Project Merged

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI-590018

KARNATAKA
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HOSTEL BUILDING BY USING

E-TABS”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
VINOD KUMAR REDDY D 3VC16CV120
VISHWANATH 3VC17CV095
ARPITHA D B 3VC17CV013
S M BHAVANI 3VC17CV072
H S SAGAR 3VC18CV411
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.Pushpalatha R Gadag
Assistant professor
Dept of civil Engineering
RYMEC, Ballari
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAO BAHADUR.Y.MAHABALESWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
[Formerly VIJAYANAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE]
BELLARY-583104
YEAR 2020-21
V.V.SANGHA’S
RAO BAHADURS. Y. MAHABALESHWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
[Formerly VIJAYANAGARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE.]
BALLARI-583104. KARNATAKA.
(Affiliated to visvesvaraya Technologies University, Belgavi and approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)
2020-21
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project work entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HOSTEL
BUILDING BY USING E-TABS” has been successfully carried out by VINOD KUMAR
REDDY D with USN: 3VC16CV120, VISHWANATH with USN: 3VC17CV095 and
ARPITHA D B with USN: 3VC17CV013, S M BHAVANI with USN: 3VC17CV072,
H S SAGAR with USN: 3VC18CV411, in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering from visvesvaraya Technologies University
Belegavi, during the academic year 2017-18. It is certified that all corrections/ suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report, the project report has
been approved as it satisfies the requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
Signature of the Project Guide Signature of the HOD

Mrs.Pushpalatha R Gadag Dr.H.M.Mallikarjuna
Assistant Professor Professor & HODDept of
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering
RYMEC, Ballari RYMEC, Ballari
Signature of the Principal

Dr. T Hanumantha Reddy
Principal
RYMEC, Ballari
External viva voce
Name of the Examiners Signature with date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement big or small should have catalyst and a constant encouragement and
advice of valuable and noble minds for our efforts to bring out this project work.
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful culmination of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning those who made it possible because success is the epitome of
hard work, determination, concentration and dedication.
In our society ‘GURU’ is the most important person who educates us about the
various facts of life. Hence we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our
beloved and respected principal Dr. T Hanumantha Reddy, who is the source of
information for all the students and who has encouraged us in whatever way that e can do
best.
Our sincere thanks goes to our beloved Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, Dr. H.M.Mallikarjuna, who has extended his whole hearted support for the
successful completion of the project.
We are greatly indebted to our Project Co-coordinator Asst.Prof. Mr.

Basavalingappa for his help in understanding the concept of the project and their effort for
all round growth and development of an individual.
We are greatly indebted to our Project Guide Asst. Prof. Pushpalatha R Gadag for
his help in understanding the concept of project and their effort for all round growth and
development of an individual.
ABSTRACT
The present work deals with the analysis, design and of hostel
building by using e-tabs by using most economical beam to
column method. The dead load &live loads are applied and the
design for beams, columns, footing is obtained from Etabs with
its new features surpassed its predecessors with its data sharing.
Our main aim is to complete a hostel building and to ensure that
the structure is safe and economical against gravity loading
conditions and to fulfill the function for which the structures
have been built for. For the design of the structure, the dead
load and live load are considered. The analysis and design of the
structure done by using software package ETABS.
The results of analysis are used to verify the fitness of structure
for use. Computer software’s are also being used for the
calculation of forces, bending moment, stress, strain &
deformation or deflection for a complex structural system.
SUBJECT : ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF HOSTEL BUILDING BY ETABS
SUBJECT CODE : 17CV85
GUIDED BY : Mrs.Pushpalatha R Gadag
PREREQUISITES : 1. Strength of Materials
2. Structural Analysis-1
3. Building Planning and Drawing
4. Structural Analysis-2
5. Geotechnical Engineering-1
6. Computer Aided Design Laboratory
7. Design and Drawing of RC Structures
8. Geotechnical Engineering-2
9. Geotechnical Engineering Lab
10. Estimation and Valuation

Structure of intended student learning outcome
Subject Course objective or Learning objective

Code:
10CV8 During the course, students will learn:
C0413.1 To study and plan the project site, identify problems, analyze, apply appropriate
parameters, assumption and design criteria in consideration of safety, ethics,
economic, environment and sustainability.
C0413.2 To carry out manual analysis and design calculations based on the required criteria
C0413.3 To carry out design and prepare drawings using relevant computer software( excel-
spread sheet, auto CAD, ETAB’s
C0413.4 To produce presentable report containing executive summary, introduction, task
distribution, concepts, design calculation, conclusions etc.,
Subject Course outcomes Bloom’s level
Code:
10CV8 At the end of the course, students will be able to:
C0414.1 Identify and explain planning, spacing of columns as per Knowledge,
codal provisions Understand
(L1,L2)
C0414.2 Describe and explain analysis and manual design calculations Knowledge,
based on the required criteria using relevant codes Understand
(L1,L2)
C0414.3 Investigate and compare the analysis, design and prepare Knowledge,
drawings using relevant computer software Understand
(L4,L6)
C0414.4 Justify and validate a presentable report Knowledge,

Understand
(L4,L5,L6)
Correlation between Program Outcomes (Pos) and Course outcomes (Cos):
Program Outcomes (Pos) Course outcomes outcome (Cos)
At the end of the course, students will have: At the end of the course students will be able to
a) An ability to apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering Identify the importance and understand the
fundamentals, (PO1).
objectives, history to construct a structural
b) An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to asses health, building.
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice .(PO6)
a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, basic science and engineering Understand the importance of functions,
fundamentals. (PO1)
advantages and disadvantages of ETABS.
b) An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to asses health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice .(PO6)
c) Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.(PO10)
a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, basic science and engineering Identify and analyze the construction and
fundamentals. (PO1)
functional uses of a building.
b) An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to asses health,
a) An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to asses health, Creating the technical document and
communicate to the society.
c) Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.(PO10)
Note:
CO1: Identify the importance and understand the objectives of a structural building.
Does CO1 reflects intended measurement from PO1?
The CO1 stated above is mapped with the Engineering Knowledge (PO1) which reflects the application of engineering fundamentals. The
CO1 reflects use of Engineering Fundamentals and include complex Engineering conditions. Hence correlation between CO1-PO1 is low.
(PO1-(1))
Does CO1 reflect intended measurement from PO6?
The CO1 stated above is mapped with the engineer and society(PO6) which apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to asses
health, safety and does not correlate with social and cultural issues. Hence correlation between CO1-PO6 is moderate. (PO6-(1))
CO2: Understand the importance of function of STAAD.PRO.
The CO2 stated above is mapped with the Engineering Knowledge (PO1) which reflects the application of engineering fundamentals. The
CO2 reflects use of Engineering Fundamentals and include complex Engineering conditions. Hence correlation between CO2-PO1 is
moderate. (PO1-(2))
The CO2 stated above is mapped with the engineer and society(PO6) which apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to asses
The CO2 stated above is mapped with the communication (PO10) which Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large and receive clear instructions. Hence correlation between CO2-PO10 is moderate. (PO10-
(2))
CO3: Identify and analyze the construction and functions of structural building.
The CO3 stated above is mapped with the Engineering Knowledge (PO1) which reflects the application engineering fundamentals. However
the CO3 does not reflect much use of complex Engineering conditions. Hence correlation between CO3-PO1 is moderate. (PO1-(3))
The CO3 stated above is mapped with the engineer and society (PO6)which apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to asses
health, safety and does correlate with social and cultural issues. Hence correlation between CO3-PO6 is high. (PO6-(3))
CO4: Create technical document and communicate to the society.
The CO4 stated above is mapped with the engineer and society (PO6)which apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to asses
The CO4 stated above is mapped with the communication (PO10) which Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community)= and with society at large and receive clear instructions. Hence correlation between CO4-PO10 is moderate. (PO10-
(4))
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
Engineering graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of science, mathematics, engineering fundamentals, and engineering specialization to solution
of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify , formulate , review, research, literature and analyze complex engineering problem reaching substant iated
conclusion using first principle of mathematics , natural sciences and engineering sciences .
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solution for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate considerations for public health, safety and the cultural, societal and environmental consideration.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: create ,select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools including predict; Apply
reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health , safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice ones and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply the reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impacts of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental context, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principle and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with engineering community and with society at large such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentation and give and receive clear
instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of engineering and management principles and in multi
disciplinary environments.
12. Life -long learning: recognize the need for , and have presentation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the
broadcast context of technological change.
CO-PO Mapping
NOTE: Correlation levels 1: Low 2: Moderate 3: High
PO
PSO1
PSO2
PSO3
PO10
PO11
PO12
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
CO
CO414.1 3
1 2 1
CO414.2
1 2 1 3
CO414.3 3
1 2
CO414.4 3
2 1
Average
1 2 1 3 1
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 01-27
2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 28-46
3. SLABS 47-63
4. BEAMS 64-75
5. COLUMNS 76-82
6. FOOTINGS 83-99
7. STAIRCASE 100-103
8. ESTIMATION 114-148
9. CONCLUSION 149-149
10. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK 150-150
11. REFERENCE 151-151

SYMBOLS USED
The following symbols has been used in our project and its meaning is clearly mentioned respective
to it:
A - Area
b - Breadth of beam, or shorter dimension of a rectangular column.
bef - Effective width of slab
bf - Effective width of flange
bw - Breath of web or rib
D - Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column; dimension of a rectangular column

in the direction under consideration
Dt - Thickness of a flange
DL - Dead Load
d - Effective depth of beam or slab
d` - Depth or compressive reinforcement from the highly compressed face.
Ec - Modulus of elasticity of concrete
EL - Earthquake load
Es - Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
e - Eccentricity
fck - Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete

fcr - Modulus of rupture of concrete (flexural tensile strength)
fct - Splitting tensile strength of concrete
fd - Design strength
fy - Characteristic strength of steel
Hw - Unsupported height of wall
Hwc - Effective height of wall
Ief - Effective moment of inertia
Igr - Moment of inertia of the gross section excluding reinforcement
Ir - Moment of Inertia of cracked section
K - Stiffness of member
K - Constant or Co-efficient of factor
Ld - Development length
LL - Live load or imposed load
Lw - Horizontal distance b/w centers of lateral restraint
l - length of a column or beam b/w adequate lateral restraints or unsupported length of a

column
lef - Effective span of beam or slab or effective length of a column
lex - Effective length about x-x axis

ley - Effective length about yu-y axis
ln - Clear span, face to face of supports
l`n - l`n for shorter of two spans at right angles
lx - Length of shorter side of slab
ly - Length of longer side of slab
lo - Distance b/w points of zero moments in a beam
l1 - Span in the direction in which moments are determined, centre to centre of supports
l2 - Span transverse to l1, centre to centre of supports
l’2 - l2 for the shorter of continuous span
M - Bending moment
m - Modular ratio
n - Number of samples
P - Axial load on a compression member
qo - Calculated maximum bearing pressure
qp - Calculated maximum bearing pressure of soil
r - Radius
s - Spacing of stirrups or standard deviation
T - Torsional moment
T - Wall Thickness
V - Shear force
W - Total load
WL - Wind Load
W - Distributed load per unit area
wd - Distributed dead load per unit area
w1 - Distributed imposed load per unit area
x - Depth of neutral axis
Z - Modulus of section
z - Lever arm
- Angel or Ratio
- Partial Safety factor for load
- Partial safety factor for material
- Permissible stress in concrete in bending Compression
- Permissible stress in concrete in direct Compression
- Permissible stress in metal in direct compression
- Permissible stress in metal in steel compression
- Permissible stress in metal in steel Tension

- Permissible stress in metal in shear reinforcement
- Diameter of bar
- Partial safety factor for material
- Partial safety factor for load
- Creep strain of concrete
- Design bond stress
- Shear stress in concrete
- Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
- Nominal shear stress

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF HOSTEL BUILDING BY ETABS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
The economical execution of a concrete structure depends more on overall layout

of the structure with respect to the construction feasibility and cost (called construct
ability) than on its theoretical analysis. The knowledge economy is generally acquired
only through experience and study of projects already executed out. On the other hand,
the structural safety of the individual member depends primarily on the theoretical
analysis and design.
The best way to ensure this safety is to design the structure according to the
relevant codes of practice and construct the structure according to accepted practice.
Civil engineers will be called upon to carry out design of structures to be constructed as
well as analyze (or review) structure already constructed, they should be familiar with
the current codes and methods of analysis and design.
Concrete structures in concrete have become very common in construction

industry in last 50 years. Concrete has established itself to be a universal building
material because of its high compressive strength and its adaptability to take any form
and shape. Its low tensile strength is substituted by the use of steel reinforcement, the
resulting combination of the two being known as reinforced concrete (RC). It is this
combination that follows almost the unlimited use of reinforced concrete in construction
of buildings, bridges, tanks, dams etc., with the result that almost every civil engineer is
intimately concerned with reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, it is necessary that
every civil engineer know the basic principles involved in the design of RC structures.
So, it is necessary to know the basic principles of structural design.
Department Of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari 2020-21 Page 1

1.2 ENGINEERING STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL

DESIGN:
An engineering structure is an assembly of members or elements transferring the

load (or resisting external actions) and providing a form, space, an enclosure and/or a
cover to serve the desired function.
The structural design is a science and an art, with economy and elegance. A
durable structure is one, which can safely carry the forces and can serve the desired
function satisfactorily during its service life span without collapse under the most
probable loads.
The objective of structural design is to plan a structure, which meets the basic
requirements of structural design are as follows:
 Serviceability
 Safety
 Strength
 Durability
 Economy
 Aesthetic beauty
 Feasibility, practicability and acceptability
1.3 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN:
A creative sense, imagination, understanding and keen observation of structures in
nature, technical know now the various aspects of structures, understanding of the various
structural phenomena on basis of statistical and experimental data, and finally, the backed
by vast experience from the past, are some of the qualities, required for a structural
engineer. So, it is necessary that a structural engineer not having a background of ling
experience should try to acquire sound knowledge about the basic aspects in engineering
a structure and structural design.

1.4 BASIC ASPECT OF ENGINEERING STRUCTURES:

The various aspects of a structure, which a structural engineer is required to
know, are:
1.4.1 Type of functions:
 To provide enclosure- building
 To provide support- trestle, piers, columns
 To retain material- retaining walls, dams
 To contain material- water tanks
1.4.2 Types of structural system:
 Load bearing wall system
 Building with flexural wall system
 Moment resisting frame system
 Flexural wall system
 Dual frame system
 Space frame & Tube system.
1.5 BASIC ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
The various aspects of structural design, with a structural engineer is required to

know, are:
 Types of loads and actions.
 Strength and behavior.
 Types and methods of structural analysis computing aid.
 Methods of design – design codes.
 Methods of drawing and detailing.

 Methods of construction.
 Computer programming.
An engineer is required to know the different types of materials used for structures
and their structural properties. A structural engineer should be in accordance with the
rules, regulations and provisions of design codes, which reflect the current viewpoint
acceptable to the engineering community at large and which are based on available
knowledge. The codes are either of national character or are those of official bodies like
Railways, Road Congress, Public Works Department, Municipal Corporation, or of
professional organizations. (The designs in this project work are based on IS 456-2000).
The designer is expected to have a thorough knowledge of drawing and detailing

of the designs results according to some standard practice or procedure which can be
easily understood by the engineers on site. (The drawings and detailing have been done in
accordance with SP-34,Design Aids, and Indian Standard).The knowledge of construction
methods is very essential for a structural engineer because design decisions more often
than not depend upon the method of construction.
1.6 DESIGN PROCESS:
The process of structural design consists of the following stages:
STAGE I: This stage involves the determination of the following
 Type of structure (like load bearing or framed).

 Form of structure (like slab-beam, grid or shell).
 Geometry and layout, which include determination of positioning of columns,
beams and so on.
 Type of materials, particularly grades of steel and concrete, method of
construction (like RCC, steel, PSC, cast-in-situ, precast).

