 1/3 −1/3 2
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 = + +
eh

𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
⇒1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) 𝒙+𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 𝟐
− 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
Sh

1 1 1 (𝑥 − 2)−1
1 = 𝐴(1 + 1)2 ⇒ 1 = 4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| + 2 +𝑐
4 3 3 −1
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 1 1 2
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| − +𝑐
ir

1 = 𝐶(−1 − 1) 3 3 𝑥−2
1 1 2
Am

⇒ 1 = −2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = − = {ln|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2|} − +𝑐

2 3 𝑥−2
From (i) 𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
Q16. ∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
⇒ 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶 Solution:
by

𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = + + +
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
2 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)2
1 1
0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =− ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25
n

4 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)2

1 1/4 −1/4 −1/2
te

= + + + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)2 → (𝑖)

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
rit

𝟏 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ (−1)3 − 6(−1)2 + 25
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 4 𝑥−1 4 𝑥+1 2
1 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)−1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐶(0) + 𝐷(0)
W

= ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1| − +𝐶 −1 − 6 + 25 = 9𝐵
4 4 2 −1
1 1 1 9𝐵 = 18 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
= { ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1|} + +𝐶
4 4 2(𝑥 + 1) Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝒙+𝟒
Q.15 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ (2)3 − 6(2)2 + 25 = 𝐷(2 + 1)2
𝒙+𝟒 ⇒ 8 − 24 + 25 = 9𝐷
Solution: ∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙 9 = 9𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1
Now From (i)
∵ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 23

 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕
∫ 𝒅𝒙
+𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥62 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥62 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐵 = 𝟐∫ −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟕 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑
+𝐶(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥
(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐
= 𝐴𝑥 3 − 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 = 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝟏𝟏
−𝟏
−𝟕
−𝟐
+𝒄
− 3𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥 𝟏𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + +𝒄
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒙−𝟐
𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥 3 Q.18∫ (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
+𝟏)
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖) Solution:

4
2
For 𝑥 − 6 = −3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 𝑥−2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶

21
= + 2
−6 = −3𝐴 + 2 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
2

−6 − 3 = −3𝐴 ⇒ −9 = −3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖)

43
1 = 3 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 − 3 = −2 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 3 2 2 1 ⇒ −1 − 2 = 𝐴((−1)2 + 1)
= + − +
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
2 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)2 3

44
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 −3 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −
∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 2
From (i)

43
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑∫
𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫
𝒙−𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟏
− 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| +
(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟏
+𝑪 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
−𝟏 −𝟏

03
𝟐 𝟏 3 3
= 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| −
𝒙+𝟏
− 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| −
𝒙−𝟐
+𝑪 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟐𝟐𝒙 +𝟏𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟕
2 2
Q.17∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙+𝟐)𝟑 𝒅𝒙 3
d 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = + 𝐶
Solution: 2
3 1 1
za
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 ⇒𝐶 = 1− = − ⇒ 𝐶 = −
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3 2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 So
eh

= + + + 3 1
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 2)3 𝑥−2 −3/2 2 𝑥 − 2
⇒𝑥 + 22𝑥 + 14𝑥 − 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 −
3 2 = +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 1
Sh

3)(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖)

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
⇒ (3)3 + 22(3)2 + 14(3) − 17 = 𝐴(3 + 2)3 ∫
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫
𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒅𝒙
⇒ 27 + 198 + 42 − 17 =125A
ir

3 1 3𝑥 1 1
⇒ 250 = 125𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Am

2 2 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
3 3 1 1
⇒ (−2)3 + 22(−2)2 + 14(−2) − 17 = 𝐷(−2 − 3) = − ln|𝑥 + 1| + . ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥
−8 + 88 − 28 − 17 = −5𝐷 ⇒ 35 = −5𝐷 2 2 2 2
3 3 1
𝐷 = −7 = − ln|𝑥 + !| + ln|𝑥 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
by

From (i) 2 4 2
𝒙
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 Q.19 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝐴[𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8] + 𝐵(2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) 𝒙
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
n

+𝐶(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6) + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷
Now
te

= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 6𝐴𝑥 2 + 12𝐴𝑥 + 8𝐴
+ 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 12) 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2
rit

+ 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 6𝑐 + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1
2

Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)

W

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 1 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 22 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 22 = 6(2) − 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴((1)1 + 1)
⇒ 𝐶 = 22 − 12 + 1 = 11 ⇒ 𝐶 = 11 1
So ⇒𝐴=
2
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 From (i)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
2 1 11 7
= + + − Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2) 2 (𝑥 + 2)3

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 24

 1 1 ⇒ 13 = 𝐴(9 + 4) ⇒ 13 = 13𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; ⇒0 =𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =− From (i)
2 2
1 1 + 4𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑎 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = −𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = − (− ) + 𝐶 Equating Coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
2 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2
1 1 1
⇒1= +𝐶 ⇒ 1− = 𝐶 ⇒𝐶 = 0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
2 2 2 ⇒ 4 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 4 − 3 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
So, So
1 1 1 + 4𝑥 1 (−)𝑥 + 1
𝑥 1/2 −2𝑥 + 2 = + 2
= + 2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 3
2 𝑥 +4

4
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 +1

21
𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥−1 1 + 4𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥 +!
1 1 2𝑥 − 2 1 𝑥 1

43
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 4 𝑥 +1 𝑥−3 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
1 1 2𝑥 1 1 1 2𝑥 1
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 − 3| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4

44
2 4 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1
1 1 1 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 = ln|𝑥 − 3| − |𝑥 2 + 4| + tan−1 + 𝑐
2 4 2 2 2 2

43
𝟗𝒙−𝟕 Q.22
Q.20 ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 𝟏𝟐
𝟗𝒙−𝟕 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
Solution: ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑+𝟖

03
Solution:
Now 12
9𝑥 − 7 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑥 +8
= + 2
2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 1 Now
d
⇒ 9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖) 12 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2
za
Put𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑥3
+ 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
⇒ 9(−3) − 7 = 𝐴((−3)2 + 1) ⇒ 12 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 2) → (𝑖)
34 Put 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
eh

−27 − 7 = 10𝐴 ⇒ −34 = 10𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − ⇒12= 𝐴(4 + 4 + 4) ⇒ 12 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1

10
17 From (i)
⇒𝐴=−
Sh

5 12= 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐶

From (i) Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 we have
9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 3𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = −2(1) + 2(−1) + 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = −2 − 2 + 𝐶
ir

17 17 ⇒𝐶 = 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 , ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
Am

5 5 So
17 51 12 1 −𝑥 + 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3𝐵 + 𝐶 = 9 ⇒ 3 (
)+𝐶 =9 ⇒ +𝐶 =9
5 5 3
= + 2
51 45 − 51 6 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝐶 =9− = ⇒𝐶=− 12 1 𝑥−4
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
by

5 5 5
So 𝑥 +8 𝑥+2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
17 6 1 1 2𝑥 − 8
9𝑥 − 7 −17/5 5 𝑥 − 5 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
= + 2 𝑥+2 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
n

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥+3 𝑥 +1 1 2𝑥 − 2 − 6
9𝑥−7 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
te

∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥2 +1) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
1 2𝑥 − 2 6 1
17 1 17 𝑥 6 1 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
rit

=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 𝑥+3 5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1 1 1
17 17 6 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
W

=− ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 3

5 10 5
𝟏+𝟒𝒙 1 1
Q21. ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
+𝟒)
𝟏+𝟒𝒙
2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + √3
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1 3 𝑥−1
+𝟒)
= ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝑐
Now 2 √3 √3
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 1 𝑥−1
= + 𝟐 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟐
2 √3
⇒ 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙 − 𝟑) → (𝒊)
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊)
𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟑) = 𝑨((𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝟑) + 𝑪(𝟎)
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 25
 𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟔 ⇒ 2 − 2 = −𝐴 + 2𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐷
Q23. ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 −𝟖
Solution:
⇒ 𝐷 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 5 = 4𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐶 = −𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = −𝐴
∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 5 = 4𝐴 − 𝐴 − 2(−𝐴)
𝒙 −𝟖
Now 5 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐴 ⇒ 5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
So (ii)⇒𝐶 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
9𝑥 2 + 6 9𝑥 2 + 6 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 Thus
3
= 2
= + 2 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒙 ± 𝟏
𝑥 −8 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 = + +

4
⇒ 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖) (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

21
Put = 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)  ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 − ∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙
9(2) + 6 = 𝐴[(2)2 + 2(𝑥) + 4] + 𝐵(2) + 𝐶(0) 1 𝑥 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒24 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 𝑥−1 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4

43
From (i) 2(𝑥 − 1)−1 1 2𝑥 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 2 𝑥 +4 (𝑥)2 + (2)2
9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶
2 1 1 𝑥
Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥

44
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − − ln|𝑥 2 + 4| − tan−1 + 𝑐
For 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2 𝑥−1 2 2 2
𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥; 9 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 9 = 2(2) − 2(−2) + 𝐶 Q25.

