MODICIA O.S.

is based on Ubuntu LTS without any modification to the original source code and is
provided "as is", without any guarantee of any kind, expressed, implicit, explicit or of any other type,
without any guarantee of merchantability or fitness for a purpose particular. It is possible to use it for
free by respecting the licenses included in the respective programs. In no case can the authors of
this software be held responsible for the loss of data, profits or any other type of damage while using
or misusing this operating system.
Linux Commands – A

accept Accept or Reject jobs to a destination, such as a

printer.

access Check a user’s RWX permission for a file.

aclocal GNU autoconf too

aconnect ALSA sequencer connection manager.

acpi Show information about the Advanced Configuration and

Power Interface.

acpi_available Check if ACPI functionality exists on the

system.

acpid Informs user-space programs about ACPI events.

addr2line Used to convert addresses into file names and

line numbers.

addresses Formats for internet mail addresses.

agetty An alternative Linux Getty

alias Create an alias for Linux commands

alsactl Access advanced controls for ALSA soundcard

driver.

amidi Perform read/write operation for ALSA RawMIDI ports.

1
amixer Access CLI-based mixer for ALSA soundcard driver.

anacron Used to run commands periodically.

aplay Sound recorder and player for CLI.

aplaymidi CLI utility used to play MIDI files.

apm Show Advanced Power Management (APM) hardware info

on

older systems.

apmd Used to handle events reported by APM BIOS drivers.

apropos Shows the list of all man pages containing a

specific keyword

apt Advanced Package Tool, a package management system

for

Debian and derivatives.

apt-get Command-line utility to install/remove/update

packages based on APT system.

aptitude Another utility to add/remove/upgrade packages

based on the APT system.

ar A utility to create/modify/extract from archives.

arch Display print machine hardware name.

arecord Just like aplay, it’s a sound recorder and player

2
for ALSA soundcard driver.

arecordmidi Record standard MIDI files.

arp Used to make changes to the system’s ARP cache

as A portable GNU assembler.

aspell An interactive spell checker utility.

at Used to schedule command execution at specified date

& time, reading commands from an input file.

atd Used to execute jobs queued by the at command.

atq List a user’s pending jobs for the at command.

atrm Delete jobs queued by the at command.

audiosend Used to send an audio recording as an email.

aumix An audio mixer utility.

autoconf Generate configuration scripts from a

TEMPLATE-FILE and send the output to standard output.

autoheader Create a template header for configure.

automake Creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from

template files

autoreconf Update generated configuration files.

autoscan Generate a preliminary configure.in

autoupdate Update a configure.in file to newer autoconf.

3
 awk Used to find and replace text in a file(s).

Linux Commands – B

badblocks Search a disk partition for bad sectors.

banner Used to print characters as a poster.

basename Used to display filenames with directoy or

suffix.

bash GNU Bourne-Again Shell.

batch Used to run commands entered on a standard input.

bc Access the GNU bc calculator utility.

bg Send processes to the background.

biff Notify about incoming mail and sender’s name on a

system running comsat server.

bind Used to attach a name to a socket.

bison A GNU parser generator, compatible with yacc.

break Used to exit from a loop (eg: for, while, select).

builtin Used to run shell builtin commands, make custom

functions for commands extending their functionality.

4
 bzcmp Used to call the cmp program for bzip2 compressed

files.

bzdiff Used to call the diff program for bzip2 compressed

files.

bzgrep Used to call grep for bzip2 compressed files.

bzip2 A block-sorting file compressor used to shrink given

files.

bzless Used to apply ‘less’ (show info one page at a time)

to bzip2 compressed files.

bzmore Used to apply ‘more’ (an inferior version of less)

to bzip2 compressed files.

Linux Commands – C

cal Show calendar. cardctl Used to control PCMCIA sockets

and select configuration schemes.

cardmgr Keeps an eye on the added/removes sockets for

PCMCIA devices.

case Execute a command conditionally by matching a

5
pattern.

cat Used to concatenate files and print them on the

screen.

cc GNU C and C++ compiler.

cd Used to change directory.

cdda2wav Used to rip a CD-ROM and make WAV file.

cdparanoia Record audio from CD more reliably using

data-verification algorithms.

cdrdao Used to write all the content specified to a file

to a CD all at once.

cdrecord Used to record data or audio compact discs.

cfdisk Show or change the disk partition table.

chage Used to change user password information.

chattr Used to change file attributes.

chdir Used to change active working directory.

chfn Used to change real user name and information.

chgrp Used to change group ownership for file.

chkconfig Manage execution of runlevel services.

chmod Change access permission for a file(s).

chown Change the owner or group for a file.