This stage also involves information necessary from the client. The information required
is as follows:
 Functions of a structure
 Resources available
 Importance of the structure and aesthetic requirements
 Expected life
 Probability of extension in future
 Relative weight-age between time, economy, resources, importance and so on.
STAGE II: This stage involves determination of external loads action on the structure
and design loads.
STAGE III: It involves analysis of the structure for the determination of internal
member forces (like bending moment and shear forces) in the members and behavior of
structures under the action of these forces.
STAGE IV: This stage involves the determination of member dimension, quantities
and detailing of reinforcement to resist the design forces. This stage forms the core and
substance of design.
STAGE V:Drawing, detailing, scheduling and specifications. This stage involves

preparation of working drawing, giving sizes of members, detailing of reinforcement,
preparing bar bending schedules and schedule of quantities giving specifications of
material loads and special instructions, if any.
1.7 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES:
There are three design philosophies which have been used for the design of
reinforced concrete structure i.e., working stress method, ultimate load method and
limit state method.
At present the IS 456 recommends the use of limit state method of design.
However it has also retained the working stress method of design.

A brief introduction about these theories is presented below
1.7.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD:
This is a traditional method of designing reinforced concrete. It is based on the

principal that the permissible stress for the concrete and steel is not being exceeded
anywhere in the structure in the worst combination of working load condition. Assuming
that both the materials obey Hook’s law the section is designed in accordance with the
elastic theory of bending.
IS 456 – 2000 uses a factor of safety equal to 3 on the 28 days cube strength to
obtain the permissible compressive stress in bending in concrete and equal to 1.78 on the
yield strength of steel in tension to obtain the permissible tensile in reinforcement. The
idealized stress and strain diagram is shown below:
Fig. 1.1 Stress - Strain curve in Working Stress Method
1.7.2 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD:
This method uses load factor to increase the working load to obtain ultimate loads and
includes the non-linear behavior of concrete. Structure is designed to resist the desired
ultimate loads. Whitney’s ultimate theory is based on the assumption that the ultimate
strain in concrete is 0.3% and the compressive stress at the extreme fiber of the section
corresponds to this strain. The idealized stress and strain diagrams are shown below:

Fig. 1.2 Stress – Strain curve in Ultimate Load Method
1.7.3 LIMIT STATE METHOD:
Limit state design has originated from ultimate or plastic design. The object of
design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it is intended,
that is, it will not reach a limit state. A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability
should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life
and it should also satisfy the serviceability requirement, such as, limitations on deflection
and cracking. Further, it should be to maintain the required structural integrity during and
after accidents such as fires, explosions and local failure. In other words, all relevant limit
states must be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and
serviceability. The most important of these limit states which must be examined in design
are as follows.
Limit state of collapse:
This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying. Violation of collapse limit
state implies failure in the sense that a clearly limit state of structural usefulness has been
exceeded. However, it does not mean a complete collapse. This limit may correspond to
 Flexure
 Compression
 Shear
 Torsion

Limit state of serviceability:
This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for

checking members in which magnitude of deformations may limit the use of the structure
or its components. The limit state may correspond to
 Deflection
 Cracking
 Vibration
Fig. 1.3 Stress – Strain curve in Limit State Method

1.8 INTRODUCTION TO IS 456:2000

IS 456-1978 has been revised by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and
published in July 2000 as IS 456(2000). Till the next revision is made it is mandatory that
teaching and practice of the subject in India should be based on this latest code of
practice. The various sections of the code are as given below,
SECTION 1 - GENERAL:
This section of the revision deals with only the scope, references, terminologies
and symbols in the code.
SECTION 2 – MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND

TESTING:
Most of the changes that have been made are in section 2 of the code. The revised
code has incorporated many changes to give importance to durability of concrete
structures, which of late has been neglected at the expense of much importance on
strength. The following are the important changes:
 Recognition of the all the three grades of OPC cements along with other types of
cements [Clause 5.1 of IS 456(2000)].
 Enumeration of allowable mineral admixtures (Clause 5.2) and the approval of the
practice of chemical admixtures (Clause 5.5).
 The method of testing water for concreting has been described and permissible
limits of chlorides and sulphates given (Clause 5.4 and Table 1).
 Characteristic strength has been defined as the minimum yield or 0.2% proof
stress (Clause 5.6.3).
 The value of modulus of elasticity of concrete is specified to be taken as follows
Ec = 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 (in N/mm2) (Clause 6.2.3).
 The minimum strength of concrete for structural purpose is specified as M20, with
minimum cement content include in admixtures of 300 kg/m3 and maximum water
cement ratio of 0.55 (Clause 6.12 and Table 5). Grade up to M80 has been
included in the code (Table 2). The maximum cement content not including
mineral admixtures has been specified as of 450 kg/m3(Clause 8.2.4.2).

 Workability has been tabulated in terms of slump (Clause 7).

 The factors affecting durability has been fully explained (Clause 8). The new five
environmental classifications have been described (Table 8). The requirements to
withstand sulphate attack of concrete have been expanded (Table 4). The
minimum cement content, the allowable maximum water cement ratio for
different exposures (Table 5), and the limit of chlorides in concrete (Table 7) has
been specified. Alkali aggregate reaction prevention has also been dealt within
this important clause (Clause 8.2.5.4). Recommendations for using a minimum
grade of M30 in sea water constructions as well as other precautions to be taken to
protect steel in saline atmosphere (Clause 8.2.8) have been laid down.
 The recommended value to be used for standard deviation for concrete mix
designs under Indian conditions have been revised (Table 8). Its value remains
constant at 5 N/mm2 from M30 and M50.
 Quality assurance factors have been clearly defined (Clause 10.1).
 The accuracy of measuring equipment for weighing cement, aggregate and water
for batching has been laid down (Clause 10.2.2)
 Tolerance limits for steel fabrication has been specified (Clauses 12.3.1 and
12.3.2).
 The clause on construction and cold joints has been modified (Clause 13.4).
 Recommendations for curing of concrete have been made (Clause 13.5). Whereas
OPC concrete requires 7 days of good moist curing, Portland pozzolona cement
concrete requires at least 10 days of good curing attaining full strength. For
concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions, the corresponding curing
periods are 10 to 14 days.
 Requirements of concrete for underwater placement have introduced for
acceptance and quality control of small batches of concrete protection (Clause 16
and Table 11).
Thus a large number of additional information has been provided in section 2 to

ensure durability and control of quality of control.

SECTION 3: GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
The text on the main clauses in section 3 remains more or less the same as the
earlier version. However, as already pointed out, the one-digit forward shift of clause
numbers as well as the changes in table and figure numbers is the main difference
between the two versions in this section. The main changes are following:
 Basis for design (clause 18). The status of working stress method without using
load factor as an alternative method has been discontinued. Limit state method
should normally make designs, and working stress method is to be used only when
the former method is not applicable. For example, carrying out serviceability limit
state of deflection, cracking, etc.
 Factor for stability against overturning against dead load should be 1.2 or 0.9
depending on its action and that for imposed load 1.4. The lateral sway due to
transient loads should be H/500 (Clause 20).
 Fire resistance requirements are important additions to the code in this section.
Minimum dimensional requirements for slabs, beams, columns and walls as well
as minimum cover requirements for different fire ratings have been specified
(Clause 21 and Table 16A).
 Effective length of cantilevers has been defined (Clause 22.2.6).
 Bending moment co-efficient at midpoint of interior spans has been increased
from 1/24 to 1/16 to bring its value to ¾ the value at the support (Table 12).
 The curves for the modification factor for tension reinforcement for checking
deflection requirements of beams and slabs have been changed to represent the
actual steel stress at service loads instead of the old curves based on types of steel
and allowable stresses.
 The method for adjusting differences in support moments obtained in restrained
slabs by Table of co-efficient for Two-way slabs has been described (Clause
24.4.1).
 The concept of determining effective length of columns by ‘stability index’
defined in Annexure E has been introduced (Clause 25.2)
 When considering biaxial bending, it has been specified that it is sufficient to
ensure that eccentricity exceed the minimum about only one axis at a time (Clause
25.4).

 Specifications for lap slices have been modified (Clause 26.2.5.1).

 Strength of welds has been modified so that for joints in tension, values of 100%
strength can be taken if there is strict supervision and not more than 20% of the
bars are welded (Clause 26.2.5.2)
 The maximum spacing of main steel in slabs has been limited to 300 mm [Clause
26.3.3(b)].
 The term ‘nominal cover’ has been defined and it has been pointed that the
nominal cover as well as the strength of concrete necessary to satisfy durability
conditions have to be satisfied for various exposures (Clause 26.4 and Table 16).
 The minimum covers for various fire ratings have been specified (Table 16A)
 Maximum spacing for vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement has been limited to
0.75d or 300 mm instead of 450 of old codes (Clause26.5.15).
 The formula for nominal shear reinforcement has been changed as follows with
0.87fy (Clause 26.5.16).
Asv/ bsv ≥ 0.4 / 0.87fy
 The condition that the pitch of lateral ties in columns should not exceed 48
diameter (laterals) has been replaced by 300 mm (Clause 26.5.3.2.61)
SECTION 4: SPECIAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND SYSTEMS
The main changes in section 4 are the addition topics, the one digit forward shift
of the clause numbers of the old version of the code and the changes in the numbers of the
figures continue in this section also.
 A new clause on design of reinforced concrete corbels has been added (Clause
28).
 Mention has been made of precast joists and filler block construction (clause
30.8).
 The clauses regarding design of plain concrete walls have modified to include
design of walls in horizontal shear also (Clause 32).
 The concept of minimum reinforcement and nominal reinforcement for concrete
sections of thickness greater than 1 m has been added (Clause 34.5).

SECTION 5: STRUCTURAL DESIGN BY LIMIT STATE:
No major changes have been made in the contents of the various clauses of this
section. However, the one digit forward shift in clause numbers as well as changes in
table and figure numbers have been carried out to this section also. The following are the
main changes introduced in IS 456 (2000) section 5.
 For limit state of cracking guidance regarding width of cracks allowed in different
environments have been specified (Clause 35.3.2).
 The design shear strength for tension reinforcement values equal or less than
0.15% has been the increased shear strength close to the supports and rules
regarding detailing of steel close to the support (Clause 40.5).
 The general approach to design of reinforced concrete members in torsion has
been explained in detail (Clause 41.1).
 A new clause on deflection of flexural members has been added (Clause 42).
Formulae for calculation of deflections have been presented in Annexure C.
 A new clause on cracking of flexural members has been added. (Flexural
members is defined as one subjected axial load < 0.2 fck Ac) (Clause 43). The
formulae for crack width calculations are given in Annexure F.
1.9 PRINCIPLES OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN:
Limit state design should ensure that the structure would be safe as regards the
various limit state conditions, in its expected periods of existence. Hence the limit state
method of design is also known in American terminology as strength and serviceability
method of design.
The two major limit state conditions to be satisfied namely, the ultimate limit state
and the serviceability state, are again classified into major limit state, which is given in
various clauses in IS 456(2000).
The usual practice of design of concrete structure by limit state principle consists
in taking of each of the above conditions and providing for them separately so that the
structure is safe under all the limit states of strength and stability.

1.10 PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN FOR LIMITS STATE:
The design should provide for all the above limit state conditions; each of these
conditions is carried out as described now.
1.10.1 ULTIMATE STRENGTH CONDITION:
The ultimate strength of structure or member should allow an expected load. For
this purpose, the structure should be designed by the accepted ultimate load theory to
carry the specified overload. This may be in - flexure, compression, shear, torsion or
tension.
1.10.2 DURABILITY CONDITION:
The structure should be fit for its environment. The cover for steel as well as
cement content and water cement ratio of the concrete that is provided in structure should
be satisfying environmental conditions.
1.10.3 DEFLECTION CONDITIONS:
The deflection of the structure under service load condition should be within
allowable limits. This can be done by two methods.
(i) Empirical method: Since the most important empirical factor that controls
deflections is span /depth ratio, limiting the span-depth ratio as specified by
codes can control deflection.
(ii) Theoretical method: Deflection can also be calculated by theoretical methods
and controlled by suitable dimensioning of the structure.
1.10.4 CRACKING CONDITION:
The structure should not develop cracks of more than allowable width under
service load condition. This can be taken care of by employing two methods:
(i) Empirical method: By strictly following the empirical bar detailing rules as
specified in the codes.

(ii) Theoretical method: The probable crack width is checked by theoretical

calculations.
1.10.5 LATERAL STABILITY AGAINST ACCIDENTAL

HORIZONTAL LOADS (OVERALL STABILITY):
This condition is met by observing the empirical and rules are given in codes for
designing and detailing the vertical, peripheral and internal ties in the structure.
1.11 CHARACTERISTICS LOADS AND STRENGTH:
Structures have to carry Dead and Live loads. The maximum working load that
the structure has to withstand and for which it is to be designed is called characteristic
load. Thus there are characteristic dead loads and characteristic live loads. Thus the
strength that one can be safely assume for the materials (Steel and Concrete) are called
their characteristic strength.
For safe of simplicity, it may be assumed that the variation of these loads and
strength follows normal distribution law so that the laws of statistics can be applied to
them. As the design load should be more than the average load obtained from statistics we
have.
Characteristic Design Load = (Mean load) + K (Standard deviation for load)
As the design strength should be lower than the mean strength.
Characteristic Strength = (Mean Strength) – K (Strength deviation for strength)
The value of the constant K is taken by common constant as that corresponding to

5% chance so that K will be equal to 1.64 (this is taken as 1.65 in IS).
Even though the design loads has to be calculated statistically as indicated above,
research for determining actual loading on structure has not yet yielded adequate data to
enable one to calculate theoretical values of variations for arriving at the actual loading on
a structure. Loads that have been successfully used so far in elastic design procedures are

at present accepted as the characteristic loads. The specified values to be used are laid
down in IS 875.
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS AND

MATERIALS STRENGTH:
Having obtained the characteristic loads and characteristic strength, the design
loads and design strength are obtained by the concept of partial safety factor. Partial
safety factor are applied both to loads on the structure and to strength of materials. These
factors are now explained:
1.12.1 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR LOAD OR LOAD FACTOR
(γf):
The load to be used for ultimate strengths design is also termed as factored loads.
In IS Codes the symbol DL is used for Dead load, LL for Live load, WL for wind load
and EL for Earthquake loads. It may be noted that the use of partially safety factor for
load simple means that for calculation of the ultimate load for design, the characteristic
load has to be multiplied by the partial safety factor denoted by the symbol. This may be
regarded as the overload factor for which the structure has to be designed. Thus the load
obtained by multiplying the characteristic load by partial safety factor is called factored
load, and is given by
Factored load = (Characteristic load) X (Load factor γf)
It is extremely important to remember that in limit state design, the design load is
different from that used in elastic design. It is factored loads, and not characteristic loads,
which are used for calculations of reactions, bending moments, and shear forces. The
partial safety factors are to be used for elastic (working stress) design.
It may be noted that by adopting a partial safety of 1.5, both for dead and live
loads, the value of moment, and shear force etc. to be used is limit state design by IS code
is 1.5 times the moment, shear, etc. that would have been used for elastic(working stress)
design.

