La Consolacion College of Rinconada

Iriga Campus

RESPOSIBLE PARENTHOOD:

IT’S IMPACT ON CHILDREN OF OFW PARENTS

IN THE STUDEN DEPARTMENT OF

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE

IRIGA

A Research

Presented to the Faculty and Staff of the Basic Education Department of

La Consolacion College of Rinconada, Iriga Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Practical Research 1

Arandia, Cailin Isabel R.

Egipto, Abe Deaniel V.

Ocampo, John Carlo C.

Manaog, Erico I.

April 2021

1
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

CHAPTER 1 - THE PROBLEM

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5

ASSUMPTIONS 6

HYPOTHESIS 6

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 6

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7

DEFINITION OF TERMS 8

NOTES 9

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE 10

LOCAL LITERATURE 12

FOREIGN STUDIES 15

LOCAL STUDIES 16

SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE OF THE ART 18

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 18

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 19

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM 20

NOTES 21

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY

2
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

RESEARCH METHODS 26

RESPONDENTS 26

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 27

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 27

STATISTICAL TREATMENT 28

NOTES 30

3
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

CHAPTER 1:

THE PROBLEM

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“OFWs are modern day heroes” according to Julius Turgano. These are the people

who are eager to go across the country in order to provide financially for their families.

Especially when living in a third-world country, the lack of job opportunity and a salary

that can sustain the needs of a family are the reason why Filipinos work overseas. These

OFWs have also benefited in lessening the poverty rate of the Philippines. However,

OFWs are forced to leave their family behind and these have caused certain problems

towards the children.

Child-parent relationships should always be present between families but being an

OFW can affect this aspect. OFWs and their children mainly have week relationships

since they cannot be together physically. These OFWs may visit the country from time to

time but when it’s time to go back, it may weaken their bond. Even though these children

still have relatives and family that’ll be with them, it is still different when it comes to

parents. These OFWs should take full responsibility for what the outcomes would be

whenever they choose to leave the country including their children and family.

Because of parental absence, children may experience problems in education and

also their child-development can be greatly affected. They are forced to be left behind for

4
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

their own good however they may have a fully different understanding why their parents

left them. The children grow throughout their life without their parents as their

companions; and even though they are given of what they want and need, this may not be

enough for them to feel their parent’s love for them. Supposedly a child can have

conflicts emotionally and mentally because of the absence of parents; they are needed to

have socio-psychological care from their parents to face these conflicts, and OFWs

should be aware of this. Furthermore, the children can grow up independently without

their parental guidance. Somehow this may be a good path for their lives but not the

relationship with their parents.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study wants to assess the impact of having an OFW as parent/parents to the

students from Gr.6-12 of La Consolacion College Iriga.

The researchers aimed to seek answers for the following questions:

1. Respondent’s Profile

 Age

 Sex

 Grade/Level

 Are both parents OFWs? If not, which parent is the OFW?

2. Does the respondent have a close relationship to his/her parent/s?

3. How often does his/her parent visit the country?

5
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

4. Does the parent/s provide enough for the family? Education? Needs?

5. What is the concern of having an OFW as a parent/s can affect the respondent in

the following aspects:

 Emotional

 Mental

 Social

ASSUMPTIONS

That the questions will be properly determined by the students from Gr.6-12 of La

Consolacion College Iriga and the assessment of their answers will determine the impact

of having an OFW as parent/s.

HYPOTHESIS

There are more positive than negative impact of having an OFW as a parent/s and

the child-parent relationship of the OFWs and their children are somehow strong enough

to protect their bond.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study discusses the effects of having OFWs as parent/s to the students of Gr.6-

12 of La Consolacion College Iriga. In accordance to this, this will assess its positive and

negative effects to the students and also how strong their child-parent relationship is. The

6
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

study will only focus on the emotional, mental, and social aspect of the students and the

relationship with their parents. The setting is only in the premises of La Consolacion

College Iriga and the respondents are only limited to students Grades 6-12. With the use

of online questionnaires, the respondents will be at ease in answering the questions

provided and conducting of the study will value the researcher’s safety from the

pandemic.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the following group of people indicated below:

Children. After the study has been conducted, the children will fully understand why

their parents chose being an OFW specifically in providing for their needs and also for

opening a better pathway of opportunities for their future. Furthermore they’ll learn how

to cope with the emotional, mental, and social conflicts that they experience.