6
chpasswd Update password in a batch.

chroot Run a command with root privileges.

chrt Alter process attributed in real-time.

chsh Switch login shell.

chvt Change foreground virtual terminal.

cksum Perform a CRC checksum for files.

clear Used to clear the terminal window.

cmp Compare two files (byte by byte).

col Filter reverse (and half-reverse) line feeds from the

input.

colcrt Filter nroff output for CRT previewing.

colrm Remove columns from the lines of a file.

column A utility that formats its input into columns.

comm Used to compare two sorted files line by line.

command Used to execute a command with arguments ignoring

shell function named command.

compress Used to compress one or more file(s) and

replacing the originals ones.

continue Resume the next iteration of a loop.

cp Copy contents of one file to another.

7
 cpio Copy files from and to archives.

cpp GNU C language processor.

cron A daemon to execute scheduled commands.

crond Same work as cron.

crontab Manage crontab files (containing schedules

commands) for users.

csplit Split a file into sections on the basis of context

lines.

ctags Make a list of functions and macro names defined in

a programming source file.

cupsd A scheduler for CUPS.

curl Used to transfer data from or to a server using

supported protocols.

cut Used to remove sections from each line of a file(s).

cvs Concurrent Versions System. Used to track file

versions, allow storage/retrieval of previous versions,

and enables multiple users to work on the same file.

Linux Commands – D

8
date Show system date and time.

dc Desk calculator utility.

dd Used to convert and copy a file, create disk clone,

write disk headers, etc.

ddrescue Used to recover data from a crashed partition.

deallocvt Deallocates kernel memory for unused virtual

consoles.

debugfs File system debugger for ext2/ext3/ext4

declare Used to declare variables and assign attributes.

depmod Generate modules.dep and map files.

devdump Interactively displays the contents of device or

file system ISO.

df Show disk usage.

diff Used to compare files line by line.

diff3 Compare three files line by line.

dig Domain Information Groper, a DNS lookup utility.

dir List the contents of a directory.

dircolors Set colors for ‘ls’ by altering the LS_COLORS

environment variable.

9
dirname Display pathname after removing the last slash and

characters thereafter.

dirs Show the list of remembered directories.

disable Restrict access to a printer.

dmesg Examine and control the kernel ring buffer.

dnsdomainname Show the DNS domain name of the system.

dnssec-keygen Generate encrypted Secure DNS keys for a

given domain name.

dnssec-makekeyset Produce domain key set from one or more

DNS security keys generated by dnssec-keygen.

dnssec-signkey Sign a secure DNS keyset with key

signatures specified in the list of key-identifiers.

dnssec-signzone Sign a secure DNS zonefile with the

signatures in the specified list of key-identifiers.

doexec Used to run an executable with an arbitrary argv

list provided.

domainname Show or set the name of current NIS (Network

Information Services) domain.

dosfsck Check and repair MS-DOS file systems.

du Show disk usage summary for a file(s).

10
 dump Backup utility for ext2/ext3 file systems.

dumpe2fs Dump ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems.

dumpkeys Show information about the keyboard driver’s

current translation tables.

Linux Commands – E

e2fsck Used to check ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems.

e2image Store important ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem metadata

to a file.

e2label Show or change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4

filesystem.

echo Send input string(s) to standard output i.e. display

text on the screen.

ed GNU Ed – a line-oriented text editor.

edquota Used to edit filesystem quotas using a text

editor, such as vi.

egrep Search and display text matching a pattern.

eject Eject removable media.

11
elvtune Used to set latency in the elevator algorithm used

to schedule I/O activities for specified block devices.

emacs Emacs text editor command line utility.

enable Used to enable/disable shell builtin commands.

env Run a command in a modified environment.

Show/set/delete environment variables.

envsubst Substitute environment variable values in shell

format strings.

esd Start the Enlightenment Sound Daemon (EsounD or esd).

Enables multiple applications to access the same audio

device simultaneously.

esd-config Manage EsounD configuration.

esdcat Use EsounD to send audio data from a specified

file.

esdctl EsounD control program.

esddsp Used to reroute non-esd audio data to esd and

control all the audio using esd.

esdmon Used to copy the sound being sent to a device.

Also, send it to a secondary device.

esdplay Use EsounD system to play a file.

12
esdrec Use EsounD to record audio to a specified file.

esdsample Sample audio using esd.

etags Used to create a list of functions and macros from a

programming source file. These etags are used by emacs.