Theoretically, the partial safety factors should be different fir the two types of
loads. The British Code BS 8110 uses a factor of 1.4 for DL and 1.6 for LL for strength
considerations. It is only for convenience of using the same structural analysis for both
elastic design and limit state design that IS recommends the same partial safety factor for
dead and live loads. Thus in IS 456 the factored load, shear, moment etc. in limit state
design will be 1.5 times the value used for elastic design.
TABLE 1.1 LOAD CASES
Sl
Load combination Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state
no
1 Dead and Imposed 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL DL + LL
Dead and Wind
(i) Dead load
contributes to 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL DL + WL
2 stability
1.5 DL + 1.5 WL DL + WL
(ii) Dead load assists
overturning
1.2 DL +1.2 LL + 1.2
3 Dead, Imposed and Wind DL +0.8 LL +0.8 WL
WL
1.12.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS MATERIAL STRENGTH (γm):
The grade strength of concrete is the characteristic strength of concrete and the
guaranteed yield strength of steel is the characteristic strength of steel. Calculation to
arrive at the characteristic material strength of materials by using statistical theory takes
into account only the variation of strength between the test specimens. It should be
clearly noted that the above procedure does not allow for the possible variation between
the strength of the test specimen and the material in the structure will be taken separately
by a factor 0.67. The relation gives the concept of partial safety factor for material
strength due to variations in strength between samples.
Characteristic Strength
Design Strength =
Partial Safety Factor(𝛾𝑚 )
This simply means that the strength to be used for design should be reduced value
of the characteristic strength by the factor denoted by partial safety factor for the material.
The recommended values for these partial safety factors are given in the table:

TABLE 1.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS STRENGTH (γm)
Material Ultimate state

Concrete 1.5
Steel 1.15
It should be clearly understood that the partial safety factors used in limit state
design are different from the factors of safety used in elastic design. The values
recommended for factors of safety in elastic design are usually 3 over the cube strength of
concrete for bending compression and 1.8 over the yield strength for steel stresses. Thus
in designing by working stress method, one works at stress levels well below the failure
strength of concrete and steel. It should also be remembered that the tables and formulae
derived for limit state design and those used in Design Aids SP 16 are derived with values
of γm already incorporated in them. Hence, unlike the partial safety factor for load, these
partial safety factors for material strengths need not be considered in routine design in
these formulae, chart and tables.
1.12 STRESS - STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

1.12.1 CONCRETE:
The mechanical properties of concrete, such as its stress-strain curve, depend on a

number of factors like rate of loading (creep), type of aggregate, strength of concrete, age
of concrete, curing conditions, etc. Fig below shoes the typical stress-strain curves for
concrete tested under standard conditions. It can be seen that the failure strain is rather
high and it is of the order of 0.4 % when tested under constant strain rate.
However, to derive an analytical expression for the stress-strain curve, it is

necessary to idealize the curve. By common constant, a rectangular parabolic curve has
been accepted as the stress-strain curve for concrete with ultimate strain at failure as
0.0035. Codes differ with respect to the strain εco at which the strength becomes
constant. In IS it is taken as a constant value of 0.002. The IS curve simplifies the
distance at which the parabola ends and the rectangle begins. It value can be deduced as
follows: if ‘x’ is taken as the depth of the neutral axis corresponding to the strain 0.0035,
the distance from the origin for the strain is given by:

0.002
X1 = X (distance of neutral axis) = 0.57x
0.0035
Thus the parabola extends to a distance (0.57 x) and the rectangle for the distance
0.43x.
The short term, static modulus for concrete E c, is assumed by IS code 456(2000)
clause 6.2.3.1 as
Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 (N/mm2)
In most calculations this value has to be modified for creep and other long-term
effects.
In order to distinguish between the concrete as tested in a cube and the concrete
that exists in the structure (size effect), it is assumed that the concrete in the structure
develops strength of only 0.67 times the strength of the cube. Hence the theoretical stress-
strain curve of the concrete in the design of the structures is correspondingly reduced by
the factor 0.67, as indicated in the fig. in addition to the above and explained earlier, a
partial safety factor of 1.5 is applied on the concrete in the structure so that the design
stress-strain curve for concrete in a structure as shown in fig. (Fig. 21, IS 456, clause
38.1)
Fig. 1.4 Stress – Strain curve for Concrete

1.12.2 STEEL:
Steel are designated by its yield stress fy. Thus Fe 415 means steel with yield
stress of 415 N/mm2. Usually its ultimate or failure stress will be more than 1.25 fy.
The stress-strain curve for steel according to IS 456, clause 38.1 is assumed to
depend on the type of steel. Mild steel bar (fy= 250 N/mm2) is assumed to have a stress-
strain curve as shown in fig. and cold worked deformed bar (Fe 415) a stress-strain curve
as shown in fig. the stress-strain curves for steel, both in tension and in compression in
the structure, are assumed to be the same as obtained in the tension test. As the yield
strength of IS grade steel has a minimum guarantee yield strength, the partial safety factor
to be used for steel strength need not be as large as that for concrete. The partial safety
factor recommended of steel is 1.15, and this is to apply to the stress-strain curve as
shown in fig. it should be noted that for the cold worked deformed bars, the factor 1.15 is
applied to points on the stress-strain curve from 0.8fy to fy only. The value of Es is
assumed as 200 KN/mm2 for all types of steels.
Fig. 1.5 Representative Stress – Strain Curves for Reinforcement
1.13 SUMMARY OF DESIGN BY LIMIT STATE METHOD:
The procedure to be followed in design by Limit State Method consists in

examining the safety of the structure for at least all the Limit State Conditions.
Concepts of characteristic strengths and characteristic loads are used for design
for strength. Separate partial safety factors for strength and loads are also introduced. The

design strengths of steel and concrete are taken as the characteristics strength divided by
their respective partial safety factors for strengths. Similarly, the factored load to be
resisted by the structure is taken as the product of the characteristic load and the partial
safety factor for loads. The stress-strain curve for concrete and steel are assumed to be of
fixed shape, for convenience in mathematical computation.
1.14 LOADS:
Forces or other actions that result from the weight of building materials, occupants
and their possession, environment effects, differential movement and restrained
dimensional changes.
The design of a building as two aspects:

 Functional aspect: Functional aspect takes into consideration the purpose for
which the building is used. It is deals by architects.
 Structural aspect: Structural aspects ensure safety of the building. It is taken care
of by structural engineers. In the, structural aspect it is ensured that the building is
structurally safe and also economical. The various loads to which a building is
subjected to are given below.
 Dead loads
 Live loads
 Wind loads
 Snow loads
 Seismic loads
 Impact loads
 Fire loads
1.14.1 DEAD LOAD:
The dead load in an building comprise the weight of all walls, partitions, floors,
and roofs and includes the weight of all other super imposed loads, which are
permanently attached to the structure. For such loads, which do not change their position
and so not vary in magnitude, and where self-weight of the structure is unknown,
preliminary section may be assumed by the design engineer using experience, thumb
rules and the formulae available.
On completion of design, total dead load is computed and compared with dead
load assumed for design and revised, if necessary.
Unit weight of materials used (from IS: 875 part-I)

 Unit weight of RCC = 25.00 kN/m3
 Unit weight of concrete mortar = 20.4 kN/m3
 Weight of floor finish = 1.5kN/m2
 Where positions of partitions are not decided, a uniformly distributed load
of 1.5kN/m2 is considered.
1.14.2 LIVE LOAD:
Live load comprises of those loads whose position or magnitude or both may
change. Live load is expressed as a uniformly distributed static load. In our country,
floors of various types of building have been categorized into different classes and live
loads corresponding to them have been specified in the code IS: 875-1987 part II.
Floor loads:
 All rooms and kitchen = 2kN/m2
 Toilets and bath rooms = 2kN/m2
 Corridor, passage, staircase, balconies = 3kN/m2
 Roof load = 1.5kN/m2
1.16 OBJECTIVES
• Test for SBC of soil.
• Generating structural frame in plan.
• Creating model in Etabs.
• Analysis of structure.
• Design of structure manually.

1.17 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The execution of project had begun in the month of May 2021 and is scheduled to end on
Agust 2022.The drafting of floor plans are dealt by the architect Vinay H S from the
Office of Swathi Infrastructure, Patel Nagar, Hosapete -583 201 Every floor plan
(Ref Dr-2) is identical or typical in nature except for the Ground floor. The building is
provided with open dog legged staircase to have enough access to all the floors. This
project is so planned to occupy around 100 students with all daily facilities.
The soil sample from the project site is tested and it possesses to have a safe bearing
capacity of 185 kN/m2 for which the foundation design is to be done. The structural
consultant for the project is Swathi Infrastructure.
1.18 PROBLEM STATEMENT & SEQUENCE OF WORK
An Public building has to be constructed incorporating RCC frames column layout as

per the requirements stated in the Project description at each floor and occupancy of
heavier loads because of crowded people as per this requirement the column layouts and
beam layouts are planned
(Ref Dr-4, 5 & 6).Also the columns are provided in view of not having any practical
obstruction.
The area statement of each floor shall be as follows
 BASEMENT AREA – 783sq.m

 GROUND FLOOR AREA –783sq.m
 TYPICAL FLOOR AREA – 783sq.m
 TERRACE FLOOR AREA – 715sq.m
The design loads and the design forces in members are determined i.e., the loads coming
from slab and walls are calculated

For this system (RCC Structural framework consisting beams and columns) analysis is to
be performed for gravity loads/vertical load and lateral loads (Earthquake force), the
results obtained from the analysis is tabulated and the maximum values at critical sections
are recorded
The recorded values are designed for limit state and the member sizes and reinforcement
are calculated.
Finally the structural drawings (Ref Dr- 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) are prepared pertaining to the
finalized design
1.19. Estimation of Loads and Preliminary Design of Beams and

Columns
Tentative size of Beam: Width of the Beam (b)=230mm
D = 450mm
Tentative size of Column: Width of the Column (b) = 230mm
D = 450mm

1.19.1 Loads on supporting beams (CL.24.5 Fig 7 IS: 456-2000)
( ly-lx )
lx/2 lx/2
The Loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles and
supporting uniform distributed loads may be assumed to be in accordance with the above
shown fig. The shaded trapezoidal load to be carried by beam AB and the shaded
triangular load to be carried by beam BC.
1.19.2 Conversion of Triangular load into UDL on Beam CB
lx/2
Total Intensity of the load (Q) = (Area of the triangle) (q)
Where, q = Slab load (Dead load & Live Load)

Q = (1/2 X lx X lx/2) (q)
Q = ( qlx2 )/4
Therefore UDL = (Total Intensity)/Span
= [( qlx2 )/4] / lx kN
qe = qlx/4 kN/m.
1.19.3 Conversion of Trapezoidal load into UDL on Beam AB
lx/2
Total Intensity of the load (Q) = (Area of the triangle) (q)
Where, q = Slab load (Dead load & Live Load)
Q = [2 X (1/2 X lx/2 X q lx/2) + qlx/2 X (ly-lx)]
Q = [qlx2/4 + qlylx/2 – qlx2/2]
Q = [qlylx/2 – qlx2/4] kN
Therefore UDL = (Total Intensity)/Span
qe = [qlylx/2 – qlx2/4]/ly kN/m.

1.19.4. DEAD LOAD CALCULATION
Wall load (230mm thick)
Wall height: (3m-depth of beam)
= ( 3 - 0.45) =2.55m
Cl.2.1 Table-1 IS: 875(Part-1)-1987
Density of Common Clay Burnt Brick = 15.70 to 18.85 kN/m3
Wall Load = (Thickness X Wall height X Density of Brick)
= ( 0.23 X 2.55 X 18.85)
= 11.2 kN/m.

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
2.1 NECESSITY OF ANLYSIS AND DESIGN:
The present day framed structures are of great importance since they isolate the
structural and walls seen just as partitions to avoid natural elements and for privacy. The
load is taken fully by an interconnected frame work of beams and columns.
Such framed structures have a very high degree of indeterminacy, and without
accurate analysis, the prediction of behavior of such a structure becomes impossible.
In general for any structure, analysis and design are necessary. Experience without
modern methods of design leads to the construction of structure, which are over safe or
under safe with degree of safety unknown. The design calculations guarantee adequate
safety consistent with economy against the structure being rendered unfit for service
owing to cracking, deflection and failure. Hence, modern method as analysis and design
leads to level of which various forces moments etc. in the members of a known, with
various forces known approximate cross section of different members can be chosen.
The different methods of analysis can be listed down as follows:
a) Sloped Deflection Method

b) Moment Distribution Method
c) Kani’s Method
d) Matrix Method
e) Finite Element Method
f) Substitute Frame Method
g) Column Analogy Method
h) Dr. Fukehi Takabeya Method
i) Factor Method
j) Cantilever Method
k) Portal Method

The slope deflection method was first proposed by Prof. G.A. Maney in 1915 as a
general method for analysis of indeterminate beams and frames. In this method, if the
slopes at the ends and the relative displacement of the ends are known, the moment at the
ends can be found in terms of slopes, deflection, stiffness and length of members. This
involves the formation of a number of simultaneous equations depending upon the degree
of redundancy of frames / beam. The solution of these equations is tedious when done by
hand especially when the number of equations is more and can be termed as almost
impossible when it is very large. Even if a computer is used for the solution of equations
the memory capacity of the computer is a limiting factor in solving the equations. This
method was widely used till Prof. Hardy Cross introduced moment distribution method in
1930. This method being simple to understand and having scientific and systematic
approach over shadowed the slope deflection method. This leads to the performance of
moment distribution method and discouraging the use of slope deflection method. The
method is an improvement over the slope deflection method by fact that the answer are
obtained to the desired accuracy without explicitly writing down the equations. This
method though easy to understand and execute is prone to errors. It needs the formation
of moment distribution tables and systematic calculation. Any errors committed in the
computational scheme in either carried over moments or distributed moments, if
undetected will be carried over. This is a major drawback as compared to Kani’s method
where such errors are automatically rectified.
In the moment distribution method the analysis of sway frame is very laborious
and time consuming as it requires the analysis of the frame twice-once for no sway and
once for sway requiring two moment distribution table and computations are lengthy. The
lengthy process of this method is very much evident in the solution of multistory, multi-
bay frame both in terms of time and amount of paper. Since errors cannot be easily
detected and removed when the computational scheme is very large this method is usually
not preferred as there are better methods for analysis of such frames. This method is most
suitable for analysis of continuous beams only though it is applicable to all types of
frames and beams.
The column analogy method which was also proposed by Prof. Hardy Cross is
most useful for the analysis of beams with fixed supports or rigid frames up to third
degree of redundancy. The special feature of this method is that the members many be of
uniform moment of inertia throughout their length or may be varying. This method is
based on mathematical similarity (i.e., analogy) between the stresses developed on a

column section subjected to eccentric load and the moment imposed due to fixity of its
supports. Since the redundancy of a building frame is very high and non prismatic
members are unusual this method of analysis is neither feasible nor used.
The matrix methods and finite element methods are general methods of analysis
and can be used for analysis of any structure. These methods involve solving various
matrices. This can be done either by hand or by the use of the computer. The same
method is adopted in Etabs also. The finite element method involves dividing the
structure into many small elements, the combination of which is the analyzed. It is usually
done only on a computer.
In the method of substitute frames only a part of the frame is considered for the
analysis. The part considered is called a substitute frame. The moments for each floor are
separately computed. It will be assumed that the moments transferred from one floor to
another are small. Each floor will be taken as connected to column above and column
below their ends as fixed. The frames taken this way are analyzed for the moment and
shear in the beams and columns. This method is very laborious and time consuming. This
method can be conveniently adopted for frame with single bay or with two bays at most
as computations can be done with relative ease the Kani’s or Takabeya’s when done by
hand.
The most adopted methods for analysis of multistory, multi-bay frame are the
“Rotation contribution method”, popularly known as Kani’s method and the Takabeya
method. The rotation contribution method was developed by Gasper Kani of Germany
and Takabeya method by Dr. Fukehi Takabeya. Both the methods are extension of slope
deflection methods and differ from each other slightly in the method of approach. The
working procedures for both are similar though computations are different. The Takabeya
method gives the answers faster than the Kani’s method. In Kani’s method, it is possible
to include changes in loading, length of members etc. during computations itself and the
iterations simply continued. This is not possible in Takabeya Method. In Kani’s method
error done in computation if any cycle is removed/rectified in the following cycles
automatically even if the person computing does not find the error i.e., any error
committed is rectified without it coming into the knowledge of the person. This is not so
in Takabeya method. Here the error is carried into the following cycles.