43
⇒9=4+4+𝐶 ⇒9−8=𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕
∫ 𝒅𝒙
So (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)
9𝑥 2 + 6 2 −2𝑥 + 1

03
Solution:
= + 2
2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= + +
9𝑥 2 + 6 1 2𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 d
𝑥 −8 𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
1 2𝑥 + 2 − 2 − 1 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
za
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 + 2)2
1 2𝑥 + 2 1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
eh

𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
1 ⇒2(−2) — 2(−2)−7 = 𝐵((−2)2 + (−2) + 1)
2
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (√3) ⇒ 8 + 2 − 7 = 𝐵(4 − 2 + 1)
Sh

3 𝑥+1 ⇒ 3 = 3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝐶
√3 √3 From (i)
𝑥+1 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
+ 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4)
ir

√3
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑
Q.24 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐴𝑥 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2
3 2
Am

(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑 + 4𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷𝑥 + 4𝐷
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
Now 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫 Put 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖)
by

= + + 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 +𝟒 For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷 ⇒ 2 − 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐷
⇒𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝑨(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
(𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫)(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 → (𝒊) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; −1 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 4𝐷
n

Put 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊) Put 𝐵 = 1 , 𝐶 = −𝐴 , 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1

te

⇒𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟑 = 𝑩(𝟏 + 𝟒) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 + 1 − 4𝐴 + 4𝐴 + 4

2 + 5 + 3 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 10 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2 −1 − 1 − 4 = 3𝐴 ⇒ −6 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2
rit

From (i) So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐵 = −1

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵 Thus,
W

+ (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 −2 1 2𝑥 − 1

= + +
𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
− 2𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 − 2𝐷𝑥 2𝑥 2 −𝑥−7
∫ (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 1 2𝑥 + 1 − 2
For 𝑥 3 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖) = −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+1
For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 (𝑥 + 2)−1 2𝑥 + 1 1
= −2 ln|𝑥 + 2| + +∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝐵 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = −𝐴 −1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 +𝑥+1
2 = −𝐴 + 2 − 2(−𝐴) + 𝐷

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 26

 𝟏 𝟏 1 1 1 1
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝟐 ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + ∫
𝒙+𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 2 2 2 2 3
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + + 1 √3
𝟒 𝟒 (𝑥 − ) + ( )
𝟏 𝟏 2 2
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 1
𝒙+𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 (𝑥 − )
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + + 1 1 1 1 2 +𝑐
𝟒 𝟒 2 2
= 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1| + . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝟏 𝟏 2 2 2 √3 √3
−𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝟐 ∫
𝒙+𝟐 𝟐 2 2
𝟏 𝟐 √𝟑 1 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
(𝒙 + ) + ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝒄
𝟏 2 2 √3 √3
𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 + )
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 +𝒄

4
𝒙+𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 Q27.∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟓) 𝒅𝒙

21
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙+𝟏
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝒙+𝟐
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
√𝟑 √𝟑
Solution:
Q.26∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏

43
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
Solution: ∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙𝟐
+ 𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓)
4𝑥 + 1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
3𝑥 + 1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 ∵ 2 = +

44
∵ = 2 + 2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5
(4𝑥 2 2
+ 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 4)
⇒3𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(4𝑥 2 + 1)
⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑥

43
3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶𝑥 3
+ 5𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝑐𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 4𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠. Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.

03
For𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ; 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) d 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 4 = 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) For constant term1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
za
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) 𝐴 = −4𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 5𝐵 = 1 − 4𝐷
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1 − 4𝐷
𝐵= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
eh

⇒ 0 = −(−4𝐶) + (1 − 𝐷) + 4𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 = −4𝐶 − (1 − 𝐷) + 𝐶

5
0 = 4𝐶 + 1 + 4𝐷 3 = −4𝐶 − 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = 4(−𝐶) +
1 − 4𝐷
+ 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 = 5(−𝐶) + 4 (
−4𝐷
) + 4𝐶
5 5
0 = 4𝐶 + 3𝐷 + 1 → (𝑣) 0 = −3𝐶 + 𝐷 − 4 1 − 4𝐷
Sh

⇒ 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 0 = −4𝐶 + + 𝐷 ⇒ 20 = −25𝐶 + 4 − 16𝐷 + 20𝐶

5
⇒0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1 0 = −20𝐶 + 1 − 4𝐷 + 5𝐷 ⇒ 16𝐷 = −5𝐶 + 4 − 20
0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1 −5𝐶 − 16
⇒ 0 = −20𝐶 + 𝐷 + 1 ⇒𝐷= → (𝑣𝑖)
ir

0 = 4𝐶 + 9𝐶 + 12 + 1 ⇒ 0 = 13𝐶 + 13 16
Am

⇒ −13𝐶 = 12 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 → (𝑣)

−5𝐶−16
𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = −4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = −4(−1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 4 ∵ 𝐶 = −1 𝐵𝑦 (𝑣)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 20𝐶 − 1 = 16
𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 ⇒ 𝐷 = 3(−1) + 4 = −3 + 4 ⇒ 320𝐶 − 16 = −5𝐶 − 16 ⇒ 320𝐶 + 5𝐶 = 0
⇒𝐷=1 ⇒ 320𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0
by

𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 = 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = 0 As 𝑎 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0
Thus 𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 20(0) − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
3𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 + 0 (−1)𝑥 + 1
n

= 2 + 2 1 − 4𝐷 1 − 4(−1) 5
2 2
(4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = ⇒𝐵= = =1
5 5 3
te

3𝑥 + 1 1 8𝑥 (−1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝐵=1
= +
(4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
rit

So
3𝑥 + 1 1 8𝑥 1 2𝑥 − 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + (−1)
(4𝑥 2 2
+ 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 4𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2 + 2
W

1 1 2𝑥 − 1 − 1 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
2 2
= 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 1
2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1 ∫
1 1 2𝑥 − 1 1 1 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)
2
= ln |𝑥 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 1 1
2 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 − 𝑥+1 =∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 1
1 𝑥 1
1 1 1
= 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| = ∫
1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 3 2 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + (1)2
4 4 1 𝑥
= tan−1 − tan−1(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
2 2
WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 27
 𝟔𝒂𝟐 2𝑥 2 − 2
Q28. ∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
6𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 1
∵ 2 2 2 2
= 2 2
+ 2 = −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑎 )(𝑥 + 4𝑎 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 4𝑎2 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
⇒ 6𝑎2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) = −𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
⇒ 6𝑎2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑎2 + 𝐶𝑥 3 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
= 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |+𝒄
+ 𝐶𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑎2 𝑥 +𝑥+1
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 𝟑𝒙−𝟖
Q 30.∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙

4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖)
𝟑𝒙−𝟖
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙

21
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = 4𝑎2 𝐴 + 𝑎2 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = (4𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑎2 3𝑥 − 8 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
⇒ 4𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∵ = +
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2

43
For constant term 1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) 3𝑥 − 8 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐷 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 + 2𝐶𝑥
+ 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 2𝐷

44
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣)𝑠𝑜
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 4(−𝐶) + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ −4𝐶 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −3𝐶 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖)
⇒𝐶=0

43
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑖𝑣)4(−𝐷) + 𝐷 = 6 ⇒ −4𝐷 + 𝑑 ⇒ −3𝐷 = 6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝐷 = −2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −8 = 2𝐵 + 2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −4 → (𝑖𝑣)

03
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷
As 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0 ∵ 𝐶 = 0
Put 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 = −(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = 2 ∵ 𝐷 = −2
(𝑖𝑖)⇒ 0 = −𝐶 + (−4 − 𝐷) − 𝐶 + 𝐷
So d 0 = −𝐶 − 4 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷
6𝑎2 0𝑥 + 2 0𝑥 + (−2)
za
= 2 + 2 0 = −2𝐶 − 4
(𝑥 + 𝑎 )(𝑥 + 4𝑎 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎2
2 2 2 2 𝑥 + 4𝑎2 ⇒ 2𝐶 = −4 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
6𝑎2 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 3 = 2(−𝐶) − 4 − 𝐷 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷
eh

(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + (2𝑎)2

2 𝑥 1 𝑥 3 = −2𝐶 − 4 + 2𝐶 − 2𝐷
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
= +𝑐 7
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 ⇒ 3 + 4 = −2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = −
Sh

2 𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑎 + 𝑐 2
7 7 −8+7
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
As 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷 = −4 (− ) = −4 + = =-
2 2 2
Q29. ∫ (𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1
1/2 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 2
ir

Solution:
So
Am

2𝑥 2 − 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
∫ 2 2 2
= 2 + 2 3𝑥 − 8 2𝑥 − 1/2 −2𝑥 + (−7/2)
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2 +
(𝑥 2 2
− 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 2 − 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
= 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
3𝑥 − 8
by

+ 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷 ∫
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 1/2 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 7/2
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
1 5
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
n

2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 +
=∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
te

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2 2𝑥 − 1 1 1 2𝑥 + 1

=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥+2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+2
⇒ 2 + 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ −𝐴 + 𝐶 = 4 → (𝑣) 5/2
rit

Put 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = −𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑣𝑖) −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 +𝑥+2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) + (𝑣) ⇒ 2𝐶 = 4 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2|
W

𝑎𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2
4 4
Now by (iv)+(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 2𝐷 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1 5 1
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 − 1 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2
So; 4 4
1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 2 −2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2|
2 2 2
= 2 + 2 2 1 2 7
(𝑥 − ) +
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 2 4
5 1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1 2 7
(𝑥 + ) +
2 4

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 28

 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐| =∫
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟕
(𝒙 − ) + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐 𝟒 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + +
− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟏
(𝒙 + ) + −𝟓 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
√𝟕 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 − ) + ( ) = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
√𝟑 𝟐
𝟓 𝟏 (𝒙 + ) + ( )
𝟐 𝟐
− ∫

4
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 √𝟕 −𝟓 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + ) + ( )

21
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙+
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−
𝟐 ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐. 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝟏 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟐

43
𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏/𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏) + (√𝟐)
𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (

44
− . )
𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐
𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + −𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| 𝟓 𝒙+𝟏

43
−𝟏
√𝟕 √𝟕 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄
𝟓 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
√𝟕 √𝟕 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|𝟐 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑 √𝟑

03
𝟑𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟓
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
Q31. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝟐 √𝟐
3𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 +9𝑥+5 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3) d √𝟑 √𝟑
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
za
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝟐
∵ = + √𝟐
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
⇒ 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
eh

𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2

+ 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
Equation coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
Sh

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙𝟑 ; 𝟑 = 𝑨 + 𝑪 → (𝒊)
For 𝑥 2 ; 4 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
For 𝑥; 9 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
For constant term; 5 = 3𝐵 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐷 = 5 − 3𝐵
ir

Put in (ii) and (iii)

Am

(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 = 2(3 − 𝐶) + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
4 = 6 − 2𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
4 − 6 − 5 = −𝐶 − 2𝐵 ⇒ −7 = −(𝐶 + 2𝐵)
⇒ 𝐶 + 2𝐵 = 7 → (𝑣)
by

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 9 = 3(3 − 𝐶) + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
⇒9 = 9 − 3𝐶 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
⇒9 − 9 − 5 = −2𝐶 − 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2𝐶 + 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑣)
n

⇒ 𝐶 + 2(−2𝐶 + 5) = 7 ⇒ 𝐶 − 4𝐶 + 10 = 7
te

⇒ −3𝐶 + 10 + 7 ⇒ −3𝐶 = 7 − 10
⇒ −3𝐶 = −3 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
rit

As B= 5 − 2𝐶 = 5 − 2(1) = 3 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 5 − 3𝐵 = 5 − 3(3) = 5 − 9 = −4 ⇒ 𝐷 = −4
W

𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 = 3 − 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
So
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥−4
= +
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3

𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
2𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝟏 2𝑥 − 8
=∫ 2 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝟐 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 29

The Definite integrals: 𝑏 𝑎

If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
And read a+cs definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) here a is (𝒃) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒂 < 𝒄 < 𝒃
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄
called lower limit and b is called upper limit.
Proof:
*the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is called range of integration. 𝑐
𝑏 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎)
We evaluate ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
as;
𝑎
Consider ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑏

4
𝑏 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐)
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = |∅(𝑥) + 𝑐|𝑏𝑎

21
𝑐
= [∅(𝑏) + 𝑐] − [∅(𝑎) + 𝑐]
𝑐 𝑏
= ∅(𝑏) + 𝑐 − ∅(𝑎) − 𝑐

43
𝑏 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎) 𝑎 𝑐
Note: if the lower limit is a constant and upper = ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎) + ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐)

44
limit is a variable, then the integral is a function of = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑏
the upper limit.
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

43
𝒙
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = |∅(𝒕)|𝒙𝒂=∅(𝒙) − ∅(𝒂) 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

03
The area under the curve
𝑏 𝒂
(𝒄) ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎 Proof:
d
Represented the “area of region” bounded under 𝑎
za
the curve of function 𝑓(𝑥) the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎
between two ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = =0
eh

𝑏 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒. 𝑎
⇒ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
𝑦
Sh

𝑏 𝑏
∅(𝑏) Also member ∫𝑎 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∅(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) and∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ir
Am

𝑥′ 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

𝑦′
by

Fundamental theorem of calculus:

If 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
n

𝑏
te

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)

𝑎
rit

Is called fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

Properties of Definite integral
W

𝑏 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
= ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
= −[∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑏)]
𝑎
= − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 30

 0
1 (2𝑥−1)−2+1
=2| |
Exercise 3.6 −2+1 −2
0
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒍𝒔: 1 (2𝑥−1)−1
=2| −1
|
𝟐 −2
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
1 1 0
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = − 2 |2𝑥−1|
−2
2 1 1 1
∫1 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 [(2(0)−1) − (2(−2)−1)]

4
2
𝑥3 1 1 1
= | 3 + 𝑥| = − 2 [(−1) − (−5)]

21
1

23 13 1 1 1 −5+1
= ( 3 + 2) − ( 3 + 1) = − [−1 + ] = − [ ]

43
2 5 2 5

8 1 1 −4 2
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1) = −2[ 5 ] = 5

44
8+6 1+3 𝟐
=( )−( 3 ) 𝑸. 𝟒: ∫−𝟔 √𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
3

43
14 4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 3
−3
1
2
14−4 10 = ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