For vi, use ctags.

ethtool Used to query and control network driver and

hardware settings.

eval Used to evaluate multiple commands or arguments are

once.

ex Interactive command

exec An interactive line-based text editor.

exit Exit from the terminal.

expand Convert tabs into spaces in a given file and show

the output.

expect An extension to the Tcl script, it’s used to

automate interaction with other applications based on

their expected output.

export Used to set an environment variable.

expr Evaluate expressions and display them on standard

output.

13
Linux Commands – F

factor Display prime factors of specified integer numbers.

false Do nothing, unsuccessfully. Exit with a status code

indicating failure.

fc-cache Make font information cache after scanning the

directories.

fc-list Show the list of available fonts.

fdformat Do a low-level format on a floppy disk.

fdisk Make changes to the disk partition table.

fetchmail Fetch mail from mail servers and forward it to

the local mail delivery system.

fg Used to send a job to the foreground.

fgconsole Display the number of the current virtual

console.

fgrep Display lines from a file(s) that match a specified

string. A variant of grep.

file Determine file type for a file.

14
find Do a file search in a directory hierarchy.

finger Display user data including the information listed

in .plan and .project in each user’s home directory.

fingerd Provides a network interface for the finger

program.

flex Generate programs that perform pattern-matching on

text.

fmt Used to convert text to a specified width by filling

lines and removing new lines, displaying the output.

fold Wrap input line to fit in a specified width.

for Expand words and run commands for each one in the

resultant list.

formail Used to filter standard input into mailbox format.

format Used to format disks.

free Show free and used system memory.

fsck Check and repair a Linux file system

ftp File transfer protocol user interface.

ftpd FTP server process.

function Used to define function macros.

fuser Find and kill a process accessing a file.

15
Linux Commands – G

g++ Run the g++ compiler.

gawk Used for pattern scanning and language processing. A

GNU implementation of AWK language.

gcc A C and C++ compiler by GNU.

gdb A utility to debug programs and know about where it

crashes.

getent Shows entries from Name Service Switch Libraries

for specified keys.

getkeycodes Displays the kernel scancode-to-keycode

mapping table.

getopts A utility to parse positional parameters.

gpasswd Allows an administrator to change group passwords.

gpg Enables encryption and signing services as per the

OpenPGP standard.

gpgsplit Used to split an OpenPGP message into packets.

gpgv Used to verify OpenPGP signatures.

16
gpm It enables cut and paste functionality and a mouse

server for the Linux console.

gprof Shows call graph profile data.

grep Searches input files for a given pattern and displays

the relevant lines.

groff Serves as the front-end of the groff document

formatting system.

groffer Displays groff files and man pages.

groupadd Used to add a new user group.

groupdel Used to remove a user group.

groupmod Used to modify a group definition.

groups Show the group(s) to which a user belongs.

grpck Verifies the integrity of group files.

grpconv Creates a gshadow file from a group or an already

existing gshadow.

gs Invokes Ghostscript, and interpreter and previewer for

Adobe’s PostScript and PDF languages.

gunzip A utility to compress/expand files.

gzexe Used compress executable files in place and have

them automatically uncompress and run at a later stage.

17
 gzip Same as gzip.

Linux Commands – H

halt Command used to half the machine.

hash Shows the path for the commands executed in the

shell.

hdparm Show/configure parameters for SATA/IDE devices.

head Shows first 10 lines from each specified file.

help Display’s help for a built-in command.

hexdump Shows specified file output in hexadecimal, octal,

decimal, or ASCII format.

history Shows the command history.

host A utility to perform DNS lookups.

hostid Shows host’s numeric ID in hexadecimal format.

hostname Display/set the hostname of the system.

htdigest Manage the user authentication file used by the

Apache web server.

htop An interactive process viewer for the command line.

18
 hwclock Show or configure the system’s hardware clock.