In Takabeya method the rotation of the joints is assumed and iterations are done to
obtain the refined values of rotation of the joints. In Kani’s method the moments induced
due to rotation of joints is directly iterated. The portal method, cantilever method and
factor methods are mainly the analysis procedures for wind load. When the effect of wind
load is taken along with dead load and live load on a frame, then the analysis for wind
load + dead load + live load becomes very tough, tedious and cumbersome using either
Kani’s method of Takabeya method. Hence, it is the usual procedure to analyze the frame
first for dead load and live load using Kani’s or Takabeya, then analyze the frame for
wind load using any one of the above three methods. The moments obtained in each
member is then algebraically added to obtain the final moments in the members .
2.2 DIMENSIONS:
Beam dimensions 230 × 450 mm

Column dimensions 230 × 450 mm
Wall dimensions
(i) Main wall thickness 230 mm

(ii) Parapet wall thickness 200 mm
(iii) Main wall height 3.0 m
(iv) Height of parapet wall 0.9 m
Depth of slab 125 mm
2.3 DENSITIES:
(i) Brick 19.2kN/m3

(ii) Concrete 25.0kN/m3
(iii) Sand 20kN/m3
2.4 LOADS:
(i) Main wall weight 11kN/m

(ii) Parapet wall 2.66kN/m
(iii) Live load on floor slab 3kN/m
(iv) Live load on roof slab 1kN/m
(v) Floor finish 1kN/m

AUTO CADD
2.5 INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software

application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a
separate terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well,
marketed as AutoCAD 360.
2.5.1 Application of AutoCAD

All designing or model work was done manually, before CAD was invented. This
causes many problems like time consuming, dreary and also results in costly errors. With
software such as AutoCAD, the whole process gets digitized and consequently
simplified.
The size and kind of industry decides the usage of CAD software. In some industry either
only designing work is carried out while in some others, other works like manufacturing
the design is also carried out. And also in almost any industry which is creating a product
or offering a service, both general process and industry-specific designs are heavily used.
There are several CAD tools available for use. Among these tools there are some tools
which are generally used and it finds application in a wide variety of industry, whereas
other tools find its application deals with specific task. Manual drafting processes are very
chaotic for most companies. So they use an AutoCAD package which enhances the
overall productivity infinitely.
Engineers use 3D models and AutoCAD sample drawings extensively. They use the
above to create parametric models of assemblies and parts. Such models and drawings
helps them to find out any design flaws as early on, in the designing process and allows
them to resolve the errors.
Various types of recreation process are carried out by using 3D models. It is done before
beginning with the creation of prototypes. To create how the parts will operate in the
given loading conditions, Engineers can execute finite element analysis. This allows the

engineers to optimize the parts used in the process to cut costs by making sure that the
parts don’t get over engineered.
Some of the most common application of AutoCAD sample drawings and models can be
found in the following industries.
Aerospace:
Satellites, space vehicles, missiles, and aircrafts are produced in the aerospace
industry. Auto CAD sample drawings play an important role in the first step of the design
process, because any one these process costs millions of dollars. The details are
thoroughly planned with the AutoCAD software before starting work on the final
product.
Automotive:
Complex designs and software are required in all aspects of automotive designing. CAD
is used to build prototypes and design of components like upholstery, circuitry boards,
engines, tires, and so on.
Architecture:
Before beginning with the definite construction project, buildings have to be planned
perfectly.2D and 3D plans are designed using CAD. Schematics of offices, houses, and
various other commercial buildings are designed as well using CAD. Accurate
specifications like weights, volumes, and measurements are found
using AutoCAD sample drawings.
Civil engineering:
Metropolitan planners use CAD software to plan infrastructure projects such as Bridges,
office complexes, industrial units, and so on.
Site:
CAD software is used by landscapers to conceptualize great outdoor settings, and find
the proper placement of components like fences, gardens, trees, patios, and other similar
things.
Interior designing:
Detailed and accurate digital designs are made by designers using CAD software. They
are then used by the designers to demonstrate their product to clients with detailed
drawings.

The above described details are only few uses of CAD software. Other than these, it is
also used for designing circuit boards, furniture, electronics, jewelry, packaging, and
more. The extensive applications of CAD software and AutoCAD sample drawings
ensure its inevitability and durability in today’s world.
2.5.2 AutoCAD Features
 Storage and accessibility: AutoCAD files can be saved on a computer or archived

in any storage media. Software files occupy lesser storage space as compared storage
space required for keeping manually drafted paper drawings. Paper drawings also need
care and protection from loss or damage due to floods, fires or other calamities and can
get damaged over time..The software files can also be stored on any cloud storage, from
where they are easily accessible at anytime, from anywhere provided there is an internet
connection.
 3D View: Although it is possible to sketch 3D drawings manually, they are not as

effective and realistic as computer aided drawings. AutoCAD help model 3D objects with
colors, materials and/or textures applied to various surfaces making them vivid and easier
for the user to visualize the end product.
 Revisions and modifications: Any changes in manually drafted paper drawings

would require the draftsman to draw the drawing again. Since this involved a lot of effort,
the draftsmen just scratched out the older details and drew new details, resulting loss of
older details and also not-to-scale drawings. CAD has inbuilt tools that allow any number
of revisions and changes easily and quickly. You can edit or delete details easily using
simple user-friendly commands.. You can also save the previous versions of the file in
case you wish to re-use them
 Speed: Creating a drawing in AutoCAD is much faster than drawing manually. You can
also save time and effort by creating re-usable block library. Easy edits are possible with
commands like copy, mirror, stretching, rotate and scale and many more such
commands.
 Accuracy: AutoCAD enables you to draw with fractional dimensions and also define
precision to any number of decimal places, which is not possible to achieve in hand-
drafted manual drawings, hence offering accuracy in all dimensions.

2.5.3 Plans using AutoCAD
FIG.2.5.1 GROUND PLAN

FIG.2.5.2 BUILDING PLAN

ETABS
2.6 Introduction
ETABS is a sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program
developed specifically for building systems. ETABS 2016 features an intuitive and
powerful graphical interface coupled with unmatched modeling, analytical, design, and
detailing procedures, all integrated using a common database. Although quick and easy
for simple structures, ETABS can also handle the largest and most complex building
models, including a wide range of nonlinear behaviors necessary for performance based
design, making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building industry.
History and Advantages of ETABS
Dating back more than 40 years to the original development of TABS, the predecessor of
ETABS, it was clearly recognized that buildings constituted a very special class of
structures. Early releases of ETABS provided input, output and numerical solution
techniques that took into consideration the characteristics unique to building type
structures, providing a tool that offered significant savings in time and increased accuracy
over general purpose programs.
As computers and computer interfaces evolved, ETABS added computationally complex

analytical options such as dynamic nonlinear behavior, and powerful CAD-like drawing
tools in a graphical and object-based interface. Although ETABS 2016 looks radically
different from its predecessors of 40 years ago, its mission remains the same: to provide
the profession with the most efficient and comprehensive software for the analysis and
design of buildings. To that end, the current release follows the same philosophical
approach put forward by the original programs, namely:
 Most buildings are of straightforward geometry with horizontal beams and

vertical columns. Although any building configuration is possible with ETABS,
in most cases, a simple grid system defined by horizontal floors and vertical
column lines can establish building geometry with minimal effort.
 Many of the floor levels in buildings are similar. This commonality can be used
to dramatically reduce modeling and design time.

 The input and output conventions used correspond to common building

terminology. With ETABS, the models are defined logically floor-by-floor,
column-by-column, bay-by-bay and wall by-wall and not as a stream of non-
descript nodes and elements as in general purpose programs. Thus the structural
definition is simple, concise and meaningful.
 In most buildings, the dimensions of the members are large in relation to the bay
widths and story heights. Those dimensions have a significant effect on the
stiffness of the frame. ETABS corrects for such effects in the formulation of the
member stiffness, unlike most general-purpose programs that work on centerline-
to-centerline dimensions.
 The results produced by the programs should be in a form directly usable by the
engineer. General-purpose computer programs produce results in a general form
that may need additional processing before they are usable in structural design.
What ETABS Can Do!
ETABS offers the widest assortment of analysis and design tools available for the
structural engineer working on building structures. The following list represents just a
portion of the types of systems and analyses that ETABS can handle easily:
 Multi-story commercial, government and health care facilities.

 Parking garages with circular and linear ramps.
 Buildings with curved beams, walls and floor edges.
 Buildings with steel, concrete, composite or joist floor framing.
 Projects with multiple towers.
 Complex shear walls and cores with arbitrary openings.
 Performance based design utilizing nonlinear dynamic analyses.
 Buildings based on multiple rectangular and cylindrical grid systems.
 Flat and waffle slab concrete buildings.
 Buildings subjected to any number of vertical and lateral load cases and
combinations, including automated wind and seismic loads.
 Multiple response spectrum load cases, with built-in input curves.
 Automated transfer of vertical loads on floors to beams and walls.
 Capacity check of beam-to-column and beam-to-beam steel connections.
 Explicit panel-zone deformations.
 Punching shear checks for concrete slabs.

 Construction sequence loading analysis.
 Multiple linear and nonlinear time history load cases in any direction.
 Foundation/support settlement.
 Large displacement analyses.
 Design optimization for steel and concrete frames.
 Design of concrete slabs using mild reinforcement and post tensioning.
 Design capacity check of steel column base plates
And much, much more!
ETABS Menu commands:

 File
 Edit
 View
 Define
 Draw
 Select
 Assign
 Analyze
 Display
 Design
 Detailing
 Options
 Tools

2.6.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE USING ETABS
Fig.2.6.1 2-D analysis

Fig.2.6.2 3-D analysis (Portal bay analysis)

Fig.2.6.4 3-D SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
Fig. 2.6.5 3-D BENDING MOMENT

Fig. 2.6.6 2-D BENDING MOMENT
Fig 2.6.7 2-D SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

2.6.1. 3-D ANALYSIS USING ETABS
MODELING USING ETABS
The ETABS building is idealized as an assemblage of shell, frame, link, tendon, and joint
objects. Those objects are used to represent wall, floor, column, beam, brace, tendon, and
link/spring physical members. The basic frame geometry is defined with reference to a
simple three-dimensional grid system. With relatively simple modeling techniques, very
complex framing situations may be considered.
 In the software the units are set to KN and meter and the Co-ordinates for every
column and beam to beam connections are given along x, y and z direction to get the
model of the structure as shown below
 The support conditions are given for the ends of the columns as fixed support
Fig 2.6.8 Model of Plan

 Select the required geometry, in our case it is rectangle for beams and columns.
 Define the dimensions.
 Assign the above dimensions by selecting the respective beams and columns.
Fig.2.6.9 3D RENDRING

SBC of soil
2.7 REPORT
Name of Work: - CONSTRUCTION OF PRE METRIC (ST) SINDHANUR (TQ).
This is to certify that the core soil sample submitted by you, have been tested
for S.B.C of soil and the results of the tests conducted by us are as follows.
SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL TEST RESULTS

PIT NO.1
Sl
Particulars Unit sample @
No.
2.60m depth
1 Field moisture Content (W) % 12.85
2 Field Density (γ) KN/m3 18.70
3 PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Gravel % 19.52
Coarse Sand % 25.63
Medium Sand % 20.00
Fine Sand % 18.89
Silt & Clay % 15.96
4 S.B.C. OF SOIL FROM SHEAR FAILURE TEST

(Laboratory Test)
ASSUMED RECTANGULAR FOOTING
(LXBXD)
Safe Bearing Capacity (qns) kN/m2 185
Cohesion (C) kN/m2 4.00
Angle of shearing resistance (ф) Deg 23
Remarks:
1. No ground water observed.
2. Rectangular Footing is assumed.
3. S.B.C of soil is calculated from laboratory test through shear failure condition.
4. Factor of safety= 3.0 is assumed.
5. All field & laboratory tests are done as per Indian Standards.
6. The above results are based on trial pit samples. However the consultant shall
verify the soil strata before executing work.

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF MULTI- STORIED PUBLIC BUILDING BY ETABS
CHAPTER 3
SLABS
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Slabs are the structural members used as coverings for roofs and floors. Slabs are
to be cast along with beams and columns. Therefore it can be assumed as restrained slabs
that are corners of slabs are prevented from lifting. They generally carry uniformly
distributed loads primarily by flexure. The load distribution along any direction depends
upon the relative stiffness of the slab along both direction is proportional to the stiffness
of the slab along that direction. The stiffness of the slab along any particular direction
more is the flow of load along that direction. The stiffness of the slab along any direction
depends upon the area of steel. When the slab is stiffened in that direction along which
the load tend to distribute, then the transfer of load from the slab to beams would be
effective thus design is economical on the basis of the direction to transfer of the load.
Reinforced concrete solid slabs are constructed as one of the following
a) One-way slab
b) Two-way slab
c) Flat slabs
d) Flat plates
1.1.1 ONE WAY SLAB:

When the load on the slab is transferred along only one direction then the slabs are
called One-way slabs. In general when the aspect ratio Ly/Lx is greater than 2 than the
slab is designed as One-Way slab.
FIG 3.1 ONE WAY SLAB
3.1.2 TWO WAY SLAB:
When the load on the slab is transferred along both the direction then the slabs are
called Two-way slabs. In general slabs are designed as Two way slabs when the ratio
Ly/Lx is less than 2.
FIG 3.2 TOW WAY SLAB
3.1.3 FLAT SLABS AND FLAT PLATES:

Flat slabs and flat plates are those multi- span slabs, which directly rest on
columns without beams. Flat slabs differ from flat plates in that they have either drop
panels (increased thickness of slab) or column capitals in regions of the columns. Flat
plates have uniform slab thickness, and the high shear resistance around the columns is
obtained usually by the special reinforcement called ‘shear- head reinforcement’ placed in
the slab around the columns.
3.2 LOADS ON SLABS IN BUILDINGS:
Dead load of slabs consists of its own weight and in addition, the weight of
finishes, fixtures and partitions. Live load or imposed load is specified as per IS code.
This live load varies according to the use for which the building is to be put after
construction. It is important to note that for design of buildings these live loads are
considered as either acting on the full span or assumed to be absent altogether in the span.
In continuous slabs, they are to be so placed as to get the maximum bending moment and
shear effect in the structure. In design of slabs for other structures like bridges, the effects
of partial loading of the slab may have to be considered.
According to IS 875, the loading on slabs for buildings are calculated as follows
(i) Self-weight as 25KN/m3 for reinforced concrete.

(ii) Finishes and partitions generally at 1.5KN/m2
(iii) Characteristics imposed loads as specified depending on the use of the
building. The building under analysis is a residential building hence the
imposed load can be taken 2 or 3KN/m2
In buildings the dead loads is generally equal to or greater than the live load so that
the dead load to live load ratio is usually unity or more than unity, when this ratio is 1.33
or more, the maximum moments obtained by considering all loads as dead loads are
allowed by the Indian code for arriving at the design moments, shear etc., (IS 456, clause
22.4.1)
3.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF SLABS:
3.3.1CHOOSING SPANS EFFECTIVE DEPTH RATIO FOR SLABS:

For a given type of support condition, the same span / depth basic ratio as given
for beams in IS 456 is applicable for slabs also. However, as the percentage of
reinforcement in slabs is generally low, the effective span/depth ratios can be much larger
than the basic ratios. It should also be remembered that with heavy loadings when the
percentage of steel in slabs increases, this ratio would tend to be the same as in beams.
For the first trail, a convenient percentage of steel may be assumed for the slab and the
span / effective depth ratio calculated. Thus, assuming 0.3 % of steel, the correction factor
F1 from figure of IS 456 will be 1.4 and the span/ effective depth ratio for a continuous
slab will be of the order of 1.4× 26 = 36. Because of these consideration, IS 456, clause
24.1 recommends the following span – overall depth factor for two way slabs using Fe415
steel; up to 3.5 m span loading class up to 3KN/m2 .
Simply supported two way slabs (35 × 0.8) = 28
Continuous two way slabs (40 × 0.8) = 32
Cantilever slabs (15 × 0.8) = 12
For one way slabs, a ratio of 25 and 30 may be appropriate
3.3.2 CONCRETE COVER:
There is a nominal cover specified for slabs for different exposures. Also, a
minimum cement content and maximum water cement ratio are specified for different
environment conditions. However, as increased cover raises the dead load, the slab has to
carry; one should be judicious in the choice of cover. Strict maintenance of the chosen
cover during construction and using a good grade of concrete for the construction will go
a long way to ensure durability of slabs and reduce the dead load due to cover.
3.4 CALCULATION OF STEEL AREA IN PRACTICE:
It should be noted that the depth of slab chosen for deflection requirements will
be usually greater than the depth required for balance design. Hence the area of steel

required will be less than the balanced amount. The fundamental formula used for this
purpose is Mu = (fst × Ast ) × liver arm
The three rules for choosing steel slabs for determining steel area for an under
reinforced section may be used for calculations are as follows (clause 26.5.2)
1. The diameter of the steel should not exceed 1/8 th total thickness of slab.
2. The amount of steel area in either direction should not be less than 0.12% of total
sectional area when using Fe415 steel.
3. Spacing of main steel should not be greater than 3d or 300 mm; secondary should
not be greater than 5d or 450 mm.
3.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE:
The procedure of design of one way slabs is to consider them as ‘beams of one
meter width’ in the shorter direction. The steps in design are as follows
Assume depth to take care of deflection and design steel
i. Assume a suitable overall thickness for that slab; calculate the factored loads
(Dead and Live load) for design. This initial guess for thickness of slab may be
made from empirical relations between depth and span. The allowable span/depth
ratio of slabs may be taken as given earlier. The minimum depth of ease
construction is 100 mm. The factored load is (1.5 DL + 1.5 LL). A suitable cover
depending on exposure condition should be assumed.
ii. Considering the slab as beam of one meter width and using effective span,
determine the maximum bending moments M for the ultimate factored load. For
continuous slabs, co- efficient of the table (IS 456, table 26) may be used for this
purpose. Otherwise any established elastic analysis may be used. In latter case
redistribution of moments is also allowed.
iii. Using the formula Mu = K fck b d2 and b = 1000 mm, find the minimum effective
depth required as in beams. Add cover and find the total depth of slab from
strength considerations. Check the depth with the width assumed in step 1.
Generally the depth from step 1 will be more than the obtained from the strength
formula.
iv. Check the depth used for shear. As the actual percentage of steel at supports is not
known, the check is only approximate. A value of τc corresponding to the lowest
percentage of steel in table 13 of IS 456 may be used for this purpose. This value

can be increased by a factor k. The depth used should be such that, in the final
analysis, the slab is safe without any shear reinforcements.
v. As the depth selected is usually greater than the minimum depth d, the tension
steel required will be less than balanced amount for the section. Determine the
steel requirement by a suitable formula or by use of SP 16 charts and tables.
3.6 TYPICAL DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB:
SLAB :
Centre to centre dimension = 1.46 X 3.08