03
= =
3 3
2 1

𝟏 𝟏 = (−1) ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1)𝑑𝑥

𝑸. 𝟐: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
d
= −|
(3−𝑥)2+1
1

|
2
za
1
+1
2 −6
1
1
= ∫−1 (𝑥 3 . 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 3 2
eh

(3−𝑥)2
= −| 3 |
1 1
+1 2 −6
𝑥3
=| 1 + 𝑥|
Sh

+1 3 2
3 −1 2
= − 3 |(3 − 𝑥)2 |
4 1 −6
𝑥3
=| 4 + 𝑥| 2 3
= − [((3 − 2) ) − ((3 − (−6))2 )]
2
3

3
ir

3 −1
3 3
2
Am

3 4
1 = − 3 [((1)2 ) − ((9)2 )]
= |4 𝑥 3 + 𝑥|
−1 3
2
3 4 3 4 = − 3 [1 − ((32 )2 )]
= ( (1) + 1) − ( (−1) + (−1))
3 3
4 4
2 52
by

3
= (4 . 1 + 1) − (4 . 1 − 1)
3 = − 3 [1 − 27] = 3

√𝟓
=(
3+4 3−4
)−( 4 ) 𝑸. 𝟓: ∫𝟏 √(𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒅𝒕
n

4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
te

7 −1 7 1
=4− 4
= 4+4
3
√5
= ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 𝑑𝑡
rit

7+1 8
= = =2
4 4
3
1 √5
W

𝟎 𝟏 = 2 ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 . 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫−𝟐 (𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
3 √5 5 √5
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 (2𝑡−1)2
+1
1 (2𝑡−1)2
=2| 3 | = 2| 5 |
+1
0 −2 2 1 2 1
= ∫−2 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
5
1 2 5
2
1 0 −2 = . [((2√5 − 1) ) − ((2(1) − 1)2 )]
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 1) . 2 𝑑𝑥 2 5
2 −2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 31

 5 3 3
1 𝑥3 𝑥 −1 𝑥3 1
= 5 [(2√5 − 1)2 − 1] = |3 + −1
− 2𝑥| = | 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥|
2 2

33 1 23 1
√𝟓
𝑸. 𝟔: ∫𝟐 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ( 3 − 3 − 2(3)) − ( 3 − 2 − 2(2))

27 1 8 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: =( − − 6) − ( − − 4)
3 3 3 2
1
√5 27−1−18 16−3−24
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =( )−( )
3 6

4
1
1 √5 8 −11 16+11 27 9
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( )−( ) = = =
2 3 6 6 6 2

21
√5 √5 𝟏 𝟏
1 (𝑥 2 −1)2
1
+1
1 (𝑥 2 −1)2
3
𝑸. 𝟗: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐) √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= | 1 | = | 3 |

43
2 +1 2
2
2
2
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 3 1
2 1 2𝑥+1
1 2 2
= ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥

44
2 2
= . [(((√5) − 1) ) − (((2) − 1) )] 2
2 3
1
1 1
= 2 ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

43
3 3 3 3
1 1
= [((4) ) − (3 )] = [((22 ) ) − (3 )]
2 2 2 2
3 3
1 1 3 1
+1
1 8 1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2 1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
= [ ] = [ ]

03
= [8 − 3√3] = − √3 2 1
+1 2 3
3 3 2
−1
2
−1
𝟐 𝒙 1 2 3 3
𝑸. 𝟕: ∫𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = . [((12 + 1 + 1)2 ) − (((−1)2 + (−1) + 1)2 )]
2 3

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
d 1 3 3
za
= 3 [((3)2 ) − ((1 − 1 + 1)2 )]
1 2 2𝑥
= 2 ∫1 𝑥 2 +2
𝑑𝑥 1 3 3
= [((3)2 ) − ((1)2 )]
eh

3
1
= |ln(𝑥 2 + 2)|12 1 1
2
= 3 [3√3 − 1] = √3 − 3 𝐴𝑁𝑆.
Sh

1
= [ln(22 + 2) − ln(1 + 2)] 2
1 3
2 3
32 = (32 ) = (√3)3 = (√3)2 (√3)1 = 3√3
1
= 2 [ln(6) − ln(3)]
𝟑 𝒅𝒙
ir

𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
1 6 1
= 2 [ln (3)] = 2 ln 2
Am

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
= ln 2 = ln √2
2 3 1 1 𝑥 3
= ∫0 32 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = |3 tan−1 3|
0
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒈
by

1 3 0
= [(tan−1 ) − (tan−1 )]
𝐥𝐧(𝑨𝑩) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐥𝐧 𝑩 3 3 3
1
𝑨
𝐥𝐧 (𝑩) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 − 𝐥𝐧 𝑩 = 3 [(tan−1 1) − (tan−1 0)]
n
te

1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐥𝐧 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐧 𝑨 = 3 [ 4 − 0] = 12
rit

𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅
𝑸. 𝟖: ∫𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫𝝅𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
W

𝟔
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 1 1
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥2
− 2𝑥. 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
= |sin 𝑡| 3
𝜋
3 6
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥 −2
− 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
3 = (sin 3 ) − (sin 6 )
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 −2+1
=| + − 2𝑥|
2+1 −2+1 2 √3 1 √3−1
= 2
−2 = 2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 32

 𝟏 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 2 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫𝟏 (𝒙 + ) (𝟏 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝑒2 𝑒 2
𝒙 𝒙 ∫0 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 = |2 1 − 1 | = |2𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 −2 |
− 0
2 2 0
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 2 0 0
1 = 2 [(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )]
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
𝑥
1 = 2[(𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )]
𝑓′(𝑥) = 1 −
𝑥2 1 1
= 2 [𝑒 + − 1 − 1] = 2 [𝑒 + − 2]
1 2 3 2 𝑒 𝑒
1 +1 1
(𝑥+ )2 (𝑥+ )2

4
| 𝑥
| =| 𝑥
| 𝑒 2 +1−2𝑒 2
1
+1
3 = 2[ 𝑒
] = 𝑒 (𝑒 2 + 12 − 2𝑒)

21
2 2
1 1 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
3 3 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽+𝟏
𝒅𝜽
2 1 2 1 2
= [((2 + ) ) − ((1 + ) )]

43
3 2 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3
3 𝜋 𝜋
2 5 2 cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃

44
= 3 [((2) ) − ((2)2 )] = ∫04 𝑑𝑥 = ∫04 𝑑𝜃
1+cos 2𝜃 2cos2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1 1 sin 𝜃
= 2 ∫04 [cos2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫04 [cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃.cos 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃

43
2 5 5
= [ √ − 2√2]
3 2 2
𝜋
1
= 2 ∫04 [sec 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃

03
2 5 √5 2
= 3.2 − 3 . 2√2
√2 𝜋
1
5√5 4√2 5√5−4(2)
= 2 |ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + sec 𝜃|04
= 3√2 − = d
3 3√2 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [(ln |sec + tan | + sec ) − (ln|sec 0 + tan 0| + sec 0)]
za
2 4 4 4
5√5−8
= 1
3√2 = 2 [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (ln|1 + 0| + 1)]
eh

𝟐
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1
= 2 [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (0 + 1)]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
Sh

1
= 2 [ln|√2 + 1| + √2 − 1]
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝝅
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ ln 𝑥 .1 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
ir

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
Am

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋

= ∫06 cos 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫06 cos 𝜃 (1 − sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
1 2 sin3 𝜃 6
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = |sin 𝜃 − |
by

6
𝑥 3 0

= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 sin3
𝜋
sin2 0
= (sin − 6
) − (sin 0 − )
n

6 3 3
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
te

1 3
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 1 ( ) 0 1 1 12−1 11
= (2 − 23 ) − (0 − 3) = (2 − 24) − (0) = 24
= 24
2
rit

∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥|12
𝝅
= (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1 ln 1 − 1) 𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
W