Linux Commands – I

iconv Convert text file from one encoding to another.

id Show user and group information for a specified user.

if Execute a command conditionally.

ifconfig Used to configure network interfaces.

ifdown Stops a network interface.

ifup Starts a network interface.

imapd An IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol) server

daemon.

import Capture an X server screen and saves it as an

image.

inetd Extended internet services daemon, it starts the

programs that provide internet services.

info Used to read the documentation in Info format.

init Systemd system and service manager.

insmod A program that inserts a module into the Linux

19
kernel.

install Used to copy files to specified locations and set

attributions during the install process.

iostat Shows statistics for CPU, I/O devices, partitions,

network filesystems.

ip Display/manipulate routing, devices, policy, routing

and tunnels.

ipcrm Used to remove System V interprocess communication

(IPC) objects and associated data structures.

ipcs Show information on IPC facilities for which calling

process has read access.

iptables Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and

NAT.

iptables-restore Used to restore IP tables from data

specified in the input or a file.

iptables-save Used to dump IP table contents to standard

output.

isodump A utility that shows the content iso9660 images to

verify the integrity of directory contents.

isoinfo A utility to perform directory like listings of

20
 iso9660 images.

isosize Show the length of an iso9660 filesystem contained

in a specified file.

isovfy Verifies the integrity of an iso9660 image.

ispell A CLI-based spell-check utility.

Linux Commands – J

jobs Show the list of active jobs and their status.

join For each pair of input lines, join them using a

command field and display on standard output.

Linux Commands – K

kbd_mode Set a keyboard mode. Without arguments, shows

the

current keyboard mode.

kbdrate Reset keyboard repeat rate and delay time.

kill Send a kill (termination) signal to one more

21
 processes.

killall Kills a process(es) running a specified command.

killall5 A SystemV killall command. Kills all the

processes excluding the ones which it depends on.

klogd Control and prioritize the kernel messages to be

displayed on the console, and log them through syslogd.

kudzu Used to detect new and enhanced hardware by

comparing it with existing database. Only for RHEL and

derivates.

Linux Commands – L

last Shows a list of recent logins on the system by

fetching data from /var/log/wtmp file.

lastb Shows the list of bad login attempts by fetching

data from /var/log/btmp file.

lastlog Displays information about the most recent login

of all users or a specified user.

ld The Unix linker, it combines archives and object files.

22
It then puts them into one output file, resolving external

references.

ldconfig Configure dynamic linker run-time bindings.

ldd Shows shared object dependencies.

less Displays contents of a file one page at a time. It’s

advanced than more command.

lesskey Used to specify key bindings for less command.

let Used to perform integer artithmetic on shell

variables.

lftp An FTP utility with extra features.

lftpget Uses lftop to retrieve HTTP, FTP, and other

protocol URLs supported by lftp.

link Create links between two files. Similar to ln

command.

ln Create links between files. Links can be hard (two

names for the same file) or soft (a shortcut of the first

file).

loadkeys Load keyboard translation tables.

local Used to create function variables.

locale Shows information about current or all locales.

23
locate Used to find files by their name.

lockfile Create semaphore file(s) which can be used to

limit access to a file.

logger Make entries in the system log.

login Create a new session on the system.

logname Shows the login name of the current user.

logout Performs the logout operation by making changes to

the utmp and wtmp files.

logrotate Used for automatic rotation, compression,

removal, and mailing of system log files.

look Shows any lines in a file containing a given string

in the beginning.

losetup Set up and control loop devices.

lpadmin Used to configure printer and class queues

provided by CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System).

lpc Line printer control program, it provides limited

control over CUPS printer and class queues.

lpinfo Shows the list of avaiable devices and drivers

known to the CUPS server.

lpmove Move on or more printing jobs to a new destination.

24
 lpq Shows current print queue status for a specified

printer.

lpr Used to submit files for printing.

lprint Used to print a file.

lprintd Used to abort a print job.

lprintq List the print queue.

lprm Cancel print jobs.

lpstat Displays status information about current classes,

jobs, and printers.

ls Shows the list of files in the current directory.

lsattr Shows file attributes on a Linux ext2 file system.

lsblk Lists information about all available or the

specified block devices.

lsmod Show the status of modules in the Linux kernel.

lsof List open files.

lspci List all PCI devices.

lsusb List USB devices.

Linux Commands – M

25
m4 Macro processor. mail Utility to compose, receive,

send, forward, and reply to emails.

mailq Shows to list all emails queued for delivery

(sendmail queue).

mailstats Shows current mail statistics.

mailto Used to send mail with multimedia content in MIME

format.

make Utility to maintain groups of programs, recompile

them if needed.

makedbm Creates an NIS (Network Information Services)

database map.

makemap Creates database maps used by the keyed map

lookups in sendmail.

man Shows manual pages for Linux commands.

manpath Determine search path for manual pages.

mattrib Used to change MS-DOS file attribute flags.

mbadblocks Checks MD-DOS filesystems for bad blocks.

mcat Dump raw disk image.

mcd Used to change MS-DOS directory.