𝐿𝑦 3.08
l= = = 2.11 > 2
𝐿𝑥 1.46
Therefore design as one way slab
Assume, D = 150 mm
Cover =25 mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
Self weight = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Partial wall = 1 KN/m2
Total = 8.75 KN/m2
Ultimate load Wu = 1.5 x 8.75=13.125 KN/m2
ULTIMATE MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE:
Mu = 0.125 Wu l2 = 0.125 X 13.125 x 2.109 = 7.297 KN-m
Vu = 0.5 Wu l = 0.5 X 13.125X 2.109 =13.84 KN
CHECK FOR DEPTH:
For balanced section,
Mulim = 0.138 fck b d2
7.297 X 106 = 0.138 X 25 X 1000 X d2
d = 45.98 mm < 125
Hence slab is safe in depth.
REINFORCEMENT:
Mu 7.297 x106
𝑏d 2 = 1000x 1252
= 0.467

From table 2 of sp 16
Pt = 0.16
bd 0.16 x 1000 x 125

Ast = pt
100
=
100
= 200 mm2
Ast min = 0.12% of cross sectional area
Ast min = 0.0012 X 1000 X 150 = 180 mm2
Using 8 mm dia bar
50.26
Spacing = x 1000 = 251.3 mm
200
Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 250 mm c/c
3.7 TYPICAL DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:
SLAB NO. 1
Lx = 3.35 m
Ly = 3.66 m
𝐿𝑦
= 1.1 < 2
𝐿𝑥

The ratio of long to short span is less than 2; hence the slab should be designed as two
way slab.
Assume slab thickness = 150 mm
Cover = 25 mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
Self weight = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Partial wall = 1 KN/m2
Total = 8.75 KN/m2
Ultimate load Wu = 1.5 x 8.75=13.125 KN/m2
ULTIMATE DESIGN MOMENT:
End condition: - Two adjacent edges discontinuous
From table 26 of IS 456:2000 bending moment coefficients for long to short span ratio is
Coefficients Continuous edge Mid span
αx 0.05225 0.0396
αy 0.047 0.035
a) SHORT SPAN MOMENT:

At continuous edge:
Mux = αx Wu lx2
= 0.05225X 13.125X3.352
= 7.74 KN-m
At mid span:
Mux = αx Wu lx2
= 0.03946X 13.125X 3.352
= 5.837 KN-m
b) LONG SPAN MOMENT:
At continuous edge:
Muy = αy Wu lx2
= 0.047 X 13.125 X 3.352
= 6.923 KN-m
At mid span:
Muy = αy Wu lx2
= 0.035 X 13.125 X 3.352
= 5.155 KN-m
CHECK FOR DEPTH:
For balanced section,
Mulim = 0.138 fck b d2

7.74 X 106 = 0.138 X 20 X 1000 X d2
d = 52.92 mm < 125
Hence slab is safe in depth.
REINFORCEMENT:
a) SHORT SPAN:
At continuous edge:
Mux = 7.807 KN-m
Ast fy
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 − ]
b d fck
A x 415
7.807 X 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast x 150 [1 − 1000stx125x 25 ]
Ast = 147.78mm2
= 0.0012 X 1000 X 150 = 180 mm2
Using 8 mm dia bar
𝑎𝑠𝑡
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
50.26
= x 1000
𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 279.2 mm
At mid span:
Mux =5.892 KN-m

Ast fy
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 − ]
b d fck
Ast = 110.833 mm2 < Ast min
Using 8 mm dia bar
50.26
Spacing = x 1000 = 279.2 mm
180
b) LONG SPAN:
Continuous edge:
Muy = 6.923 KN-m
Ast fy
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 − ]
b d fck
Using 8 mm dia bar
50.26
Spacing = x 1000 = 279.2mm
180
Mid span:
Muy =5.155 KN-m
Ast fy
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 − ]
b d fck
Using 8 mm dia bar
50.26
Spacing = x 1000 = 279.2 mm
180

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:
Considering the short span and unit width of slab
Vux = 0.5 Wu Lx = 0.5 X 13.125 X 3.35 = 21.98 KN
Vu 21.98 x 103
τv = = = 0.1758 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 125
100 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 X 180

Pt =
𝑏𝑑
=
1000 X 125
= 0.144
From table 19 of IS 456:2000, for M20 concrete and Pt = 0.144
τc = 0.28 N/mm2 > τv
Hence slab is safe in shear stress.
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

Considering unit width of slab in the short span direction Lx
(L/d) basic = 20
From fig. 4 of IS 456:2000, for Pt = 0.144; kt =1.7
(L/d)max = 20 X 1.7 = 34 mm
(L/d) actual = 3350/125 = 26.8 mm
For Pt = 0.144
(L/d) actual < (L/d)max
Hence slab is safe in deflection.

FIG.3.7(A) REINFORCEMENT DETAILS ALONG LONG SPAN
FIG.3.7(B) REINFORCEMENT DETAILS ALONG SHORT SPAN

CHAPTER 4
BEAMS
4.1 GENERAL:
A beam is a member, which provides support to the slab and the vertical walls.
Bending effects load transferred. A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist
tensile, compressive and shear stressed induced in it by the loads on the beam. Concrete is
fairly strong in compression but weak in tension. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in
carrying due to the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile
weakness of concrete is overcome by the reinforcing steel in the tension zone in the
concrete to make a reinforced concrete beam.
4.1.1 BALANCED BEAM SECTION:
A RC section in which maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches its

ultimate value €=0.0035 and maximum tensile strain in reinforcement reaches its yield
value simultaneously is known as a balanced section or critical section. The percentage of
steel in this section is known as critical percentage of steel. In this case failure occurs by
yielding of steel in tension and crushing of concrete takes place simultaneously, causing
what is known as balanced or critical failure.
4.1.2 UNDER REINFORCED BEAM SECTION:
A section having percentage of steel less than the critical percentage is known as
under reinforced section. Since steel is insufficient to balance compression in concrete,
the tensile strain in steel reaches yield value while the maximum compressive strain in
concrete is less than its ultimate crushing value. The section undergoes large rotational
deformation from the initial stage (yielding of steel), to final stage (crushing) and
impending failure. Since the failure is initiated by yielding of steel in tension, it is known
as primary tension failure.

4.1.3 OVER REINFORCED BEAM SECTION:
A Beam section is called as over reinforced if the cross sectional area of steel bars
provided as reinforcement in the beam section is such that the ratio of steel P = (A s/bd) is
more than that for balanced section. It will be seen that the strain in concrete will reach
the ultimate value €cu (and hence the beam will fail) prior to the strain in steel reaches €syl
 NO OVER REINFORCED SECTIONS ARE PREFERRED IN LIMIT STATE

DESIGN
4.2 TYPES OF BEAMS:
There are three types of beams.
1. Singly reinforced beams

2. Doubly reinforced beams
3. Flanged beams
4.2.1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS:
The beams, which are provided with steel reinforcement in tension zone only, are
called singly reinforced beams.
4.2.2 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS:
The beams, which are provided with steel reinforcement in both tension and
compression zones, are called Doubly Reinforced Beams. The necessity of steel in
compression zone arises due to two following reasons: when the depth of the beam is
restricted the strength available from a singly reinforced beam is inadequate and at
support of continuous beam, bending moment changes sign.
This becomes necessary under the following circumstances:
i. Where the beam depth is restricted and the beam has to carry a moment greater
than the moment capacity of singly reinforced beam.
Mu = k × fck × b d2
This usually occurs in beams where the depth is controlled by architectural
considerations.

ii. Where the bending moment in the section can change in sign (as may occur in a
section in the span of a continuous beam with moving loads) so that the
compression zone with one sign of the moment become the tension zone with the
opposite sign of the moment as in continuous bridge girders.
iii. Compression steel is always used in structures in earth quake region to increase
their ductility.
iv. Compression reinforcement will also aid significantly in reducing the long term
deflection of beams.
4.2.3 FLANGED BEAMS:
In a beam, the concrete below the neutral axis does not resist any bending moment
but simply serves to tensile strength. Also, the portion of the concrete just above the
neutral axis carries only very little compressive forces since the intensity of compressive
stress there, is of a very small magnitude. This suggests that the section of the beam
should be such that it has greater width at the top (compression strength) in comparison to
the width below the neutral axis. Such a section is T-beam.
4.3 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE – FLEXURE:
4.3.1 ASSUMPTION:
The design of a reinforced concrete section for Limit State of collapse in bending
is based on following assumptions:
a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

b) The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is taken as
0.0035 in bending regardless of the strength of concrete.
c) Strength of concrete under tension is ignored. Tension is assumed to be carried
entirely by the tension steel.
d) The distribution of compressive stress in concrete across the section is defined by
an idealized stress – strain curve of concrete.
e) The design stress in steel reinforcement is obtained from the strain at
reinforcement level using idealized stress – strain curve for the type of
reinforcement used.

According to the IS code the maximum strain in steel in tension shall not be less than
fy
0.002+ at collapse.
1.15 Es
4.3.2 STIFFNESS OF THE BEAM AND CONTROL OF

DEFLECTION:
Beam must possess adequate stiffness to prevent such deflection as might impair,
the strength, appearance or efficiency of the structure or produce cracks in finishes and
partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to the following: as per IS 456-2000
clause 23.2.
a. The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage measured from the cost level of the supports of floors, roofs and all
other horizontal members should not normally exceed span/250.
b. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
after erecting of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally
exceeds span/350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
For beams and slab the vertical deflection limits may be generally to be satisfied
provided that the span to depth ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:
a) For span up to 10 m
Cantilever 7
Simply supported beams 20
Continuous beams 26
b) For spans above 10m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in meters,
except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.
c) Depending on the area and the stress of steel for tension reinforcement, the values
in (a) or (b) shall be modified by multiplying with the modification factor
obtained as per fig 4 of IS 456-2000.
d) Depending upon the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth
ratio be further modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as
per fig 5 of IS 456-2000.

4.3.3 EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the tension
reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber, excluding the thickness of finishing
materials or any concrete provided to allow for wear. This will not apply to deep beams.
4.4 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR

SECTIONS:
It is always preferable to design reinforced concrete section as under reinforced as

they provide sufficient warning before failure. In fact the IS code ensure this. The design
steps for a singly reinforced under reinforced section are given below.
Given: Mu, fck, fy, b.
To find: Ast
Steps:
 Determine minimum depth = (depth of singly reinforced balanced section) using

𝑀𝑢
dlim= √
𝑘 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏
Where k = 0.138 of Fe 415

 Select a convenient effective depth, d > dlim
bd
 Determine the tension steel required using Ast = pt
100
 Compute Ast min = 0.85 bd/fy
If Ast min > Ast required, provide Ast min
 Check to see that the steel provided is not greater than 0.04 b d

4.5 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR

SECTION:
The beam dimensions b and d and the grades of concrete and steel are given. We
have to find Asc and Ast for a given value Mu.
Step (i): As in analysis,
Mu1 = Mu lim
Mu1 = k fck b d2
Step (ii): Calculate Ast1. Find Ast1 from the expression for ”balanced steel” assuming it
reaches yield point
Step (iii): Find Mu2:
Mu2 = (Mu – Mu1)
Mu2 = 0.87 fy Ast (d – d’)
Step (iv): Calculate Ast2, the area of the tension steel for the above Mu2;
Ast = Mu2 / [0.87 fy (d – d’)]
Total steel required Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Step (v): Find the compression steel (fsc) which will depend on d/d’.
Step (vi): Find the area of compression steel Asc as
Asc = [Ast2 (0.87)]/ (fsc - fcc)
Asc = [Ast2 (0.87)]/ fsc (approx)
Where fsc = stress in compression steel corresponding to d/d’ ratio at failure.
Ast and Asc respectively above are required tension and compression steel areas.

4.6 LOADS ON BEAMS:
The loads on beams are as follows:
i. Loads from slabs

ii. Self weight
This loads acts on the beam as a uniformly distributed load. This is calculated
after assuming a suitable cross section
iii. Load due to masonry wall
Since the loads are transferred to columns by beams in framed structure, walls do not play
any significant part in carrying loads. Nominal thickness of wall required to shield the
building from bad effects of weather is provided.
4.7 TYPICAL DESIGN OF BEAMS:
BEAM 2:
Beam section provided = 230 × 450 mm

Maximum support moment = 88.337kN – m
Mid span moment =43.733kN – m
Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d2
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4252
= 114.66kN – m
AT SUPPORT SECTION:
Mu = 88.337kN – m < Mu lim
Hence design as singly reinforced beam
Mu 88.337 × 106
= = 1.90
b D2 230×4502
From table 2 of SP 16
Pt = 0.602
bd 0.602x 230 x 425
Tension steel; Ast = pt =
100 100
Ast = 588.45 mm2

Using 16 mm dia bar
Ast 588.45
No. of bars = = ≈ 2 bars
ast 314.16
AT MID SECTION:
Mu =43.733 kN-m < Mu lim
Hence design as singly reinforced beam
Mu 43.733 × 106
= = 0.94
b D2 230×4502
From table 2 of SP 16
Pt = 0.28
Area of tension steel
bd
Ast = pt
100
0.28 x 230 x 425
=
100
Ast = 273.7 mm2
Using 12 mm dia bar
Ast 273.7
No. of bars = = ≈ 2 bars
ast 201.06
Provide 2 bars of 16 dia.
SHEAR REINFORCEMET:
Vu = 88.34
b = 230 mm d = 425 mm

V 88.34 × 1000
Nominal shear stress τv = b ud = = 0.90N/mm2
230× 425
100 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt = = 0.60
𝑏𝑑
From table 19 of IS 456:2000
τc = 0.512 N/mm2 < τv
Hence shear reinforcement is required
Using 2L – 8 mm dia vertical stirrups
Asv = 2 × π/4 × 82 = 100.53 mm2
0.87 fy Asv d
Vus = Vu – τc b d =
Sv
0.87 × 415 × 100.53 × 425

88.34 × 103 – 0.512 × 230 ×425 =
Sv
Spacing Sv = 185 mm
Provide 2L – 8 mm dia vertical stirrups @ 180 c/c.
Fig.4.7(a) Reinforcement details of Beam

CHAPTER 5
COLUMN
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
A column is an element used primarily to support the axial compressive loads and to
transfer the loads from slabs to the columns or indirectly transferred to the columns through
the beams. All columns are compression members.
A column may be classified as short or long column depending on its effective

slenderness ratio. The ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension is referred to as
effective slenderness ratio. Columns having slenderness ratio less than 3 are called
PEDESTALS.
The columns are said to be SHORT when the slenderness ratio is less than 12 and the
columns are said to be LONG or SLENDER if the slenderness ratio is more then 12.
However, maximum slenderness ratio of a column should not exceed 60.
5.2 SHORT COLUMN:
 Columns subjected to AXIAL load alone.