Parents. This study can make the parents fully aware of the effects of their chosen career

to their own children and it will help them find ways in order to help their children cope

with these effects.

Government. This study can be a guide for the government to give better job

opportunities and a better salary for every Filipino worker in order for their skills to be

complied here in the country for also the benefit of the economy.

School. The study can help in the future programs that the school will have in order to

value the student’s emotional, mental, and social aspects in the school premises.

7
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

Researchers. This study can be used as a reference for future studies.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to give a better understanding, the study will define the word OFW as a

parent who chose to work overseas in order for them to pursue his/her career to provide

for his/her children’s needs. It will be used to identify how being an OFW can affect

their children emotionally, mentally, and socially. This term will also be used to

determine on how this chosen career can affect Child-pare nt relationships which is the

bond between the OFW and their children.

8
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

NOTES

Turgano, J., (2019, December 20). OFWs are heroes of PH economy. INQUIRER.Net.

Retrieved from https://opinion.inquirer.net/125993/ofws-are-heroes-of-ph-economy

(2021, March 13)

9
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter introduces the following elements: Foreign and Local Literature that are

found in books, magazines, journals etc.; Foreign and Local Studies that are found in

theses and investigations that are already conducted; Synthesis of the State-of-the-art, and

The Theoretical and Conceptual Framework.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

In William and Arguillas (2018) journal entitled “The Impact of Parents’ Overseas

Employment on Educational Outcomes of Filipino Children”, they stated that overseas

migration of parents from the Philippines has resulted in increasing numbers of long-term

separations of parents from each other and from their children. Western-based analyses

might predict negative education outcomes for children as a result of parental absence.

We find that separations caused by overseas migration often are either neutral or can have

positive effects on schooling outcomes, at least among older children. Girls fare better in

terms of educational attainment than do boys overall. Boys are often more affected by

background variables, including parents’ international migration.

In addition to this, Lu (2012) stated in his journal entitled “Education of Children

Left Behind in Rural China” parental migration has not given children left behind a

significant advantage in educational prospects as their parents had hoped. Younger

10
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

children seem to be especially susceptible to the disruptive effect of parental

out‐ migration.

Moreover, Meng and Yamauchi (2017) stated in their article entitled “Children

of Migrants: The Cumulative Impact of Parental Migration on Children’s

Education and Health Outcomes in China” Since the end of 1990s, approximately 160

million Chinese rural workers migrated to cities for work. Because of restrictions on

migrant access to local health and education systems, many rural children are left behind

in home villages to grow up without parental care.

Harpe r & Martin (2012) in their journal “Transnational Migratory Labor and

Filipino Fathers: How Families Are Affected When Men Work Abroad” stated that

in comparative analyses revealed that mothers from OFW families demonstrated lower

levels of warmth when compared with mothers from two-parent homes. Children from

OFW families were reported to demonstrate greater internalizing and externalizing

problems when compared with children from homes in which both parents lived in the

home. Subsequent regression analyses showed that fathers who worked abroad may

contribute to mother behaviors and child outcomes in certain direct and indirect paths.

Moreover, Cortes (2013) stated in her article “The Feminization of International

Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the

Philippines” children of migrant mothers are more likely to lag behind in school

compared to children with migrant fathers. Controlling for remittances does not change

11
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

this result, supporting the hypothesis that a mother’s absence has a stronger detrimental

effect than a father’s.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Valdehuesa-Mahilum (2013) stated in her article entitled “Nuts in a Shell:

Exploring the Impact of OFWs Phenome non on the Family in Region X” 1) the most

salient negative impact is a feeling abandoned that cannot be compensated for by

financial support; 2) the left-behind children feel helplessness, loneliness, pessimism,

deprivation, and isolation being confronted with health and academic problems.