26
mcopy Used to copy MS-DOS files from or to Unix.

md5sum Used to check MD5 checksum for a file.

mdel, mdeltree Used to delete MS-DOS file. mdeltree

recursively deletes MS-DOS directory and its contents.

mdir Used to display an MS-DOS directory.

mdu Used to display the amount of space occupied by an

MS-DOS directory.

merge Three-way file merge. Includes all changes from

file2 and file3 to file1.

mesg Allow/disallow osends to sedn write messages to your

terminal.

metamail For sending and showing rich text or multimedia

email using MIME typing metadata.

metasend An interface for sending non-text mail.

mformat Used to add an MS-DOS filesystem to a low-level

formatted floppy disk.

mimencode Translate to/from MIME multimedia mail encoding

formats.

minfo Display parameters of an MS-DOS filesystem.

mkdir Used to create directories.

27
mkdosfs Used to create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux.

mke2fs Used create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem.

mkfifo Used to create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given

names.

mkfs Used to build a Linux filesystem on a hard disk

partition.

mkfs.ext3 Same as mke2fs, create an ext3 Linux filesystem.

mkisofs Used to create an ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS hybrid

filesystem.

mklost+found Create a lost+found directory on a mounted

ext2 filesystem.

mkmanifest Makes a list of file names and their DOS 8.3

equivalent.

mknod Create a FIFO, block (buffered) special file,

character (unbuffered) special file with the specified

name.

mkraid Used to setup RAID device arrays.

mkswap Set up a Linux swap area.

mktemp Create a temporary file or directory.

mlabel Make an MD-DOS volume label.

28
mmd Make an MS-DOS subdirectory.

mmount Mount an MS-DOS disk.

mmove Move or rename an MS-DOS file or subdirectory.

mmv Mass move and rename files.

modinfo Show information about a Linux kernel module.

modprobe Add or remove modules from the Linux kernel.

more Display content of a file page-by-page.

most Browse or page through a text file.

mount Mount a filesystem.

mountd NFS mount daemon.

mpartition Partition an MS-DOS disk.

mpg123 Command-line mp3 player.

mpg321 Similar to mpg123.

mrd Remove an MS-DOS subdirectory.

mren Rename an existing MS-DOS file.

mshowfat Show FTA clusters allocated to a file.

mt Control magnetic tape drive operation.

mtools Utilities to access MS-DOS disks.

mtoolstest Tests and displays the mtools configuration

files.

29
 mtr A network diagnostic tool.

mtype Display contents of an MS-DOS file.

mv Move/rename files or directories.

mzip Change protection mode and eject disk on Zip/Jaz

drive.

Linux Commands – N

named Internet domain name server.

namei Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found.

nameif Name network interfaces based on MAC addresses.

nc Netcat utility. Arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and

listens.

netstat Show network information.

newaliases Rebuilds mail alias database.

newgrp Log-in to a new group.

newusers Update/create new users in batch.

nfsd Special filesystem for controlling Linux NFS server.

nfsstat List NFS statistics.

30
 nice Run a program with modified scheduling priority.

nl Show numbered line while displaying the contents of a

file.

nm List symbols from object files.

nohup Run a command immune to hangups.

notify-send A program to send desktop notifications.

nslookup Used performs DNS queries. Read this article for

more info.

nsupdate Dynamic DNS update utility.

Linux Commands – O

objcopy Copy and translate object files.

objdump Display information from object files.

od Dump files in octal and other formats.

op Operator access, allows system administrators to grant

users access to certain root operations that require

superuser privileges.

open Open a file using its default application.

31
 openvt Start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT).

Linux Commands – P

passwd Change user password.

paste Merge lines of files. Write to standard output,

TAB-separated lines consisting of sqentially correspnding

lines from each file.

patch Apply a patchfile (containing differences listing by

diff program) to an original file.

pathchk Check if file names are valid or portable.

perl Perl 5 language interpreter.

pgrep List process IDs matching the specified criteria

among all the running processes.

pidof Find process ID of a running program.

ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.

pinky Lightweight finger.

pkill Send kill signal to processes based on name and

other attributes.

32
pmap Report memory map of a process.

popd Removes directory on the head of the directory stack

and takes you to the new directory on the head.

portmap Converts RPC program numbers to IP port numbers.

poweroff Shuts down the machine.

pppd Point-to-point protocol daemon.

pr Convert (column or paginate) text files for printing.

praliases Prints the current system mail aliases.

printcap Printer capability database.

printenv Show values of all or specified environment

variables.

printf Show arguments formatted according to a specified

format.

ps Report a snapshot of the current processes.

ptx Produce a permuted index of file contents.

pushd Appends a given directory name to the head of the

stack and then cd to the given directory.

pv Monitor progress of data through a pipe.

pwck Verify integrity of password files.

pwconv Creates shadow from passwd and an optionally

33
 existing shadow.

pwd Show current directory.