 Columns subjected to AXIAL load and UNI-AXIAL bending moment.
 Columns subjected to AXIAL load and BI-AXIAL bending moment.
5.2.1 COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD ALONE:
Whenever column and beam are rigidly connected, the columns will be subjected to
bending moments. Even the beams are simply supported over the columns, at times, bending
moments are developed in column results in zero net bending moment, and the columns will
be acted upon by only with no moment. Such columns are called Axially Loaded Columns.
5.2.2 COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL AND UNI-AXIAL BENDING

MOMENT:
When the columns are subjected to some net bending moment along any one
direction, in addition to axial load due to the beams connected to the columns, they have to be
designed for both the axial load and the uni-axial bending moment.
Dept. Of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari 2018 Page 71

5.2.3 COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BI-AXIAL

BENDING MOMENT:
When the column is connected to the beams from different directions, and if the
column is subjected to bending moment along both the X-X and Y-Y axis, in addition to the
axial load, then the column has to be designed for both axial load and Bi-Axial bending
moment.
5.3 CONSTITUENTS OF COLUMNS:
Concrete being very strong in compression should not theoretically require any
reinforcement. However, because it is very weak in tension, all circumstances leading to
development of tension need to be examined, and reinforcement provided for resisting the
same.
Tension is likely to develop in columns due to accidental transverse loads, eccentric

loads and the end moments, which cause bending in the member. And since this bending can
occur about any direction, including tension on any face, the reinforcement is required on all
the extreme faces running parallel to the axis of the member. This thus forms the longitudinal
reinforcement.
Longitudinal reinforcement required:-
1. To resist any tension that might develop due to bending caused by transverse loads,
eccentric loads or the moments.
2. To assist concrete in the resulting compression so as to reduce the overall size of the
column.
3. To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.
4. To impart necessary ductility to the column.
5. To prevent or delay sudden brittle collapse.
6. To hold the transverse reinforcement.

Transverse Reinforcement required:-
1. To prevent buckling of individual bars.

2. To resist diagonal tension due to transverse shear.
3. To prevent longitudinal splitting of concrete.
4. To confine the concrete.
5. To hold the longitudinal bars in position.
6. To prevent or delay sudden collapse and impart ductility to concrete.

5.4 TYPICAL DESIGN OF COLUMN:
COLUMN 1:
Pu = 515.8 kN
Mu = 10.15 kN-m
Unsupported length = 3m
Effective cover = 40 mm
fck = 20 kN/m2
Column are held in position and restrained against rotation.
02Leff = 0.65L =0.65 x 3 = 1.95 m
Column size = 230 x 450 mm
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 1.95
= 0.45 = 4.3 < 12
𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 1.95
= 0.23 = 8.5 < 12
𝑏
Hence column is designed as short column.
CHECK FOR ECCENTRICITY:
𝑙 𝐷 3000 450
emin = + = + = 21
500 30 500 30
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 21
= = 0.044 < 0.05
𝐷 450
Hence column is design as short column.
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
Mu 10.15x 106
2
= = 0.011
fck b D 20 x 230 x 4502

Pu 515.8 x 103
= = 0.245
fck b D 20 x 230 x 450
𝑑′ 40
= = 0.088 ≈ 0.01
𝐷 450
From chart 44 of SP: 16 – 1980
pt
= 0.04
fck
p = 0.04 x 20 = 0.8 %
0.8
∴ Asc = 100 b D
0.8
= 100 x 230 x 450
Asc =828 mm2
Provide 4 # 20 mm dia bars.
LATERAL REINFORCEMENT:
Diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than
(a) ∅⁄4 = 8mm (b) 5 mm
Use 8 mm dia bars
Spacing is provided minimum of
(a) Least lateral dimension = 230 mm

(b) 16 x ∅ = 400mm
(c) 300 mm
Provide 8 mm ties @ 230 mm c/c

Fig.5.4(a) Reinforcement details of Column

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF MULTI- STORIED RESEDENTIAL BUILDING BY ETABS
CHAPTER 6
FOOTING
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
The function of a foundation or substructure is to safely transfer the loads from the
super structure to the ground. Different types of foundation structures like isolated footings,
continuous footings, combine footings, slab rafts, piles, piled rafts, caissons are used for this
purpose. Design of foundation structure is a subject in its own right and only the design of
elementary foundation structures, such as reinforced concrete individual footings, pedestal
and pile caps, is covered in this chapter. IS 456, Clause 34 deals with design of footings.
6.2 DESIGN LOADS FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN:
The condition to be satisfied by the subsoil in design of foundation is that its safe
bearing capacity (which is based on both strength and settlement) should not exceed by the
loads from the structure. As the safe bearing capacity of the soil by a suitable factor of safety,
its value represents the serviceability condition, and not the limit state condition. According,
the loads to be used to determine the size of the foundation should be the service loads and
not the factored loads. The loads to be used are
1. Dead + Imposed 1.0 DL + 1.0 LL

2. Dead + Wind 1.0 DL + 1.0 WL
3. Dead + Imposed + Wind 1.0 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 WL(EL)
(Or Earthquake)
In multistoried buildings, one should take advantage of the allowable reduction in live load
for residential, office buildings.
6.3 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL LOADS:
While considering the resistance of the structure to horizontal loads, it should be

noted that horizontal loads are to be resisted by the friction and cohesion of the ground,
together with the passive resistance of the soil in contact with the vertical faces of the
foundation. Limit State Design may be conveniently be used for this purpose. However, for
mobilizing friction, only 0.9 times the dead load should be considered as vertical loads.

If the structure is to be planned to take the horizontal load by moment as its base, it
should be properly fixed to the ground so that a fixing moment opposite to the applied
moment will be produced by the reactions. Alternatively, the foundation pressure should be
considered as non-uniform.
6.4 BASIS OF DESIGN OF FOOTINGS:
Footings under walls are called one-way footings and those under columns, two way
footings. The first step in design of footing is to calculate the necessary area from the
formula.
(Service load on column or wall above)

Area of footing =
Safe bearing capacity of soil below)
Having thus determined the size of the footings, its structural design is carried out by
using factored loads and principles of limit state design as already discussed in the case of
other RC members. The main items to be designed are the thickness of footings and its
reinforcement. The thickness should be sufficient to
1. Resist the shear force without shear steel and the bending moment without
compression steel.
2. Give the structure the required structural rigidity so that foundation reaction below
can be assumed.
3. Withstand the corrosion that can be caused from the ground. (This minimum cover
required is not less than 75mm when the concrete is cast against the ground and not
less than 40mm when it is cast against the ground, and not less than 40mm when it is
cast against a layer of binding concrete of 75 to 80mm thickness.) The minimum
cover specified in IS 456 for footing is 50mm (clause 26.4.2.2). It is also important to
remember that the percentage of steel provided should not be less than 0.15 for Fe 250
and 0.12 for Fe 415 steel as specified for slabs in IS 456, Clause 26.5.2.1.

6.5 SOIL PRESSURES ON FOUNDATION:
In most design of foundations and especially in individual footing design, the soil is
considered as elastic and the RC foundation structure is infinitely rigid. Hence, if foundation
pressures on these rigid structures are assumed as uniformly distributed on the base, it is
necessary that the center of gravity of the external load system always coincide with the CG
of the loaded area. Otherwise, there will be variation of pressure on the base of the foundation
that, for rigid foundations, may be assumed as linearly varying. In all layouts of foundations,
this basic principle should always be borne in mind.
6.6 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION

SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL LOAD MOMENTS:
With a vertical load P and a moment M acting on a column, base pressure under the
rigid footing will be non-uniform but will be linearly varying from a maximum value of q1 to
minimum value of q2.
If the center of gravity of the foundation and the line of application of P coincide, the
values of q1 and q2 are
q1= (P) / (BL) + (6M) / (BL2), q2= (P) / (BL) – (6M) / (BL2)
Where, L = the dimension along the plane of action of the moment
B = the breadth
q1 and q2 = the foundation pressures
The eccentricity ‘e’ produced by the resultant base reaction will produce the necessary
𝑀
moments to counteract the applied moment so that E =
𝑃
In soils such as clays, large non-uniform base pressures can lead to differential
𝑞1
settlements and consequent tilt in the column. Hence the ratio of ( ) should not exceed 2 to
𝑞2
4, depending on whether permanent or transient loads cause it. In the case of small
eccentricities due to P and M, the Centre of gravity of the foundation itself may be offset
from the line of action of the load P to produce uniform resultant distribution on the base.

𝑀 𝐿
The value of e = gives indication of the probable variation of q1 and q2.If e = ,
𝑃 6
according to the middle third rule, q2 = 0 and q1 will be twice the average pressures. If e is in
the range 1/10 – 1/12, the eccentricity can be considered to be small. When e is greater than
1/6, part of the base will not be in contact. The maximum soil pressure q on the foundation
can be calculated from the following equation
1
P = 𝑞𝑠 𝐵
2
Where B is the breadth of the footing‘s’ is the length of foundation in contact with the
ground.
The value of the eccentricity ‘e’ is given by the equation
𝑀 1 𝑠
=e=( − )
𝑃 2 3
In footings subjected to biaxial bending, the effect of variation of base pressures in both
planes should be considered and combined to get the final values.
6.7 DESIGN OF INDEPENDENT FOOTING:
IS 456, Clause 34 deals with design of independent footings. The main

recommendations can be summarized as in the following section:
General planning, there can be three types of individual footings: rectangular, sloped
or stepped. They may rest on soil, rock or on piles. The minimum thickness of edge of the
footing on soil and rock should be 150 mm and on top of piles should not be less than 300
mm (IS 456 Clause 34.1.2)
The column transfers the load to top of footing by bearing. In limit state design, the
value of the pressure allowed under direct compression on an unreinforced loaded area of
same size is to be limited to 0.45fck as given by IS 456, Clause 34.4. However, when the
supporting area is larger than the loading area on all sides, it may be increased by the factor
A1/A2 (where in the case of a footing A1 = area of the footing and A2 = area of the column
base), but the factor should not be greater than 2.

If the above permissible stresses are exceeded, the transfer of forces should be with
steel reinforcement, by extending the reinforcement into the footing or by providing dowel
(starter) bars. According to IS 456, if dowel bars are provided, they should extend into
column a distance equal to the development length of the column bars (IS 456, Clause
34.4.4). however, this requirement for development length has been relaxed in BS 8110
(1985): clause 3.12.8.8 according to BS code, compression bond stress that develops on
starter bars within bases need not be checked provided the starter bars extend down to the
level of the bottom reinforcement. Application of this clause can reduce the depth required in
footings and save on steel reinforcement.
According to IS 456, clause 34.4.3, the extended longitudinal bars or dowels should
be at least 0.5% of the cross-sectional area of the supported columns or pedestal, and a
minimum of four bars should be provided. The diameter of the dowels should not exceed the
diameter of the column bars by 3 mm.
Rectangular footings are generally used with rectangular columns. The most
economical proportions of the footing are given if the rectangular base projects the same
distance beyond all the columns faces, so that the footing require the minimum amount of
materials.
6.8 TYPICAL DESIGN OF RECTANGLE FOOTING:
Ultimate load Pu = 1141 KN
Service load P = 761KN
Self weight of footing = 10% of service load
= 76 KN
Total load = 837 KN
Assume SBC = 185 KN/m2
837
Area of footing required = = 4.4 m2
185
Provide footing of size 3 X 1.5 m
SOIL PRESSURE FOR DESIGN:

1141
qu = = 247.42 KN/m2
3 𝑋 1.5
= 0.247 N/mm2
ONE WAY SHEAR:
Assuming pt = 0.15, τc for M20 concrete = 0.32 N/mm2
Vu = τc b d
0.247 X 1500 (1275 – d) = 0.32 X1500 X d
d = 555.42 mm
Take d = 600 mm D = 650 mm
CHECK FOR DEPTH:
Fig.6.8(a) Critical section for one way shear
12752
Mu = qu X 3000 X 8
12752
Mu = 0.247 X 3000 X 8
Mu = 150.57 KN-m
Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2
= 0.138 X 20 X 3000 X 6002
= 2980.8 KN-m > Mu
Hence safe in depth

CHECK FOR TWO WAY SHEAR:
Fig.6.8(b) Critical section for two way shear
Perimeter of resisting section
b1 = 2(680 + 460) = 2280 mm
Resisting area = perimeter x d
= 2280 x 600
= 1.368x 106 mm2
Punching shear force = 150.573 [3.0 x 1.5 – 0.68 x 0.46]
= 630.47 KN
Vu 630.47 x 103
Nominal shear (τv) = = = 0.47 N/mm2
resisting area 1.368 x 106
But permissible shear stress = ks τc
ks = (0.5 + β) < 1
b 230
β= = = 0.4
d 600
ks = 0.96 Take ks = 1
τc = 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 x √20 = 1.11 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress = 1.11 N/mm2 > τv
Hence footing is safe in two way shear.
DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT:
a) In long direction:
Mu = 150.573 x 106
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥 fy
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥𝑑
]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥 415
Mu = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 600 x [1 − 20 𝑥 3000 𝑥 600
]
A𝑠𝑡 = 700.73 mm2
= 0.0012 X 3000 X 650 = 2340 mm2
A𝑠𝑡 < Ast min

hence provide Ast min
Use 16 bar
𝜋⁄ x 162
4
Spacing = 𝑋 1500 ≈130 mm
2340
Provide 16 bars @ 130 mm c/c
b) In short direction:
Mu =150.573 x 106
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥 fy
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥𝑑
]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥 415
Mu = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 600 x [1 − 20 𝑥 1500 𝑥 600
]
A𝑠𝑡 = 706.580 mm2
= 0.0012 X 1500 X 650 = 1170 mm2
A𝑠𝑡 < Ast min

hence provide Ast min

Use 16 bar
𝜋⁄ x 162
4
Spacing = 𝑋 1500 ≈250 mm
1170
Provide 16 bars @ 250 mm c/c
Fig.6.8(c) Reinforcement details of rectangle Footing

6.9 TYPICAL DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING:
Factored load on one column =966 kN
Factored load on another column = 594kN
Service load on one column = 644kN
Service load on another column = 396kN
Load from two column = 644 + 396 = 1040kN
Self weight of footing = 10 % of column load = 104kN
Total load = 1144kN
Total load 1144

Area of footing required = =
SBC 185
LxB = 7.3 mm2
Provide footing of size; L x B = 3.5 x 2.1 m
column load 1144

Net upward soil pressure qo = = = 183.805 kN/m2
LxB 3.5X2.1
In order to get uniform upward pressure, “The C.G of column load should coincide with C.G
of footing”

Fig.6.9 (a) C.G of column
Fig. 6.9(b) Bending moment and Shear force diagram of combined footing
Location of POC:
X1 = 1.62487 m
X2 = 0.37513 m
DESIGN OF FOOTING SLAB:
Beam width = 230 mm
Fig.6.9(c) Shear consideration diagram

Mxx = 183.805 x 0.752 x 0.5 = 51.695kN-m
Mu = 51.695kN-m
Using Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2
51.695 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2

d = 136.86≈140 mm
Assume cover = 50 mm
D = 190 mm
From shear consideration, double the above thickness
Take D = 380mm
d = 330 mm
REINFORCEMENT:
Mu 51.695 x 106
= = 0.47
b d2 1000 x 3302
From table 2 of SP 16:
Pt = 0.20 %
bd 0.20
Ast = pt = x 1000 x 330 = 660 mm2
100 100
Using 16 mm dia bar
ast
Spacing = x1000 = 304.6 mm
Ast
Provide 16mm dia bar @ 300 mm c/c
Distribution steel:
Ast = 0.12% of cross sectional area
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 300
= 420 mm2
Using 12mm dia bar

ast
Spacing = x 1000 = 269.28 mm
Ast
Provide 12mm dia bar @ 270mm c/c
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Fig.6.9(d) Shear consideration at x-x diagram
Shear force across section x - x
Vxx = 183.803 x 0.21 = 38.6 kN
Vu = 57.9 kN
Vu 57.9 x 103
Nominal shear stress, τv = = = 0.18 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 330
Pt = 0.15%
From table 19 of IS 456:2000
τc/0.136 = 0.28 N/mm2 > τv
Hence slab is safe in shear

Fig.6.8(e)Reinforcement details of Combined Footing

` CHAPTER 7
STAIR CASE
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Stairs consists of steps arranged in a series for the purpose of giving access to
different floors of a building. Usually, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance
of the building. All stair cases should be adequately ventilated and properly designed.
7.2 TYPES OF STAIR CASE:
Over the years several types of stair cases have been developed with varying
geometrical shapes and structural behavior. The most common types are classified as follows:
7.2.1 Dog legged stair case: It is the most common type used in all types of buildings.
It comprises of two adjacent flights running parallel with a landing slab at mid height.
7.2.2 Open well stair case: It is generally adopted in public buildings where large
spaces are available. This type of stair case consists of smaller flights and provides
better accessibility comfort and good ventilation due to open well at the center.
7.2.3 Tread-Riser type stair case: It is very popular due to its superior aesthetic
appearance without any waist slab and comprising only the horizontal and vertical
slabs in the form of a folded plate.
7.2.4 Isolated cantilever type stair case: It comprising only the horizontal tread slab
projecting from a wall or inclined beam serving as a fixed end with open risers.
7.2.5 Double cantilever precast tread slab stair case in which cantilever tread slab
projects on either side with a central inclined beam.
epartment Of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari 2020-21 Page 119