= (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1(0) − 1) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= (2 ln 2 − 2) 𝜋 𝜋

𝒙 𝒙
∫𝜋4 cos 2 𝜃 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋4 (cos 2 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃 −
𝟐
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝟐 − 𝒆−𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 6 6
cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =
𝜋 𝜋
cos2 𝜃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫
𝜋
4
( sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (cot 2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
4

6 6

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 33

 𝜋
1+cos 2𝜃 1 3𝜋 0 0 0 1 3𝜋
= ∫𝜋4 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1 −
2
) 𝑑𝜃 = 8 [( 4 + 4 + 2.1) − (0 + 4 + 4. 2)] = 8 [( 4 + 0 +
6

𝜋
2cosec2 𝜃−2−1−cos 2𝜃
2) − 0]
= ∫𝜋4 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
2
6
1 3𝜋 1 3𝜋+8 3𝜋+8
𝜋 = 8 [( 4 + 2)] = 8 [( 4
)] = 32
1
= ∫ ( 2cosec 2 𝜃 − 3 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
4
2
6

𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 4
= 2
[−2 cot 𝜃 − 3𝜃 − 2
]𝜋
6

4
𝝅
𝜋 𝜋 𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫𝟎𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

21
1 𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( ) 𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( )
4 6
= [(−2 cot − 3 − ) — 2 cot − 3 − )
2 4 4 2 6 6 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋

43
𝜋 𝜋
= [(−2(1) − − sin ) − (−2√3 − − sin )]
2 4 2 2 2 2 3 ∫03 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − ∫03 cos2 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =
𝜋
1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 1 √3 cos3 𝜃 3 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= − 3 [(cos3 3 ) − (cos 3 0)] = − 3 [cos3 3 −

44
= [(−2 − 4 − 2 . 1) — 2√3 − 2 − ) −| 3 |
2 2 2 0

1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 √3 cos 3 0]
= 2 [−2 − − 2 + 2√3 + 2 + ]

43
4 4
1 1 3 1 1 1 1−8
1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋 = − 3 [(2) − (1)3 ] = − 3 [8 − 1] = − 3 [ ] =
= [−2 − 2 + 2√3 + − + ] 8
2 4 4 2

03
1 −7 7
− 3 [ 8 ] = 24
1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋
= [−2 − + 2√3 + − + ]
2 2 4 4 2 𝝅
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫𝟎𝟒 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
d
1 −8−2+8√3+√3−3𝜋+2𝜋
= [ ]
2 4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
za
1 −10+9√3−𝜋 𝜋
= 2[ ]
4 = ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
eh

−10+9√3−𝜋 𝜋
= 8 = ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =
Sh

𝜋
sin2 𝜃
∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + cos2𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝝅
𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 +
ir

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1−cos 2𝜃
] 𝑑𝜃
2
Am

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1+cos 2𝑡 2
∫0 cos 4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 (cos 2 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 =
4 4 ∫0 ( 2 )
4 𝑑𝑡 𝜋
1 cos 2𝜃
𝜋
1
= ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 + − ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − −
2 2 2
𝜋 1
1+cos2 2𝑡+2 cos 2𝑡 cos 2𝜃 ] 𝑑𝜃
= ∫0 4
4
𝑑𝑡 2
by

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 1 sin 2𝜃 4 1 1 4
1 4 1+cos 4𝑡 = [tan 𝜃 − 2 𝜃 − 2 ] = [tan 𝜃 − 2 𝜃 − 4 sin 2𝜃]
= ∫ (1
4 0
+ 2
+ 2 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 2 0 0
n

1
𝜋
2+1+cos 4𝑡+4 cos 2𝑡 1
𝜋 𝜋 1𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= 4 ∫04 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 8 ∫04 (3 + cos 4𝑡 + = [(tan 4 − 2 4 − 4 sin 2 ( 4 )) − (tan 0 − 2 0 −
2
te

1
4 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 4
sin 2(0))]
rit

𝜋
1 sin 4𝑡 sin 2𝑡 4 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= [3𝑡 + 4 + 4 2 ] = [(1 − − sin ) − (0 − 0 − sin(0))]
8 8 4 2 4
0
W

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1
1 𝜋 sin 4( )
𝜋
4
sin 2( )
𝜋
4 sin 4(0) = [(1 − 8 − 4 sin 2 ) − (0)] = [(1 − 8 − 4 (1)) − (0)]
= 8
[(3. 4 + 4
+4 2
) − (3(0) + 4
+
𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
sin 2(0) 𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
4 2
)]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 3𝜋 sin 𝜋 𝜋 sin 0 sin 0
= 8
[( 4 + 4 + 2 sin ( 2 )) − (0 + 4
+ 4 2 )] 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 cos 𝜃

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 34

 𝜋 𝜋 sec 𝜃 3 1
=
sec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫1 (𝑥 − 1 − 1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫0 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
4 4
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
3
𝑥2
𝜋
sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝜋
sec2 𝜃 = | 2 − 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 1||
= ∫0 4
tan 𝜃+1
𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 tan 𝜃+1
4 𝑑𝜃 1
32 1
= ( − 3 − ln|3 + 1|) − ( − 1 − ln|1 + 1|)
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝜃 + 1 ⟹ 𝑓′(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃 2 2

𝜋 9 1
= ( − 3 − ln 4) − ( − 1 − ln 2)
= [ln|tan 𝜃 + 1|]04 2 2
9 1

4
𝜋 = 2 − 3 − ln 4 − 2 + 1 + ln 2
= [(ln |tan + 1|) − (ln|tan 0 + 1|)]
4

21
9 1
= [(ln|1 + 1|) − (ln|0 + 1|)] = − 2 − − ln 4 + ln 2
2 2

43
9−4−1
= ln|2| − ln|1| = ln 2 − 0 = ln 2 = − ln 22 + ln 2
2
𝟓
𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫−𝟏|𝒙 − 𝟑| 𝒅𝒙 = 2 − 2 ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 − ln 2

44
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝑸. 𝟐𝟓: ∫𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
𝒅𝒙

43
5
∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 5
= ∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 |𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1

03
∫2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 = |ln|𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 +
3
= ∫−1 −(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥 − 1||32

3 5 = (ln|33 − 32 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|23 − 22 + 2 − 1|)

d
= − ∫−1(𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥
za
= (ln|27 − 9 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|8 − 4 + 2 − 1|)
(𝑥−3)2 3 (𝑥−3)2 5
= −| | +| | 20
2 −1 2 3 = ln 20 − ln 5 = ln = ln 4
eh

5
1 1
= − [((3 − 3)2 ) − ((−1 − 3)2 )] + [((5 − 3)2 ) − ((3 − 3)2 )] 𝝅
2 2 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝟏
𝑸. 𝟐𝟔: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Sh

1 1
= − 2 [0 − 16] + 2
[4 − 0]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1
= − 2 [0 − 16] + 2
[4 − 0] = 8 + 2 = 10 𝜋
sin 𝑥 1
= ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
ir

𝟐
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
𝟏
Am

(𝒙𝟑 +𝟐) 𝜋
𝟏 sin 𝑥 1
𝑸. 𝟐𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫04 (cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝟖 𝒙𝟑
1 2 𝜋

1
(𝑥 3 +2)
1 1 2
1 −
2 = ∫04 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫1 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫1 (𝑥 + 2) . 3 𝑥 3 3 𝑑𝑥 =
by

8 𝑥3 8 𝜋
1
1 2+1 = |sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|04
(𝑥 3 +2) 1 3 1 1 3
3
3| | = |(𝑥 3 + 2) | = (((1)3 + 2) ) − 𝜋
= (sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0)
𝜋
n