Linux Commands – Q

quota Shows disk usage, and space limits for a user or

group. Without arguments, only shows user quotas.

quotacheck Used to scan a file system for disk usage.

quotactl Make changes to disk quotas.

quotaoff Enable enforcement of filesystem quotas.

quotaon Disable enforcement of filesystem quotas.

quotastats Shows the report of quota system statistics

gathered from the kernel.

Linux Commands – R

raidstart Start/stop RAID devices.

ram RAM disk device used to access the RAM disk in raw

mode.

34
ramsize Show usage information for the RAM disk.

ranlib Generate index to the contents of an archive and

store it in the archive.

rar Create and manage RAR file in Linux.

rarpd Respond to Reverse Address Resoultion Protocol

(RARP) requests.

rcp Remote copy command to copy files between remote

computers.

rdate Set system date and time by fetching information

from a remote machine.

rdev Set or query RAM disk size, image root device, or

video mode.

rdist Remote file distribution client, maintains identical

file copies over multiple hosts.

rdistd Start the rdist server.

read Read from a file descriptor.

readarray Read lines from a file into an array variable.

readcd Read/write compact disks.

readelf Shows information about ELF (Executable and

Linkable fomrat) files.

35
readlink Display value of a symbolic link or canonical

file name.

readonly Mark functions and variables as read-only.

reboot Restart the machine.

reject Accept/reject print jobs sent to a specified

destination.

remsync Synchronize remote files over email.

rename Rename one or more files.

renice Change priority of active processes.

repquota Report disk usage and quotas for a specified

filesystem.

reset Reinitialize the terminal.

resize2fs Used to resize ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems.

restore Restore files from a backup created using dump.

return Exit a shell function.

rev Show contents of a file, reversing the order of

characters in every line.

rexec Remote execution client for exec server.

rexecd Remote execution server.

richtext View “richtext” on an ACSII terminal.

36
rlogin Used to connect a local host system with a remote

host.

rlogind Acts as the server for rlogin. It facilitates

remote login, and authentication based on privileged port

numbers from trusted hosts.

rm Removes specified files and directories (not by

default).

rmail Handle remote mail received via uucp.

rmdir Used to remove empty directories.

rmmod A program to remove modules from Linux kernel.

rndc Name server control utility. Send command to a BIND

DNS server over a TCP connection.

rootflags Show/set flags for the kernel image.

route Show/change IP routing table.

routed A daemon, invoked at boot time, to manage internet

routing tables.

rpcgen An RPC protocol compiler. Parse a file written in

the RPC language.

rpcinfo Shows RPC information. Makes an RPC call to an RPC

server and reports the findings.

37
rsh Remote shell. Connects to a specified host and

executes commands.

rshd A daemon that acts as a server for rsh and rcp

commands.

rsync A versitile to for copying files remotely and

locally.

runlevel Shows previous and current SysV runlevel.

rup Remote status display. Shows current system status for

all or specified hosts on the local network.

ruptime Shows uptime and login details of the machines on

the local network.

rusers Shows the list of the users logged-in to the host

or on all machines on the local network.

rusersd The rsuerd daemon acts as a server that responds

to the queries from rsuers command.

rwall Sends messages to all users on the local network.

rwho Reports who is logged-in to the hosts on the local

network.

rwhod Acts as a server for rwho and ruptime commands.

38
Linux Commands – S

sane-find-scanner Find SCSI and USB scanner and determine

their device files.

scanadf Retrieve multiple images from a scanner equipped

with an automatic document feeder (ADF).

scanimage Read images from image aquistion devices

(scanner or camera) and display on standard output in PNM

(Portable aNyMap) format.

scp Copy files between hosts on a network securely using

SSH.

screen A window manager that enables multiple

pseudo-terminals with the help of ANSI/VT100 terminal

emulation.

script Used to make a typescript of everything displayed

on the screen during a terminal session.

sdiff Shows two files side-by-side and highlights the

differences.

sed Stream editor for filtering and transforming text

39
(from a file or a pipe input).

select Synchronous I/O multiplexing.

sendmail It’s a mail router or an MTA (Mail Transfer

Agent). sendmail support can send a mail to one or more

recepients using necessary protocols.

sensors Shows the current readings of all sensor chips.

seq Displays an incremental sequence of numbers from first

to last.

set Used to manipulate shell variables and functions.

setfdprm Sets floppy disk parameters as provided by the

user.

setkeycodes Load kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table

entries.

setleds Show/change LED light settings of the keyboard.

setmetamode Define keyboard meta key handling. Without

arguments, shows current meta key mode.

setquota Set disk quotas for users and groups.

setsid Run a program in a new session.

setterm Set terminal attributes.

sftp Secure File Transfer program.