7.3 TYPICAL DESIGN OF DOG LEGGED STAIR CASE:
Rise = 150 mm; Tread = 300 mm
3000
Floor to floor height = =1500 mm
2
1500
No of rise = = 10 No
150
No of tread =10 – 1= 9 No
Width of going = 1100 mm
Width of landing = 1100 mm
Effective Span = 100+1000+2750+200 = 4050 mm
Thickness of waist slab = t = 200 mm
t = 200 mm, D = 230 mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
(a) Load on going:
Load per meter horizontal width of stairs
𝑅 2 0.15 2
Weight of waist slab = t √1 + [𝑇 ] x 25 = 0.2√1 + [0.30] x 25 = 5.59 KN/m
Weight of one slab = 0.5 x R X25 =1.875 KN/m
𝑅 2
Finishes = 1 KN/m√1 + [𝑇 ]
Total dead load = 5.59+1.875+1 = 8.465 KN/m
(b) Load on landing:
Dead load = 0.18*1*25 = 4.5 KN/m
Finish = 1 KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m
Total = 9.75 KN/m

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION:
Factored load on going = 1.5(8.465+3) = 17.19 KN/m
Factored load on Landing = 1.5 (9.75) = 14.625 KN/m
Fig. 7.1 bending moment diagram for stair case
RA+RB = (14.625*0.215) + (14.625*1.115) + (17.19*2.7)
=65.86 KN
∑MA=0
RB x 4.03 = (14.625 x 1.115 x 3.473)-(17.19 x 2.7 x 1.565) - (14.625 x 0.215 x

0.1075)
RB=32.16 KN
RA=33.69 KN
Maximum moment occurs at zero shear force.
Mo = (33.69 x 1.985) - (14.625 x 0.215 x 1.88) - (17.19 x 1.77 x 0.885)
Mo = 34.03 KN-m

REINFORCEMENT:
Ast fy
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1 − ]
b d fck
Ast x 415
34.03 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 200 [1 − ]
1000 x200x 20
Ast = 496.87 mm2
Using 12 mm bars
𝑎𝑠𝑡 113.09
Spacing = x 1000 = = 227.61 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 496.87
Provide 12 mm bar @ 200 mm c/c
Distribution bar:
0.12
Ast= x 1000 x 200 = 240 mm2
100
Use 10 mm bar
78.54
Spacing = x 1000 = 327.24 mm
240
Provide 10 mm diameter bar @ 200 mm c/c

CHAPTER 9
ESTIMATION
Accurately forecasting the cost of future projects is vital to the survival of any business or
organization contemplating future construction. Cost estimators develop the cost information
that business owners or managers, professional design team members, and construction
contractors need to make budgetary and feasibility determinations. From an Owner's
perspective the cost estimate may be used to determine the project scope or whether the
project should proceed. The construction contractor's cost estimate will determine the
construction bid or whether the company will bid on the construction contract.
There were about 198,000 cost estimators in 1994 according to the U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
2006-2007 Occupational Outlook Handbook, Cost Estimators, of which 58% work in the
construction industry, 17% are employed in manufacturing industries, and the remaining 25%
elsewhere. Most construction estimators have considerable experience gained through
working in the building construction industry. This guide will be confined to cost estimating
in the building construction industry.
Construction cost estimators can be contractually hired in many different ways. They may be
employed by the owner's representative/project manager, employed by the construction
manager, employed as a member of a professional design team, or separately hired by the
owner. They estimate building costs through all the stages of design and the construction of
the project. On large projects it is common for estimators to specialize in disciplines that
parallel design discipline specialization.
It is very important to have the cost estimator involved right from the start of the project to
ensure that the project budget reflects the decisions made by the rest of the project team
throughout the integrated design process.

Swathi Infrastructure, Hosapete.
PWD Sub Division , Hosapete
GENERAL ABSTRACT
Name of Work: CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTEL (OLDER)
AT CHITTAWADIGI IN SURVEY NO : 249AS
0.2 ACRE LAND OF HOSPET TOWN
SI.
Type of Work Amount in Rs.
No.
CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTEL AT

1 10907288.00
CHITTAWADIGI(Ground Floor)
CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTELAT

2 5767368.00
CHITTAWADIGI
(1st Floor)
CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTEL AT

3 6167795.00
CHITTAWADIGI(2nd Floor)
4 CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOUND WALL 1372660.00
5 ELECTRIFICATION WORKS 604929.00
6 SANITARY & WATER SUPPLY WORKS 487476.15
7 WATER SUMP WORK 38643.15
8 SEPTIC TANK 32301.15
9 WATER PURIFIER PLANT ROOM 324492.00
10 WATER PURIFIER PLANT 491588.00
11 BORE WELL 309000.00
12 Add 12% For GST 3180424.85
13 Provison towards 3rd Paarty Consultancy Charges at 1 % 300000.00
14 Lumpsum Provision towards HKRDB Name Board & Other Miscl 16034.70
Grand Total in Rs: 30000000.00

PWD Sub Division , Hosapete District: Ballari
DETAILED
ESTIMATE
CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTEL
(OLDER)AT CHITTAWADIGI IN SURVEY NO : 249 Estimated cost: 109.00 Lakhs
AS 0.2 ACRE LAND OF HOSPET TOWN
Itm
Descripti Unit. No Length Breadth Depth D Quantity Rate in Rs. Amount in Rs.
No
on L B
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I.HOSTEL BLOCK [GROUND FLOOR]
1 KSRRB 200-9: Clearing and grubbing road land including uprooting rank vegetation, grass,
bushes, shrubs, saplings and trees of girth upto 300mm, by manual means, in area of light
jungle, removal of stumps, disposal of unserviceable materials, stacking of serviceable
materials within a lead of 100 metres from road boundary, labour charges complete as per
specifications. Specification No. KRBS 200-1 MORT & H Specifications No. 201(PWD SR 2018-
19 Page No. 138, Item No. 18.11)
CLEARING & GRUBBING

CLEARING OF WHOLE GROUND SQM 1 32.00 25.00 800.00
Basic rate as per PWD DSR 10.00
2018-19:
Area weaightage 5%: 0.50
Total: 800.00 10.50 8400.00
2 KSSRB M300-59.2. Loosening,levelling and compacting original ground supporting

embankment to facilitate placement of first layer of embankment, scarified to a depth 150mm
, mixed with water atOMC and then compacted by rolling so as to achieve minimum dry
density as given in Table 300-2 for embankment construction.complete as per specifications.
Case-II: compacting original ground supporting embankment. (which include watering
charges & compaction by vibratory roller) MORTH Specification no 305.3.4.(PWD SR 2018-
19 Page No. 147, Item No. 19.66)
PREPARATION GROUND
cum 1 32.00 25.00 0.20 160.00

2018-19:
Total: 160.00 24.15 3864.00
3 Earth work in excavation of foundation of structures upto 3m by mechanical means as per

drawing and technical specification, including setting out,providing shoring,struiting &bracing,
removal of stumps and other deleterious matter, dressing of sides and bottom, backfilling the
excavated earth to the extent required and utilising/transporting the remaining earth upto
1km lead.Including cost of labour materials & HOM of machineries etc.,complete -do- In all
types of soil-Mechanical Means (Depth upto 3m)(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 8, Item No.
2.23.1)
EARTH WORK EXCAVATION

DROP WALL
LONG WALL cum 2 28.53 1.80 3.00 308.12

SHORT WALL cum 2 18.16. 1.80 3.00 10.80
SHORT WALL cum 2 3.68 1.80 3.00 39.74
FOR FOUNDATION
FC 38 cum 22 3.00 2.80 4.00 739.20
FC 32 cum 9 3.10 2.90 4.00 323.64

FC 34 cum 9 3.20 3.00 4.00 345.60
FC 13 cum 2 3.35 3.15 4.00 84.42
FC 1 cum 2 1.80 1.80 4.00 25.92
Deductions
FC 38 cum -22 3.00 2.80 3.00 -554.40
FC 32 cum -9 3.10 2.90 3.00 -242.73
FC 34 cum -9 3.20 3.00 3.00 -259.20
FC 13 cum -2 3.35 3.15 3.00 -63.32
FC 1 cum -2 1.80 1.80 3.00 -19.44

2018-19:
Itm
Description Unit. No Length L Breadth B Depth D Quantity Rate in Rs. Amount in
No.
Rs.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
4 KSRB 4-1.3: Providing and laying in position plain cement concrete of mix M 1:4:8 with OPC cement
@ 180 kgs, with 40 mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @ 0.85 cum and
fine aggregates @ 0.57 cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms, thick well
compacted, in foundation and plinth, including cost of all materials, labour, HOM of machinery,
curing complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 4.1, 4.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 13
, Item No. 4.3)
DROP WALL
LONG WALL 2 28.53 0.53 0.15 4.54
SHORT WALL 2 18.16. 0.53 0.15 0.16
SHORT WALL 2 3.68 0.53 0.15 0.59
PARTITION WALLS

BET WARDEN OFFICE & WARDEN cum

1 4.77 0.43 0.15 0.31
ROOM
BET WARDEN ROOM & BATH/WC 1 3.48 0.43 0.15 0.22
TOILET BLOCK LONG WALLS 2 7.12 0.43 0.15 0.92
TOILET BLOCK SHORT WALLS 4 4.77 0.43 0.15 1.23
FOR FOUNDATION
FC 38 22 3.00 2.80 0.15 27.72
FC 32 9 3.10 2.90 0.15 12.14
FC 34 9 3.20 3.00 0.15 12.96
FC 13 2 3.35 3.15 0.15 3.17
FC 1 2 1.80 1.80 0.15 0.97
OUT SIDE STEPS
BELOW THE STEPS 1 2.385 1.20 0.15 0.43
RAMP 1 10.80 1.65 0.15 2.67
FLOORING CONCRETE
ROOM cum 2 4.77 7.12 0.15 10.19
KITCHEN cum 1 4.77 7.12 0.15 5.09
DINNING HALL cum 1 9.77 7.12 0.15 10.43
DIGITAL ROOM cum 1 4.77 7.12 0.15 5.09
STORE ROOM cum 1 3.00 7.12 0.15 3.20
LENIN ROOM cum 1 4.84 3.45 0.15 2.50
SICK ROOM cum 1 4.84 3.45 0.15 2.50
TOILET BLOCK cum 1 4.84 7.12 0.15 5.17
STAIRCASE ROOM cum 1 3.00 7.12 0.15 3.20
WARDEN ROOM cum 1 3.12 3.48 0.15 1.63
BATH/WC cum 1 1.50 3.48 0.15 0.78
WARDEN OFFICE cum 1 4.77 3.49 0.15 2.50
CORRIDOR/OPEN PASSAGE cum 1 28.53 3.00 0.15 12.84

ENTRANCE LOBBY cum 1 4.77 3.50 0.15 2.50
CORRIDOR 2.1M WIDE cum 1 4.77 2.10 0.15 1.50
Flogging Concrete(Plinth
Protection Works)
cum 1 93.38 0.90 0.15 12.61
Deductions
RC 230X450 cum -42 0.23 0.45 0.15 -0.65
RC 450X450 cum -2 0.45 0.45 0.15 -0.06
Basic rate as per PWD DSR 2018- 5114.00

19:
Total: 149.06 5369.70 800429.

00
7 KSRB 2.5: Earthwork excavation in all soil deposits and filling sides of foundation upto plinth in
layers not exceeding 20cms. In depth, compacting each deposited layer by ramming after watering
with all lead and lift including cost of all labour complete as per specification. No. KBS
2.9.9/2.9.10.1/2.1.1 PWDSR 2018-19 Page No: 7, Item No 2.12
Basement (upto plinth level)
FOR FOUNDATION
FC 38 cum 22 3.00 1.40 2.00 184.80
FC 32 cum 9 3.10 1.45 2.00 80.91
FC 34 cum 9 3.20 1.50 2.00 86.40
FC 13 cum 2 3.35 1.58 2.00 21.11
FC 1 cum 2 1.80 0.90 2.00 6.48

Itm
Description Unit. No Length L Breadth B Depth D Quantity Rate in Rs. Amount in Rs.
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ALL WALLS
LONG WALL cum 2 28.53 0.90 1.50 77.03
SHORT WALL cum 2 18.16. 0.90 1.50 2.70
SHORT WALL cum 2 3.68 0.90 1.50 9.94
BELOW THE FLOORING
ROOM cum 2 4.77 7.12 0.90 61.13
KITCHEN cum 1 4.77 7.12 0.90 30.57
DINNING HALL cum 1 9.77 7.12 0.90 62.61
DIGITAL ROOM cum 1 4.77 7.12 0.90 30.57
STORE ROOM cum 1 3.00 7.12 0.90 19.22
LENIN ROOM cum 1 4.84 3.45 0.90 15.03
SICK ROOM cum 1 4.84 3.45 0.90 15.03
TOILET BLOCK cum 1 4.84 7.12 0.90 31.01
STAIRCASE ROOM cum 1 3.00 7.12 0.90 19.22
WARDEN ROOM cum 1 3.12 3.48 0.90 9.77
BATH/WC cum 1 1.50 3.48 0.90 4.70
WARDEN OFFICE cum 1 4.77 3.49 0.90 14.98
CORRIDOR/OPEN PASSAGE cum 1 28.53 3.00 0.90 77.03
ENTRANCE LOBBY cum 1 4.77 3.50 0.90 15.03
CORRIDOR 2.1M WIDE cum 1 4.77 2.10 0.90 9.02
Basic rate as per PWD DSR 2018-19: 403.00
Total: 884.28 423.15 374181.00
8 KSRB 4.2.2: Providing and laying in position reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with
OPC cement @ 320 kgs, with 20 mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @
0.69cum and fine aggregates @ 0.46cum, with superplastisiser @ 3lts confirming to IS9103-1999
Reaffirmed-2008, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for all
works in foundation for footings,pedastals,retaining walls,return walls,walls(any thickness) including
attached pilaster,columnspillars,posts,struts,buttresses,bed blocks,anchor blocks & plinths etc.,
including cost of all materials, labour, HOM of Specifications. Specification. No. KBS 4.1,4.6( PWDSR
-2018-19 Page No.14 Item No 4.11 )
FOOTING
FC 38 Cum 22 2.80 2.60 0.500 80.08
FC 32 Cum 9 2.90 2.70 0.525 37.00
FC 34 Cum 9 3.00 2.80 0.525 39.69
FC 13 Cum 2 3.15 2.95 0.550 10.22
FC 1 Cum 2 1.60 1.60 0.300 1.54
COLUMNS
RC 450X450 Cum 2 0.45 0.45 7.80 3.16
RC 230X450 Cum 42 0.23 0.45 7.80 33.91
GROUND/TIE BEAM
LONG WALL Cum 2 28.53 0.23 0.300 3.94
SHORT WALL cum 2 18.16. 0.23 0.300 0.14
SHORT WALL cum 2 3.68 0.23 0.300 0.51
FOR PORTICO
LONG WALL Cum 1 4.77 0.23 0.300 0.33
SHORT WALL Cum 2 4.29 0.23 0.300 0.59
DROP RCC WALL
LONG WALL Cum 2 28.53 0.23 3.300 43.31
SHORT WALL cum 2 18.16. 0.23 3.300 1.52
SHORT WALL cum 2 3.68 0.23 3.300 5.59
PLINTH BEAM
LONG WALL Cum 2 28.53 0.23 0.380 4.99
LONG WALL Cum 2 13.21 0.23 0.380 2.31
LONG WALL cum 2 9.92 0.23 0.380 1.73
SHORT WALL cum 2 18.16 0.23 0.380 3.17
SHORT WALL cum 10 7.12 0.23 0.380 6.22
BET LENIN ROOM & SICK ROOM cum 1 4.84 0.23 0.380 0.42
ENTRANCE LOBBY & CORRIDOR Cum 2 4.77 0.23 0.380 0.83
PARTITION WALLS
BET WARDEN OFFICE & WARDEN 1 4.77
ROOM Cum 0.23 0.380 0.42
BET WARDEN ROOM & BATH/WC Cum 1 3.48 0.23 0.380 0.30
TOILET BLOCK LONG WALLS cum 2 7.12 0.23 0.380 1.24
TOILET BLOCK SHORT WALLS cum 4 4.77 0.23 0.380 1.67