Meanwhile, because the problems are psychological in nature, their ways of coping are

also psychological, namely, relativizing, maintaining "shadow household," sharing their

experiences with other OFW children, doing shopping, and Bible sharing. Parents of

OFWs work primarily for economic reason--to achieve financial stability. However, this

brings an emotional disadvantage to the left-behind children: they feel themselves

abandoned. Hence, it is important for OFW parents to prepare their children's

psychological problems caused by their parents of OFWs. It is feared that their long

absence makes a feeling of meaningless. Therefore, in their absence, OFW parents should

make it certain that the feeling is compensated for by regular communication with the ir

children.

Tarroja & Fe rnando (2013) stated in their article “Providing psychological

services for children of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs): A challenge for school

psychologists in the Philippines” In the last 30 years, there has been a rapid increase of
12
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

Filipino parents leaving the country and their families for better job opportunities abroad.

Existing literature points out the impact of migration on the families and on the well-

being, academic performance, and school behaviors, family and peer relationships of the

children left behind, and the need for interventions to address these concerns.

Racasa & Vargas (2021) stated in their article “Analysis of Communication

Patte rns Among College Student with Ove rseas Foreign Workers (OFW) Family

Through the use of Social Media” using social media sites in terms of communicating

with their distant families also has a strength, and students were highly strongly agreed

that the strength of social media they used was easy phone access. Also, the social media

site they are using has weaknesses. These are “misunderstand tone” and it was hard to

use. In using social media site it can give positive effect to the respondents because they

can connect with other family members who are far from home, and it can be a source of

information. But also every social media site has a negative effect on the users because

their communication was lack emotional connection.

Aguilar(2020) in the journal entitled “Technology-mediated parenting:

Narratives of Leftbehind Adolescent Children of Overseas Filipino Workers ” stated

several findings, First, the left-behind children recognize the economic upturn brought

about by overseas employment resulting to their family’s increased purchasing capacity.

Second, communication mediated by technology (skype, facebook, messenger) are

heavily relied upon by parents to “parent” their children. Despite the consistency of

communication, the children think that there are areas in their lives that only a face-to-

13
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

face encounter would suffice, especially between them and their mother. Third, familial

roles are reconfigured as the oldest child, most often the daughter becomes the pseudo-

parent, requiring a lot of effort and time resulting to emotional and academic difficulties

on her part. It is recommended that higher education institutions provide appropriate

interventions to address the needs of these students.

Furthermore, Sealmoy & Maranon (2020) in their journal “Exploring

Psychological Constructs as Predictors of Life Satisfaction Among Adolescents with

Absentee Parents” stated that most schools aim to produce holistically developed

individuals; however, initiatives fostering life satisfaction and well-being are not

substantial or even neglected. Likewise, globally, adolescents are confronted with various

situations influencing how they view and evaluate their lives. One of these factors is

parental absence.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Pfieffer and Botezat (2014) stated in their study entitled “The Impact of Parents

Migration on the Well-Being of Children Left Behind – Initial Evidence from

Romania” many children grow up with parents working abroad. Economists are

interested in the achievement and well-being of these "home alone" children to better

understand the positive and negative aspects of migration in the sending countries.

Moreover, DeWaard, Nobles, and Donato (2018) stated in their comparative

assessment entitled “Migration and parental absence: A comparative assessment of

14
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

transnational families in Latin Ame rica” Children living in families with absent

parents due to migration are less likely to coreside with extended family members and to

fare better in terms of household assets, relative to children living in other family forms.

Smeekens, Stroebe, and Abakoumkin (2012) stated in their study entitled ““The

impact of migratory separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the

Philippines” In the Philippines, as in several other low and middle- income countries in

the world, it is usual for parents to leave the country to work abroad in order to improve

the situation of their children who remain behind. However, stressful life events such as

the separation from a parent are known to have a severe impact on physical and mental

health of children.

Smeekens (2012) stated in his theses entitled “Ove rseas labor migration of

parents: Health of their left-behind adolescent children in the Philippines” Migratory

separation from parents is a common situation for youth in the Philippines since many

parents work abroad as Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) to improve the financial

situation of their remaining-behind families. The absence of a parent could be a main

source of stress for adolescents and stressful life events are known to have severe impact

on physical health.

In addition, Diaz (2018) stated in their study “Coping Mechanis ms of Philippine

Students? Left Behind By OFW Parents” Students nowadays are experiencing school

life without the presence of their parents. While many children have experienced a

15
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

decline in classroom performance while parents are away, many were also found to have

performed excellently through various mechanisms.