40
sh Command interpreter (shell) utility.

sha1sum Compute and check 160-bit SHA1 checksum to verify

file integrity.

shift Shift positional parameters.

shopt Shell options.

showkey Examines codes sent by the keyboard displays them

in printable form.

showmount Shows information about NFS server mount on the

host.

shred Overwrite a file to hide its content (optionally

delete it), making it harder to recover it.

shutdown Power-off the machine.

size Lists section size and the total size of a specified

file.

skill Send a signal to processes.

slabtop Show kernel slab cache information in real-time.

slattach Attack a network interface to a serial line.

sleep Suspend execution for a specified amount of time (in

seconds).

slocate Display matches by searching filename databases.

41
Takes ownership and file permission into consideration.

snice Reset priority for processes.

sort Sort lines of text files.

source Run commands from a specified file.

split Split a file into pieces of fixed size.

ss Display socket statistics, similar to netstat.

ssh An SSH client for logging in to a remote machine. It

provides encrypted communication between the hosts.

ssh-add Adds private key identities to the authentication

agent.

ssh-agent It holds private keys used for public key

authentication.

ssh-keygen It generates, manages, converts authentication

keys for ssh.

ssh-keyscan Gather ssh public keys.

sshd Server for the ssh program.

stat Display file or filesystem status.

statd A daemon that listens for reboot notifications from

other hosts, and manages the list of hosts to be notified

when the local system reboots.

42
strace Trace system calls and signals.

strfile Create a random access file for storing strings.

strings Search a specified file and prints any printable

strings with at least four characters and followed by an

unprintable character.

strip Discard symbols from object files.

stty Change and print terminal line settings.

su Change user ID or become superuser.

sudo Execute a command as superuser.

sum Checksum and count the block in a file.

suspend Suspend the execution of the current shell.

swapoff Disable devices for paging and swapping.

swapon Enable devices for paging and swapping.

symlink Create a symbolic link to a file.

sync Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.

sysctl Configure kernel parameters at runtime.

sysklogd Linux system logging utilities. Provides syslogd

and klogd functionalities.

syslogd Read and log system messages to the system console

and log files.

43
Linux Commands – T

tac Concatenate and print files in reverse order. Opposite

of cat command.

tail Show the last 10 lines of each specified file(s).

tailf Follow the growth of a log file. (Deprecated

command)

talk A two-way screen-oriented communication utility that

allows two user to exchange messages simulateneously.

talkd A remote user communication server for talk.

tar GNU version of the tar archiving utility. Used to

store and extract multiple files from a single archive.

taskset Set/retrieve a process’s CPU affinity.

tcpd Access control utility for internet services.

tcpdump Dump traffic on network. Displays a description of

the contents of packets on a network interface that match

the boolean expression.

tcpslice Extract pieces of tcpdump files or merge them.

44
tee Read from standard input and write to standard output

and files.

telinit Change SysV runlevel.

telnet Telnet protocol user interface. Used to interact

with another host using telnet.

telnetd A server for the telnet protocol.

test Check file type and compare values.

tftp User interface to the internet TFTP (Trivial File

Transfer Protocol).

tftpd TFTP server.

time Run programs and summarize system resource usage.

timeout Execute a command with a time limit.

times Shows accumulated user and system times for the

shell and it’s child processes.

tload Shows a graph of the current system load average to

the specified tty.

tmpwatch Recursively remove files and directories which

haven’t been accessed for the specified period of time.

top Displays real-time view of processes running on the

system.

45
touch Change file access and modification times.

tput Modify terminal-dependent capabilities, color, etc.

tr Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from standard

input and display on standard output.

tracepath Traces path to a network host discovering MTU

(Maximum Transmission Unit) along this path.

traceroute Traces the route taken by the packets to reach

the network host.

trap Trap function responds to hardware signals. It

defines and creates handlers to run when the shell

receives signals.

troff The troff processor of the groff text formatting

system.