2+1 3 1 4 4
1 8
te

1
8
3
= (√2 − 1) − (1 + 0)
1 3
(((8) + 2) )
rit

= √2 − 1 − 1 = √2 − 2
𝝅
W

𝟏
1 3
1 3 𝑸. 𝟐𝟕: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝒙
3) −3 ) 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= ((1 + 2) − (((2 3 + 2) ) = (3)3 − (2 + 2) =
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1+4 3 125 216−125 91
27 − ( ) = 27 − = = 𝜋 𝜋
2 8 8 8 1 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥
𝑥−1 = ∫04 × 𝑑𝑥 = ∫04 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin2 𝑥
3 𝑥 2 −2
∫1 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) √ 𝑥2 − 2 𝜋
1−sin 𝑥
𝜋
sin 𝑥−1
±𝑥 2 ±𝑥 = ∫04 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫04 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
3 𝑅 −𝑥−2
= ∫1 (𝑄 + 𝐷) 𝑑𝑥 ∓𝑥∓1
𝜋
sin 𝑥 1
= − ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 35

 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝑥 1 1 1 1 1 cos 𝑥
= − ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [sin 𝑥 − ] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [ sin 𝑥 −
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 2+sin 𝑥
6 6
𝜋 cos 𝑥
= − ∫0 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
2+sin 𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1
= −|sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|04 = 2 |𝑙𝑛|sin 𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|2 + sin 𝑥||𝜋2
6
𝜋 𝜋
= − [(sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0)] 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4
= [(𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + sin |) − (𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 +
2 2 2 6
= −[(√2 − 1) − (1 + 0)] 𝜋
sin |)]

4
6

21
= −√2 + 1 + 1 = 2 − √2 1 1 1
= [(ln(1) − 𝑙𝑛|2 + 1|) − (𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + |)]
2 2 2
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐𝟖: ∫𝟎 √𝟒−𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1 1 5 1
= [0 − ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 ] = [− ln 3 − (𝑙𝑛1 − 𝑙𝑛2) + (ln 5 − 𝑙𝑛2)]

43
2 2 2 2

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
= [− ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛1 + 𝑙𝑛2 + ln 5 − 𝑙𝑛2] = [− ln 3 − 0 + ln 5]
1
2 2

44
1 3𝑥 1 −3𝑥 1 4−3𝑥−4
∫0 √4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 √4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 √4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1 5 1 5
= [ln 5 − ln 3] = [ln ] = ln
1 4−3𝑥 1 −4 1 2 2 3 2 3
− ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 √4 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +

43
√ √ 𝝅
1 1 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
4 ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟑𝟎: ∫𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝒙
√ (𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝟐+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)

03
1 1 1
4 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= − −3 ∫0 (4 − 3𝑥)2 (−3)𝑑𝑥 + −3 ∫0 (4 −
𝜋 𝜋
1 sin 𝑥 1
3𝑥) −
2 (−3)𝑑𝑥 ∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+1
1 1
− +1
1 1 3 1
d
= ∫02
𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥)−(1+cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
za
1 (4−3𝑥)2 4 (4−3𝑥) 2 1 (4−3𝑥)2
= 3| 1 | − 3| 1 | = 3| 3 | − (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
+1 − +1
2 0 2 0 2 0 𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥) (1+cos 𝑥)
1 = ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) − (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
eh

1
3 1 1 1
4 (4−3𝑥)2 1 2 4 2
| 1 | = 3 . 3 |(4 − 3𝑥) | − 3 . 1 |(4 − 3𝑥) | 2 2
3 0 0 𝜋
2 0 1 1
= ∫02 [ − ] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sh

(1+cos 𝑥) (2+cos 𝑥)
3 1 1 1
2 8 2
= 9 |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | − 3 |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | = 9 [((4 − 𝜋
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
0 0 = ∫02 [ − ] 𝑑𝑥
3 3 1 (1+cos 𝑥) (2+cos 𝑥)
8
3(1)) ) − ((4 − 3(0)) )] − 3 [((4 − 3(1)) ) −
ir

2 2 2
𝜋
−1 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 = −1 ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥) − (2+cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
Am

((4 − 3(0)) )] 2
𝜋
1 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2 3 3
8 1 1
2 = −1 ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥) − (2+cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
= 9 [(1) − (4) ] − 3 [(1) − (4) ] = 9 [1 −
2 2 2 2

3 1 1 𝜋
8 2 8
by

(22 )2 ] − [(1)2 − (22 )2 ] = [1 − 23 ] − [1 − 21 ] = −[ln|1 + cos 𝑥| − ln|2 + cos 𝑥|]02

3 9 3
2 8 2 8 −14 𝜋 𝜋
= 9 [1 − 8] − 3 [1 − 2] = 9 [−7] − 3 [−1] = + = − [(ln |1 + cos | − ln |2 + cos |) −
2 2
n

9
8 −14+24 10 (ln|1 + cos 0| − ln|2 + cos 0|)]
= =
te

3 9 9
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= −[(ln|1 + 0| − ln|2 + 0|) − (ln|1 + 1| − ln|2 + 1|)]
rit

𝑸. 𝟐𝟗: ∫𝝅𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙(𝟐+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝟔 = −[ln(1) − ln(2) − ln(2) + ln(3)]
W

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = −[0 −2 ln(2) + ln 3] = 2 ln(2) − ln(3)

𝜋
1 2 4
= 2∫ 𝜋
2
. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = ln(2)2 − ln(3) = ln 4 − ln(3) = ln 3
sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥)
6
𝜋
1 2 (2+sin 𝑥)−sin 𝑥
∫𝜋 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒏𝒃𝒂
2
∵ ( ∵ 𝒍𝒏𝒂 −𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 )
6

𝜋
1 (2+sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥 = 𝒍𝒏
= ∫𝜋2 [ − ] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒃
2 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥)
6

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 36

 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍: 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆: 𝟑√𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 =
𝟒
Case1. 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 > 0
𝑎
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 [1,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 4 2

4
Case II 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏

21
1 −1
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 1 4
𝑎
4 1 (𝑥)2+1
= 3∫ (𝑥)2 .1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 | |
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

43
1
1
2 + 1
The curve of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 1
3 4
(𝑥)2 2 3 4

44
Exercise 3.7 = 3|
3
| = 3. |(𝑥)2 |
3 1
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 2 1

43
3 3 3
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐 = 2 ((4)2 − (1)2 ) = 2 ((22 )2 − 1)

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 2(23 − 1) = 2(8 − 1) = 2(7)

03
= 14 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 >
0 𝑖𝑛 [1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
2 2
2
d 𝝅
𝒙 = − 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 =
𝝅
𝟐
za
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3
𝑥 8 1
eh

= | + 𝑥| = ( + 2) − ( + 1) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥

3 1
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
2 3
1 3 0 𝑖𝑛 [− 2 , 2 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= ( + 2) − ( + 1)
Sh

3 3 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
8+6 1+3 14 4 2 2
=( )−( )= − 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |sin 𝑥| 2 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 −
3 3 3 3 −
2
−
2 2
14 − 4 10 𝜋 𝜋
ir

= = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = sin ( ) − sin (− ) = 1 − (−1)

3 3 2 2
Am

= 1 + 1 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
−𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 .
by

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0

𝑥(4 − 𝑥) = 0
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 > 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4 − 𝑥 = 0
n

0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥=4

𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥
te

2 2 0 𝑖𝑛 [0,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (5 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 4
rit

−1 −1
𝑥 3 2 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= |5𝑥 − | 0 0
W

3 −1 2 3 4
𝑥 𝑥
23 (−1)3 = |4 − |
2 3 0
= (5.2 − ) − (5(−1) − )
3 3 43 03
8 −1 = (2. 42 − ) − (02 − )
= (10 − ) − (−5 − ) 3 3
3 3 64 96 − 64
30 − 8 −15 + 1 22 −14 = (32 − ) − (0 − 0) =
=( )−( )= − 3 3
3 3 3 3 32
22 + 14 36 = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
= = = 12 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3
3 3