LOCAL STUDIES

Awisan (2016) in their assessment “An Assessment on the Effects of Having

OFW Parents in the Academic Performance of SLU Students” stated that the

Philippine situation of poverty, unemployment and underemployment caused a lot of

Filipinos decide to work abroad. This decision can affect the child, emotionally, socially

and academically. It can also affect the family-child relationship due to lack of guidance,

communication and motivation.

In addition, Refruerzo (2015) stated in their study entitled “Motivations And

Goals Of Students With OFW Parents” The steady rise of Filipinos migrating overseas

to venture for more viable employment for the sake of providing for the needs of the

family is already a known fact in the Philippines. The phenomenon of Overseas Filipino

Workers, Migrant Filipino Parents and Transnational Families is and has been a growing

social issue in the Philippines. Numerous studies and literature presents changing in

family dynamics and effects of OFW parents leaving behind their children to the care and

supervision of one parent or other family members have been delved into. Among the

themes of interest are the effects of OFW parents on the educational growth and

academic well-being of the children left-behind.

16
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

Amoguis, Aguana & Lantaca (2019) stated in their study “Experiences and

Effects on Acade mic Performance of College Students with OFW (Overseas Filipino

Worker) Parents” parents have the moral obligation and responsibilities for the

upbringing and development of their children. But with the absence of the parents,

technological mechanisms like cellular phones and computers have become the default

substitute to personal parenting; this will still not replace the emotional bonding that can

develop in the relationship when they are physically present. At the same time, they will

miss the growing up years of their children and their value formation.

Furthermore, Agonos, Bade, Cabuling & Mercene (2015) stated in their study

entitled “Family Leisure Affair: A Qualitative Study on Negotiating Leisure in

Families with OFW Parent” In the Philippines, more than 10% of the total Filipino

population is working overseas in order to provide a better future for their families. While

the purpose of parental migration is for financial stability, the compositional change in

the family can bring adverse effects on the children left behind. The sudden change in

family composition, that is, having a parent away could affect the children’s well-being

and upbringing. More often than not, leisure becomes an avenue for parents to

compensate for such change, directing leisure activities for the children’s well-being

Ariate, Cruz, Dimaculangan, & Tibayan (2015) stated in their study “The Role

Of Facebook In Sustaining Relationship Among Families Of OFW” Nowadays, many

Filipino families depend on technology in communicating. Through the use of the

Internet, nothing seems to be impossible. The emergence of the Social Networking Sites

17
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

(SNS) made communication more accessible for everybody. Through Facebook,

individuals may communicate with others despite physical distance. This study aimed to

determine the role of Facebook in sustaining relationship among OFW families.

SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

All the studies reviewed were of great contribution to our research in terms of

information. However, this study is different since there has no conducted study yet about

the effects of having OFW parents on their children that includes validation among the

students of La Consolacion College Iriga from grades six to twelve as respondents. This

study is based on factual information which applies to those students who have parents

working overseas stating the effects of responsible parenthood.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theory that anchored this study in the coverage of the impact on the children in

having OFWs as parent/s is the Attachment Theory conducted by John Bowlby & Mary

Ains worth (1958) which emphasizes the relationships and bonds between people,

particularly long-term relationships, including those between a parent and child and

between romantic partners. This theory has 4 stages, Pre-attachment. Ranges from birth

to 6 weeks, the child show no attachment to the parents, Indiscriminate. 6 weeks to 7

months, the child slowly shows attachment to the parents. Discriminate. 7+ months, the

child develops strong attachment to the parents. Multiple. 10+ months, the attachment

18
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

turns into an unbreakable bond. In accordance to this, the theory shows that the OFW

parents won’t be able to fulfill the stages of attachment. Thus, a bond or attachment

between the parents and their children will be difficult to develop. It is also said in the

theory that if the child feels attachment with his/her parents; it is likely that the child has

a better behavior and character development.