TRUE Exit with a status code indicating success.

tset Initialize terminal.

tsort Perform topological sort.

tty Display the filename of the terminal connected to

standard input.

tune2fs Adjust tunable filesystem parameters on

ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems.

46
 tunelp Set various parameters for the line printer

devices.

type Write a description for a command type.

Linux Commands – U

ul Underline text.

ulimit Get and set user limits for the calling process.

umask Set file mode creation mask.

umount Unmount specified file systems.

unalias Remove alias definitions for specified alias

names.

uname Show system information.

uncompress Uncompress the files compressed with the

compress command.

unexpand Convert spaces to tabs for a specified file.

unicode_start Put keyboard and console in Unicode mode.

unicode_stop Revert keyboard and console from Unicode

47
mode.

uniq Report or omit repeating lines.

units Convert units from one scalar to another.

unrar Extract files from a RAR archive.

unset Remove variable or function names.

unshar Unpack shell archive scripts.

until Execute command until a given condition is true.

uptime Tell how long the system has been running.

useradd Create a new user or update default user

information.

userdel Delete a user account and related files.

usermod Modify a user account.

users Show the list of active users on the machine.

usleep Suspend execution for microsecond intervals.

uudecode Decode a binary file.

uuencode Encode a binary file.

uuidgen Created a new UUID (Universally Unique Identifier)

table.

48
Linux Commands – V

vdir Same as ls -l -b. Verbosely list directory contents.

vi A text editor utility.

vidmode Set the video mode for a kernel image. Displays

current mode value without arguments. Alternative: rdev -v

vim Vi Improved, a text-based editor which is a successor

to vi.

vmstat Shows information about processes, memory, paging,

block IO, traps, disks, and CPU activity.

volname Returns volume name for a device formatted with an

ISO-9660 filesystem. For example, CD-ROM.

Linux Commands – W

w Show who is logged-on and what they’re doing.

wait Waits for a specified process ID(s) to terminate and

returns the termination status.

49
wall Display a message on the terminals all the users who

are currently logged-in.

warnquota Send mail to the users who’ve exceeded their

disk quota soft limit.

watch Runs commands repeatedly until interrupted and shows

their output and errors.

wc Print newline, word, and byte count for each of the

specified files.

wget A non-interactive file download utility.

whatis Display one line manual page descriptions.

whereis Locate the binary, source, and man page files for

a command.

which For a given command, lists the pathnames for the

files which would be executed when the command runs.

while Conditionally execute commands (while loop).

who Shows who is logged on.

whoami Displays the username tied to the current effective

user ID.

whois Looks for an object in a WHOIS database

write Display a message on other user’s terminal.

50
Linux Commands – X

xargs Runs a command using initial arguments and then

reads remaining arguments from standard input.

xdg-open Used to open a file or URL in an application

preferred by the user.

xinetd Extended internet services daemon. Works similar to

inetd.

xz Compress/ Decompress .xz and .lzma files.

Linux Commands – Y

yacc Yet Another Compiler Compiler, a GNU Project parser

generator.

yes Repeatedly output a line with a specified string(s)

until killed.

51
ypbind A daemon that helps client processes to connect to

an NIS server.

ypcat Shows the NIS map (or database) for the specified

MapName parameter.

ypinit Sets up NIS maps on an NIS server.

ypmatch Shows values for specified keys from an NIS map.

yppasswd Change NIS login password.

yppasswdd Acts as a server for the yppasswd command.

Receives and executes requests.

yppoll Shows the ID number or version of NIS map currently

used on the NIS server.

yppush Forces slave NIS servers to copy updated NIS maps.

ypserv A daemon activated at system startup. It looks for

information in local NIS maps.

ypset Point a client (running ypbind) to a specifc server

(running ypserv).

yptest Calls various functions to check the configuration

of NIS services.

ypwhich Shows the hostname for NIS server or master server

for a given map.

52
 ypxfr Transfers NIS server map from server to a local

host.

Linux Commands – Z

zcat Used to compress/uncompress files. Similar to gzip

zcmp Compare compressed files.

zdiff Compare compressed files line by line.

zdump Displays time for the timezone mentioned.

zforce Adds .gz extension to all gzipped files.

zgrep Performs grep on compressed files.

zic Creates time conversion information files using the

specified input files.

zip A file compression and packaging utility.

zless Displays information of a compressed file (using

less command) on the terminal one screen at a time.

zmore Displays output of a compressed file (using more

command) on the terminal one page at a time.

53