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 37

𝑸. 𝟔: 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒚 = 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
0 𝑖𝑛 [−2,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≤
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 ≤
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
0 𝑖𝑛 [−3,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 0 2
1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 −2 0
−3 −3 0 2
1
𝑥3 𝑥2 = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= −| + 2 − 3𝑥|

4
3 2 −3 −2 0
4 2 0 4 2
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

21
𝑥3 2
= −|3 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥| = | −4 | −| −4 |
−3 4 2 −2 4 2 0
13 (−3)3 4 (−2) 4
= − [( 3 + 12 − 3.1) − ( + (−3)2 − 3(−3))] 0

43
3 = [( − 2(0)2 ) − ( − 2(−2)2 )]
4 4
1 −27
= − [(3 + 1 − 3) − ( 3
+ 9 + 9)] (2)4 (0)4
− [( − 2(2)2 ) − ( − 2(0)2 )]

44
1 27
= − [3 + 1 − 3 + − 9 − 9] 4 4
3
1 27 = [(0 − 0) − (4 − 8)]
= −[ + − 20] 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑜 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
− [(4 − 8) − (0 − 0)] = 0 + 4 + 4 + 0

43
3 3 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
1+27−60
= −[ 3 ] 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 1(𝑥 + 3) = 0 =8 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
(𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 − 1) = 0
−32 32 𝑸. 𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 −

03
= − [ 3 ] = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏), 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
𝑥 = −3 , 𝑥=0
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑸. 𝟕: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟐
d 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
za
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≤
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥3 + 1 = 0 0 𝑖𝑛 [0,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
eh

0 1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 −
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 1) = 0 −1 0
Sh

𝑥+1= 0 1

0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓) = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1 0
𝑥 = −1 0 1
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 =| − | −| − |
ir

4 2 −1 4 2 0
𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡.
Am

𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 ≥ 04 (0)2 (−1)4 (−1)2

= [( − )−( − )]
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 2 4 2
2 2 (1)4 (1)2 (0)4 (0)2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − [( − )−( − )]
−1 −1 4 2 4 2
by

𝑥 4 2 1 1
= | + 𝑥| = [(0 − 0) − ( − )]
4 4 2
−1 1 1
− [( − ) − (0 − 0)]
n

24 (−1)4 4 2
=(
+ 2) − ( + (−1)) 1 1 1 1
te

4 4
= 0− + − + +0
1 1−4 4 2 4 2
= (4 + 2) − ( − 1) = (6) − ( ) −1 + 2 − 1 + 2 1
rit

4 4 = =
−3 3 24 + 3 4 2
=6− =6+ =
W

4 4 4
27 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔,
= 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
4
𝑸. 𝟖: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 3 − 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = √3 − 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 =
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0 √3 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 2 = 0 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 38

 2 2 𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑎
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =[ sin−1 ( )+( ) √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ]
2 𝑎 2 0
−1 −1
2 1 𝑎2 −1 2𝑎 − 𝑎 2𝑎 − 𝑎
= − ∫ (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1) 𝑑𝑥 =( sin ( )+( ) √𝑎2 − (2𝑎 − 𝑎)2 )
−1 2 𝑎 2
2
1 𝑎2 0−𝑎
(3 − 𝑥)2+1 2 3 2 − ( sin−1 ( )
= −| | = − |(3 − 𝑥)2 | 2 𝑎
1 3 −1
2 + 1 −1 +(
0−𝑎
) √𝑎2 − (0 − 𝑎)2 )
2 3 3 2
= − [((3 − 2)2 ) − ((3 − (−1))2 )]

4
3 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2
= ( 2 sin−1(1) + (2 ) √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) − ( 2 sin−1 (−1) +

21
2 3 2
= − [1 − ((4)2 )] = − [1 − 8] 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝜋
3 3 −𝑎
( 2 ) √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) = ( 2 . 2 + 0) − ( 2 (− 2 ) − 0) =
𝜋
+
14 4

43
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎2 𝜋
3 4
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
𝟏 𝑎 2 𝜋+𝑎 2 𝜋 2𝑎 2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝜋

44
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = −𝝅 𝒕𝒐 𝝅. = = = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
4 4 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1  𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

43
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥ 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
2 2
0 𝑖𝑛 [−𝜋, 𝜋], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫−𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑒. 𝑔.

03
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 𝜋 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + − 2𝑥 = 0
sin 2 𝑥 1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
=| | = 2 [(sin ( 𝜋)) − (sin ( − 𝜋))]  𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
1 2 2 d
2 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
−𝜋
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
za
= 2[1 − (−1)] = 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 (1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑥
𝝅
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟑 . 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
eh

𝑥 + − 2𝑥 = 0(2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:  𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
Sh

𝜋
𝑖𝑛 [0, ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
3 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
+ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
(1𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ir

𝜋
−cos 2𝑥 3 1 2𝜋
=| | = − 2 [(cos 3 ) − (cos 2(0))] 𝑑4 𝑦
3
𝑑2 𝑦
4
Am

2 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 3
𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 4 ) + 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
= − 2 [− 2 − 1] = 4 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (3𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −  𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 > 𝟎. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
by

𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:  𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦
n

𝜋 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

0 𝑖𝑛 [0, 3 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
te

2𝑎 2𝑎  𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
rit

2𝑎
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒
W

𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣

2𝑎
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻: 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
2𝑎
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 𝑎 2

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 39

 1 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦
Exercise 3.8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
1
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. 1
𝒅𝒚
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒊) 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =𝟏+𝒚 𝑥2
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2 + 𝑐1
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏 2
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑐1

4
2
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 1+𝑦 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐1
𝑑𝑥 2

21
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑐1
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
𝒗) =

43
1+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒆−𝒙
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄)
1 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

44
∫ 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +1
=
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐| 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑥| 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

43
1 1
1 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑦 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

03
𝒅𝒚 1+𝑦 2
𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏) −𝟏=𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 − 1
𝒙 ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: d
𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) −1=0
za
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = tan(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑸. 𝟐: = −𝒚
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) = 1 𝒅𝒙
eh

𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
Sh

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 +𝑦 =
2 −2+1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥 −1
ir

2 1
𝑦 +𝑦 = −1
+𝑐 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
Am

1
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐 ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑐1
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚
𝒅𝒚
−𝟏=𝟎 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑥
by

𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 −
𝒙
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑦 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
n

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

𝑑𝑦
te

𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 1
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 =
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
rit

𝑥2 𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
W

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1
2 2
+𝑦 = −2+1
ln 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
2 𝑥 −1 ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = + ln 𝑐
𝑦 +𝑦 = +𝑐
−1 ln(𝑥𝑦) = + ln 𝑐
2 1
𝑦 +𝑦 = −𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒙
𝒊𝒗) − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒚
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 40

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟖: 𝒚+𝟏
= 𝒚 . 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦+1
= 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
= 𝑥− + 𝑐1 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
2 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1
2 (𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 = 𝑥(2 − 𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑥(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝑦+1 𝑥 2 +1
𝑸. 𝟓: = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

21
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 1 1
1 1 ∫ (1 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥

43
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥) + ln 𝑐
2
1 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥𝑐)

44
2
𝑥 −2+1 𝑥2
ln 𝑦 = + 𝑐1 ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = 2 − 𝑦
−2+1
𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝑥2

43
ln 𝑦 = + 𝑐1 ln ( ) = − 𝑦
−1 𝑥𝑐 2
1 𝑦 𝑥2
ln 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑒
ln( )
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 2 −𝑦

03
1
𝑥2
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑐1 𝑦
= 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑦
1 𝑥𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1 𝑦 𝑥2

−
1 d
𝑒 −𝑦
= 𝑥𝑐 𝑒 2
𝑦=𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑥2
za
𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟔: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 =𝟏 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒 2
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟗: 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
eh

𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑦 csc 𝑥 =1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
1
Sh

sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

sin 𝑥 1 1
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
ir

∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

− cos 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐1
Am

1 𝑥2
− cos 𝑦 = −(cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 ) tan−1 𝑦 = 2 2
+𝑐
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥2
𝑦 = tan ( 4 + 𝑐)
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟕: 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
by

𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1
n

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

1 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦 = − ( ) 𝑑𝑥
te

𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
𝑑𝑦 = − (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 −1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
rit

𝑦 𝑥
2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
W

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥𝑐) − 𝑥 𝑦2 1 𝑥 −1
ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = −𝑥 2
=2 (𝑥 − −1
)+ 𝑐
𝑦 2 1
ln (𝑥𝑐) = −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥+ +𝑐 𝑥
𝑦
ln( ) 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝑒 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 =𝒙
𝑦 −𝑥
𝑥𝑐
=𝑒 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 41

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦+1 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 − 2𝑦+1 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑥(2𝑦+1)−2𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑥−2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑦+1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑦+1 (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(1 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥

4
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦(1−2𝑦)

21
∫(2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
(1−2𝑦)+2𝑦 1
2
𝑦2
+𝑦 =
𝑥2
+𝑐 ∫ 𝑦(1−2𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥

43
2 2
2 (1−2𝑦) 2𝑦 1
𝑦(𝑦 +
𝑥
1) = 2 + 𝑐 ∫ [𝑦(1−2𝑦) + 𝑦(1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 1 2 1
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ∫ [𝑦 + (1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

44
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: 𝑥+2
1 2 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑦−1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2

43
𝑑𝑥 ln (𝑦) + ln (2𝑦 − 1) = ln (𝑥 + 2) + ln (𝑐)
𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: ln (2𝑦−1) = ln 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑦

03
= 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
2𝑦−1
2 (1 2 (1
𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
1−𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 =𝟎
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑦2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
d
1 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
− 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
za
1 1 1 1
− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
1 1 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −1
eh

(𝑦 −2 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 −2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
1 1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
Sh

∫ (𝑦 −2 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ (𝑥 −2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑦
𝑦 −2+1 𝑥 −2+1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑦
− ln 𝑦 = − ( + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1
−2+1 −2+1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐
𝑦 −1 𝑥 −1
− ln 𝑦 = − ( −1 + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln[𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)]
ir

−1
1 1 cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
Am

− 𝑦 − ln 𝑦 = − (− 𝑥 + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )
1 1 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
ln 𝑦 + 𝑦 = (− 𝑥 + ln 𝑥) − 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ln 𝑦 + 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 (1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
by

𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
n

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
te

𝑦 − 3 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥
tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 3
rit

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 1 1

𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥 𝑦−3
W

∫ tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ln (tan 𝑦) = − ln (tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑦−3 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫
1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
ln (tan 𝑦) + ln (tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐 1
ln(tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐 ln (𝑦 − 3) = 4 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
1
tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln 𝑥 4 + ln 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: (𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) = 𝟐 (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙) 1
ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln (𝑐𝑥 4 )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1

(𝑦 −
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 ) = 2 (𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦
) 𝑦 − 3 = 𝑐𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 42

 1
𝑦 = 3 + 𝑐𝑥 4 dx = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝑥
dx = 2 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
=0 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 𝑐1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+𝑐1
tan 𝑦 = − sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1
tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐

4
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
∫ tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

21
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑡 = 0
− sin 𝑦
∫ cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 = 𝑐𝑒 2(0)
ln (cos 𝑦) = ln (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐 4 = 𝑐𝑒 0

43
ln (cos 𝑦) = ln [𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)] 4 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
2𝑡
cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) 𝑥 = 4𝑒

44
𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: (𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 )
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐝𝐬

43
𝑑𝑦 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝟐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝐝𝐭
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟒𝒆
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

03
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 ds
𝑥
𝑦 = ln(𝑒 + 𝑒 +𝑐 −𝑥 )
ddt
+ 2𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
za
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ds
= −2𝑠𝑡
𝐝𝐲 dt
− 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 . 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 1
𝐝𝐱 ds = −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
eh

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 = 𝟏 𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 𝑠 ds = − ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥
Sh

dy 𝑡2
dx
− 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ln 𝑠 = −2 + 𝑐1
2
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2
ln 𝑠 = −𝑡 + 𝑐1
dy
ir

2
= 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 +𝑐1
dx 2
𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1
Am

dy
= 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 1)
dx 2
1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐
dy = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
𝑦 2 +1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑡 𝑠 = 4𝑒 , 𝑡 = 0
by

1 2
∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 −(0)
𝑥2 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 0
Tan−1 𝑦 = +𝑐
2 4𝑒 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
n

(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1) 𝑠 = 4𝑒 . 𝑒 −𝑡

2

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1
te

2
(0)2
𝑠 = 4 𝑒 1−𝑡
tan−1 (1) = +𝑐 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
rit

π Q22. In a culture, bacteria increase number of bacteria

4
= 𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1)
𝑥2 π present. If bacteria are 200 initially and are doubled in 2
W

tan−1 𝑦 = 2
+4 hours, find the number of bacteria present four hours
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) later.
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 Solution:
𝐝𝐱
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝐝𝐭
= 𝟐𝒙 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑑𝑃
∝𝑃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
dx
= 2𝑥  𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃
dt 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:  𝑃
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 43

 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑣 = 0
1
 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 So 0 = −980𝑡 2 + 2450 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)
2450
 𝑙𝑛𝑃 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛𝑐  980𝑡 = 980
 𝑙𝑛𝑝 − 𝑙𝑛𝑐 = 𝑘𝑡  𝑡=2
5
𝑝
 ln = 𝑘𝑡 5 5 2
𝑐
𝑃 𝑘𝑡
So ℎ = 2450 ( ) − 490 ( )
 𝑐
=𝑒 2 2
= 6125 − 30625
 𝑝 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖) ⇒ ℎ = 3062.5
𝑝𝑢𝑡 p=200 , t=0 (condition1)

4
𝑆𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3062.5𝑐𝑚
200 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘(0) = 𝑐𝑒 0  max ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 30.6𝑚 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 100)

21
 𝑐 = 200 ∵ 𝑒 0 = 1
So (𝑖)𝑝 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖𝑖)

43
Put𝑝 = 400 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼)
𝑠𝑜(𝑖) ⇒ 400 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡
 2 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑘

44
 2𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
1
 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
2

43
1
So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑛2
(4)
 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 4

03
2𝑙𝑛2 2
 𝑝 = 200 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛4
 𝑝 = 200(4) ⇒ 𝑝 = 800
Which is required number of bacteria present four d
latter.
za
Q.23 a ball is thrown vertically upward with a
velocity of 2450cm/sec neglecting air resistance,
eh

find
i. Velocity of ball at any time t
ii. Distance traveled in any time t
Sh

iii. Maximum height attained by the ball

Solution:
Let 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑜
ir

𝑑𝑣
𝑖) = −𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
Am

𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑐1
by

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣 = 2450 , 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑜
http://www.mathcity.org
2450 = −𝑔(0) + 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 2450
𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 2450 ∵ 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 these notes are Witten by Amir Shehzad
n

Thus 𝑣 = −980𝑡 + 2450 ⇒ 𝑔 = 980𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (Msc Mathematics ,M.ed for online coaches
ii) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 ℎ 𝑏𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜
te

classes contact on No.

𝑑ℎ
𝑣= http://www.mathcity.org/people/amir
rit

𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣
W

𝑑ℎ
 = −980 + 2450
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑ℎ = −980𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑ℎ = −980 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
 ℎ = −980 2
+ 2450𝑡 + 𝑐2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ = 0 , 𝑡 = 0
0 = −490(0)2 + 2450(0) + 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑐2 = 0
𝑠𝑜 ℎ = −490𝑡 2 + 2450

WRITTEN BY AMIR SHEHZAD (03434443214) 44