Figure 1: Theoretical Paradigm of Attachment Theory by John Bowlby

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The problem questions will act as the input variable wherein it will be used by the

researchers to know the relationship between the students of Gr.6-12 and their OFW

parent/s through survey questionnaires and defined statistical treatment; and this will

serve as the process. The output on the other hand will be the result and outcome of the
19
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

variables which is expected to be the factual answers coming from the questionnaires of

the impact of the OFW parents to their children.

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Age

 Sex

 Grade/Level

 Are both parents

OFWs? If not,

which parent is the

OFW?

2. Does the respondent have a close

The student’s
relationship to his/her parent/s?
 Questionnaire
3. How often does his/her parent
 Statistical assessment of
visit the country?
Treatment answers of having an
4. Does the parent/s provide

enough for the fa mily?

5. What is the concern of having an

OFW as a parent/s can affect the

respondent in the following

aspects:

 Emotional

 Mental

 Social

Figure 2: IPO (Input, Process Output) Model

20
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

NOTES

Arguillas, M. J. B., & Williams, L. (2010).The impact of parents’ overseas employment

on educational outcomes of Filipino children.International Migration Review, 44(2), 300-

319. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-

7379.2010.00807.x (2021, March 13)

Lu, Y. (2012). Education of children left behind in rural China. Journal of Marriage and

Family, 74(2), 328-341. Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00951.x (2021, March

13)

Meng, X., & Yamauchi, C. (2017).Children of migrants: The cumulative impact of

parental migration on children’s education and health outcomes in

China. Demography, 54(5), 1677-1714. Retrieved from

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0613-z (2021, March 13)

Harper, S. E., & Martin, A. M. (2013).Transnational migratory labor and Filipino fathers:

How families are affected when men work abroad. Journal of Family Issues, 34(2), 270-

290. Retrieved from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513x12462364(2021, March 14)

Cortes, P. (2015). The feminization of international migration and its effects on the

children left behind: Evidence from the Philippines. World Development, 65, 62-

78.Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X13002337

21
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

(2021, March 14)

Valdehuesa-Mahilum, J. (2013). Nuts in a Shell: Exploring the Impact of OFWs

Phenomenon on the Family in Region X. Liceo Journal of Higher Education

Research, 9(1), 260+. Retrieved from

https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA512855480&sid=googleScholar&v=

2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=20941064&p=AONE&sw=w#:~:text=According%20to

%20Tanalega%20(2012)%2C,OFWs%20face%20anxiety%20and%20loneliness.

(2021, March 13)

Tarroja, M. C. H., & Fernando, K. C. (2013).Providing psychological services for

children of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs): A challenge for school psychologists in

the Philippines. School Psychology International, 34(2), 202-212.Retrieved from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0143034312453399 (2021, March 14)

Racasa, A., & Vargas, D. (2021).ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION PATTERNS

AMONG COLLEGE STUDENT WITH OVERSEAS FOREIGN WORKERS (OFW)

FAMILY THROUGH THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA. Available at SSRN

3785383.Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3785383

(2021, Marc h 14)

AGUILAR, M. V. G. (2020). Technology-mediated parenting: Narratives of Leftbehind

Adolescent Children of Overseas Filipino Workers. Journal of Asian Review of Public

Affairs and Policy, 5(1).Retrieved from

https://home.kku.ac.th/arpap/index.php/arpap/article/view/183

22
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

(2021, March 14)

Sealmoy, L. L. A., & Marañon, N. S. (2020). Exploring Psychological Constructs as

Predictors of Life Satisfaction Among Adolescents with Absentee Parents. Philippine

Social Science Journal, 3(2), 99-100.Retrieved from

https://philssj.org/index.php/main/article/view/146 (2021, March 14)

Botezat, A., & Pfeiffer, F. (2014).The impact of parents migration on the well-being of

children left behind–initial evidence from Romania. ZEW-Centre for European Economic

Research Discussion Paper, (14-029). Retrieved from

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2432946 (2021, March 13)

DeWaard, J., Nobles, J., & Donato, K. M. (2018).Migration and parental absence: A

comparative assessment of transnational families in L atin A merica. Population, space

and place, 24(7), e2166. Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.2166 (2021, March 13)

Smeekens, C., Stroebe, M. S., & Abakoumkin, G. (2012).The impact of migratory

separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the Philippines.Social Science &

Medicine, 75(12), 2250-2257.Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612006326 (2021, March 13)

Smeekens, C. (2013). Overseas labour migration of parents: Health of their left-behind

adolescent children in the Philippines (Master's thesis).Retrieved from

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/260150 (2021, March 14)

23
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

Diaz, K. A. (2018, June). Coping Mechanisms Of Philippine Students? Left Behind By

Ofw Parents. In Proceedings of International Academic Conferences (No. 6408416).

International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.Retrieved from

https://ideas.repec.org/p/sek/iacpro/6408416.html (2021, March 14)

Awisan, B. (2016). An Assessment on the Effects of Having OFW Parents in the

Academic Performance of SLU Students.Retrieved from

http://itceprints.slu.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1891 (2021, March 14)

Refuerzo, M. E. (2015). Motivations and Goals of Students with OFW Parents. Retrieved

from http://itceprints.slu.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1051 (2021, March 13)

Aguana, A. T. A. A. A., & Lantaca, W. F. M. Children W/Ofw Parents. Retrieved from

https://idoc.pub/documents/children-w-ofw-parents-546gky9zw9n8 (2021, March 14)

Agonos, M. J. M., Bade, M. P. B., Cabuling, M. J., & Mercene, J. V. (2015). Family

leisure affair: A qualitative study on negotiating leisure in families with OFW

parent. SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for

Communications and Humanities, 7(2), 83-105.Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/download/63361601/SEARCH-2015-7-2-J5.pdf (2021,

March 14)

Ariate, R. J., Cruz, R., Dimaculangan, J., & Tibayan, C. A. (2015). The role of facebook

in sustaining relationship among families of ofw. Communication

Research, 2(1).Retrieved from http://lpulaguna.edu.ph/wp-

24
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

content/uploads/2016/08/7.THE-ROLE-OF-FACEBOOK-IN-SUSTAINING-

RELATIONSHIP-AMONG-FAMILIES-OF-OFW.pdf (2021, March 14)

25
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the diverse procedures of the researcher to get the probable
answers in the questions. This chapter indicates:
 The Research Method, Respondents, Distribution of respondents
 Research Instrument
 The Data Gathering Procedures
 Statistical Treatment of Data

RESEARCH METHOD

The quantitative research method was used in the study. Quantitative research design

is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. Data

gathered from the research instrument.

RESPONDENTS

The researchers will limit the study in only students of La Consolacion College Iriga

from Gr.6-12. Specifically 5 students per level will be used. In total, 35 respondents will

be needed for the study.

GRADE/LEVEL NO. OF RESPONDENTS

6 5

7 5

26
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

8 5

9 5

10 5

11 5

12 5

TOTAL: 35

Table 1: Distribution of Respondents

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Questionnaire was used in this survey that was made up of sequences of questions

and other information from the respondents also with the use of Google Forms. It will be

answered by each respondent to acquire information about the impact of the children of

OFW parents in Gr.6-12 of La Consolacion College Iriga.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The questionnaires will be distributed personally by the researchers in social media

messaging apps. The respondents will be given enough time to answer the necessary

information. And all the copies of questionnaire were personally retrieved by the

researchers.

27
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The following are treatment applied in the study :

Slovin’s Formula. It is used to determine the number of respondents.

Percentage Technique. It is used to determine the relationship between the data. This is

very useful in assessing the survey responses and other data.

Frequency Distribution. It is used to determine the number of times an event happened

in the study.

Slovin’s Formula

N=population size

e=margin of error

n= N

1 + Ne2

Percentage Technique

P =percentage

F =frequency

N =number of respondents

P= f X 100

28
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

Frequency Distribution

WM= weighted mean

TWF= total weight frequency

N= total number of respondents WM=

29
 La Consolacion College of Rinconada
Iriga Campus

NOTES

Ellen, S. (2020). Slovin's Formula Sampling Techniques. Sciencing. Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/slovins- formula-sampling-techniques-5475547.html (2021, March

14)

Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods (Vols. 1-0). Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412963947. Retrieved from

http://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-

methods/n372.xml (2021, March 14)

Allen, M. (2017). The sage encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-

4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc doi: 10.4135/9781483381411.

Retrieved from http://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-

communication-research- methods (2021, March 14)

30