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LINTEL
LONG WALLS Cum 2 28.53 0.23 0.15 1.97
LONG WALL Cum 2 13.21 0.23 0.15 0.91
LONG WALL Cum 2 9.92 0.23 0.15 0.68
SHORT WALL Cum 13 7.12 0.23 0.15 3.19
BET ENTRANCE LOBBY & CORRIDOR
Cum 1 4.77 0.23 0.15 0.16
BET LENIN ROOM & SICK ROOM cum 1 4.84 0.23 0.15 0.17
BET WARDEN OFFICE & WARDEN
ROOM Cum 1 4.77 0.115 0.15 0.08
BET WARDEN ROOM & BATH/WC cum 1 3.48 0.115 0.15 0.06
ROOF BEAM
LONG WALL Cum 5 28.53 0.23 0.45 14.76
Cum 1 25.53 0.23 0.45 2.64
SHORT WALL Cum 7 18.16 0.23 0.45 13.16
PORTICO BEAM
LONG WALL Cum 1 4.77 0.23 0.45 0.49
SHORT WALL Cum 2 4.29 0.23 0.45 0.89
ROOF SLAB
WHOLE BUILDING Cum 1 28.53 18.16 0.125 64.76
PORTICO Cum 1 6.40 4.29 0.125 3.43
STAIRCASE
Staircase Waist slab Cum 2 4.00 1.50 0.150 1.80
Steps Cum 21 1.50 0.150 0.150 0.71
Staircase Landing Cum 1 3.00 2.00 0.150 0.90
Staircase Beam Cum 1 3.00 0.23 0.300 0.21
DEDUCTIONS
STAIRCASE SLAB PORTION Cum -1 3.00 4.50 0.125 -1.69
Total: 394.61 6069.00 2394858.00
9 KSRB 4.2.10: Providing and laying in position reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with .
OPC cement @ 24kgs, with 12mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @
0.05175cum and fine aggregates @ 0.0345cum, with superplastisiser @ 0.225lts, machine mixed,
well compacted for plain chajja of 7.5cms. average thickness, upto ground floor level, including cost
of all materials, labour, HOM of machinery, finishing, curing, complete as per specifications.
Specification No. KBS 4.1,4.6 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.15, Item No. 4.19)
Chejja Sqm 1 28.53 0.60 17.12
2 7.58 0.60 9.10
1 13.21 0.60 7.93
1 9.92 0.60 5.95
Total: 40.09 465.15 18649.00
10 KSRB 4-2.12: Extra for providing throating or drip moulding to R.C.C. chajja with plastering (labour .
charges only) as per specifications. Specification. No. KBS(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 15, Item No.
4.21)
Chejja M 1 29.73 29.73
2 8.78 17.56
1 14.41 14.41
1 11.12 11.12
Total: 72.82 34.65 2523.00

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 KSRB 6-1.3: Providing and constructing burnt brick masonry with approved quality of non-modular
bricks of standard size of class designation 3.5N/mm²(table mounded) with cement mortar 1:6 for
basement and superstructure including cost of materials, labour charges, scaffolding, curing
complete as per specifications. Specification No.KBS 6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 29, Item No.6.3)
MAIN WALLS
LONG WALLS Cum 2 28.530 0.23 3.15 41.34
LONG WALL Cum 2 13.210 0.23 3.15 19.14
LONG WALL Cum 2 9.920 0.23 3.15 14.37

SHORT WALL Cum 13 7.120 0.23 3.15 67.06
BET ENTRANCE LOBBY & CORRIDOR Cum 1 4.770 0.23 3.15 3.46
BET LENIN ROOM & SICK ROOM Cum 1 4.840 0.23 3.15 3.51
PARTITION WALLS
BET WARDEN OFFICE & WARDEN

Cum 1 4.770 0.10 3.15 1.50
ROOM
BET WARDEN ROOM & BATH/WC Cum 1 3.480 0.10 3.15 1.10
TOILET BLOCK LONG WALLS Cum 2 7.120 0.10 3.15 4.49
TOILET BLOCK SHORT WALLS Cum 8 1.700 0.10 3.15 4.28

Outside steps
Cum 1 2.39 0.90 0.15 0.32
Cum 1 2.39 0.75 0.15 0.27

Cum 1 2.39 0.60 0.15 0.21
Cum 1 2.39 0.45 0.15 0.16
Cum 1 2.39 0.30 0.15 0.11
Outside Ramp Cum 1 9.00 2.00 0.51 9.23
DEDUCTIONS
DOORS
Main Door Cum -1 1.80 0.23 2.10 -0.87
D Cum -10 1.20 0.23 2.10 -5.80
D Cum -1 1.20 0.10 2.10 -0.25
OPENING Cum -1 1.29 0.23 2.10 -0.62
D1 Cum -11 0.90 0.10 2.10 -2.08
WINDOW
W Cum -20 1.50 0.23 1.50 -10.35
VENTILATOR
V Cum -7 0.90 0.23 0.45 -0.65

V1 Cum -26 1.50 0.23 0.45 -4.04
FIXED GLAGING FG Cum -2 0.90 0.23 1.50 -0.62
COLUMN 230*450 Cum -42 0.23 0.45 3.15 -13.69

Total: 131.57 5625.90 740211.00
12 KSRB 4.9.2 : Providing T.M.T steel reinforcement for R.C.C work including straightening, cutting,
bending, hooking, placing in position, lapping and / or welding wherever required, tying with
binding wire and anchoring to the adjoining members wherever necessary complete as per design
(laps, hooks and wastage shall not be measured and paid) cost of materials, labour, HOM of
machinery complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 4.6.3 for TMT Bars Fe 500 (PWD
SR 2018-19 Page No. 18 , Item No. 4.46.2)
Concrete Qty cum Cum 1 394.61
At 90KG/CUM = KGS 1 35514.45 35.51
CHEJJA @ 30Kg/Sqm KGS 1 1202.76 1.20

Total: 36.72 73822.35 2710551.00
13 KSRB 9-7.1: Providing and fixing in position fully panelled Teak wood shutters for doors, styles and
rails of 30mm. thick with bottom and lock rails 180mm wide top rail and styles 100mm wide as per
drawing and panels of 25mm thick including cost of materials, labour, HOM of machineries complete
as per specifications. (excluding cost of fixtures) Specification No. KBS 9.34 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page
No. 54 , Item No. 9.20)
MAIN DOOR Sqm 1 1.80 2.10 3.78
Total: 3.78 7924.35 29954.00

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 KSRB 15-18.2 : Providing and applying enamel metal paint two coats (excluding priming coat) over
new steel or other metal surface brushing to give an even shade after cleaning oil, grease, dirt and
other foreign matter, including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications.(PWD SR
2018-19 Page No. 123 Item No.15.74)
WINDOW
W Sqm 20 1.50 1.50 45.00
V Sqm 7 0.90 0.45 2.84
V1 Sqm 26 1.50 0.45 17.55
FG Sqm 2 0.90 1.50 2.70
SECURITY GRILL WORK Sqm 2 3.00 3.15 18.90
Total: 86.99 99.75 8677.00
21 KSRB 7.10: Providing and fixing in position aluminium windows and ventilators as per approved
drawings with sliding shutters using double track window frame section of size 61.85x31.75mm.
With 1.2mm thick, bottom section weight 0.695 kg/m, sides and top sections 1.3mm thick weight
0.695 kg/m; and shutter comprising top and bottom section of size 40mmx18mm, 1.25mm thick
0.417 kg/m; shutter interlock section 40mmx26.7mm, 1.1mm thick, weight 0.469 kg/m. the shutters
mounted on nylon rollers with approved quality of fixtures such as aluminium handles tower bolts
etc.; and providing and fixing 5.5mm. thick plain glass for shutters fitted with rubber beading
aluminium sections including cutting to required length, joints mitred subdividing the frame
tononned and rivetted in the assembled frame stiffened with end clips at corners angles etc., and
fixed to the walls, lintels, floor beams/cills as the case may be with necessary steel screw, raul
plugs, or teak wood gatties including cutting masonry or concrete and making good the original
surgace using cement mortar, aluminium sections pretreated for removal of any Specification. 1) -
do- using aluminium section anodized to 12-15 microns.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 34,35 Item
No.7.10.1)
Windows W Sqm 20 1.50 1.50 45.00
FG Sqm 2 0.90 1.50 2.70
Total: 47.70 4479.30 213663.00
22 Providing and fixing Special make glazed Vitrified tiles (Granomite finish) of approved make, quality
and colour of size 600x600x10mm thick fixed on existing flooring with a special adhesive for
flooring, skirting & jointed with neat cement slurrry mixed with pigment to match shade of tiles
complete including providing spacers at requred intleval and removing stains etc., cost of materials,
mortar, labour etc., complete as per specification(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 109 Item No.14.43)
WARDEN OFFICE Sqm 1 4.77 3.490 16.65

WARDEN ROOM Sqm 1 3.12 3.480 10.86
ROOM Sqm 2 4.77 7.120 67.92
DINING HALL Sqm 1 9.77 7.120 69.56
KITCHEN Sqm 1 4.77 5.120 24.42
DIGITAL ROOM Sqm 1 4.77 7.120 33.96
STORE ROOM Sqm 1 3.00 7.120 21.36
LENIN ROOM Sqm 1 4.84 3.450 16.70
SICK ROOM Sqm 1 4.84 3.450 16.70
Total: 278.13 1153.95 320951.00
23 Providing and laying flooring for corridors/lobbies using combination of pre polished 19 mm thick
water cut/gang saw Grey Granite, Black Granite, and strips of 50 mm wide pre flamed grey granite
using pre polished grey granite 19 mm thick 76% Pre polished black granite 19mm thick @ 2% and
preflamed 19mm thick grey granite@ 22% over existing cement concrete bed in CM 1:4 average
20mm thick pointed with white cement / colour pigment etc., complete._do_ Using 10mm thick
granite slab(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 110 Item No.14.48.2)
CORRIDOR 2.1M WIDE Sqm 1 4.77 2.1 10.017
ENTRANCE LOBBY Sqm 1 4.77 3.5 16.695
PASSAGE/CORRIDOR 1 28.53 3.00 85.59
Total: 112.30 1835.40 206.00

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
24 Providing and fixing 40mm thick sadarhalli grey flammed granite slab for bath areas in bathrooms
over a bed of 25mm thick CM 1:6 and fixing granite slab with CM 1:3.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.
111 Item No.14.57)
WASHING AREA OF KITCHEN Sqm 1 4.77 2.000 9.54
Total: 9.54 1917.30 18291.00
24 KSRB 14.14-5 : Providing Ceramic tiles of approved make, shade and size for flooring, treads of
steps and landings laid on a bed of 12 mm thick, cemetn mortar 1:3 mix, flush pointing with white
cement using colour pigment, including cost of materials, laobur, curing, complete as per
specifications For Ceramic Tiles of size 15x15cms 6mm thick (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 107-108
Item No.14.36.1)
TOILET BLOCK PASSAGE Sqm 1 1.29 7.350 9.48
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 1.34 1.680 22.51
Total: 31.99 1178.10 37692.00
24 Providing and fixing of wall cladding using 20 mm thick gang saw water cut Shiva gold/ lacker red
granite, grey granite in CM 1:3 proportion cut to required shape, pattern with paper joints, finished
with cement mortal using white cement and colour pigments to match the colour of slab making
through jointing wiht sealant, making holes 25mmx12mm grooves in joints including curing etc.,
complete.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 110 Item No.14.49)
ENTRANCE WALL Sqm 1 4.77 3.600 17.17
DEDUCTIONS
MD Sqm -1 1.80 2.100 -3.78
FG Sqm -2 0.90 1.500 -2.70
Total: 10.69 3725.40 39832.00
25 KSRB 14-17.1 : Providing skirting, dado, rises of steps with white glazed tiles 6mm thick on 10mm
thick cement plaster 1:3 and jointed with white cement slurry over rough plaster surface (excluding
cost of rough plastered surface which should be measured and paid separately) using glazed tiles of
approved make and size including cost of materials, labour, complete as per
specifications.Specification No. KBS 14.1614.17(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 108 Item No.14.40)
SKIRTING, DADO, RISES
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 6.04 2.100 126.84
Staircase(Treads) Sqm 20 2.00 0.30 12.00
Staircase(Rise) Sqm 21 2.00 0.15 6.30
Staircase Landing Sqm 1 3.00 1.50 4.50
Out side tread steps Sqm 4 2.385 0.30 2.86
Out side rise steps Sqm 5 2.385 0.15 1.79
DEDUCTIONS
TOILET ROOM DOOR DEDUCTIONS
D1 Sqm -10 0.90 2.10 -18.90
Total: 166.26 1224.30 203553.00

Itm
Descriptio Unit. No Length L Breadth B Depth D Quantity Rate in Rs. Amount in Rs.
No.
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 KSRB 4-6.2 : Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal
of form work for flat surface such as roofs, landings, balconies and likes, thickness upto 200 mm
including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specificaitons.up to 3.50m from Ground
level.
Specification No. KBS 4.6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 16, Item No. 4.29)
Roof slab(Same as Item No: 18) Sqm 431.97
Portico Sqm 1 6.40 5.86 37.50
Slab Sides Sqm 1 101.93 0.150 15.29
Staircase slab landing 1 3.00 1.50 4.50
Staircase Slab sides Sqm 2 1.50 3.00
19:
Total: 492.26 428.40 210885.00
26 KSRB 4-6.11: Providing and romoving centering, shutting, strutting, propping etc., and removal of
form work for stairs (excluding landing) except spiral staircase including cost of all materials,
labour complete as per specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17,
Item No.
4.38)
Staircase slab 1 3.00 4.50 13.50
19:
Total: 13.50 583.80 7881.00
form work for sides and soffits of beams, beam haunchings,cantilever girders, bressumers
and lintels not exceeding 1m in depth including cost of all materials, labour complete as per
specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17, Item No. 4.34)
GROUND/TIE BEAM
Sqm 2 28.53 0.60 34.24
Sqm 2 18.16. 0.60 1.20
Sqm 2 3.68 0.60 4.42
Sqm 1 4.77 0.60 2.86
Sqm 2 4.29 0.60 5.15
PLINTH BEAM
Sqm 2 28.53 0.76 43.37
Sqm 2 13.21 0.76 20.08
Sqm 2 9.92 0.76 15.08
Sqm 2 18.16 0.76 27.60
Sqm 10 7.12 0.76 54.11
Sqm 1 4.84 0.76 3.68
Sqm 2 4.77 0.76 7.25
Sqm 1 4.77 0.76 3.63
Sqm 1 3.48 0.76 2.64
Sqm 2 7.12 0.76 10.82
Sqm 4 4.77 0.76 14.50
ROOF BEAM
Sqm 5 28.53 1.13 161.19
Sqm 1 25.53 1.13 28.85
Sqm 7 18.16 1.13 143.65
PORTICO BEAM
Sqm 1 4.77 1.13 5.39
Sqm 2 4.29 1.13 9.70
LINTEL
Sqm 2 28.53 0.30 17.12
Sqm 2 13.21 0.30 7.93
Sqm 2 9.92 0.30 5.95
Sqm 13 7.12 0.30 27.77
Sqm 1 4.77 0.30 1.43
Sqm 1 4.84 0.30 1.45
Sqm 1 4.77 0.30 1.43
Sqm 1 3.48 0.30 1.04
Sqm 2 7.12 0.30 4.27
Sqm 8 1.70 0.30 4.08
19:

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
28 KSRB 4-6.5: Providing and romoving centering, shutting, strutting, propping etc., for columns,
pillars, post and struts, square/rectangular/polygon in plan including cost of all materials, labour
complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 16, Item
No. 4.32)
RC 450X450 Sqm 2 1.80 7.80 28.08
RC 230X450 Sqm 42 1.36 7.80 445.54
Total: 473.62 478.80 226767.00
30 KSRB 4-6.1 : Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of
form work for foundations, footings, bases of columns for mass concrete including cost of all
materials, labour complete as per specificaitons. Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page
No. 15, Item No. 4.28)
FC 38 Sqm 22 10.80 0.500 118.80
FC 32 9 11.20 0.525 52.92
FC 34 9 11.60 0.525 54.81
FC 13 2 12.20 0.550 13.42
FC 1 2 6.40 0.300 3.84
Total: 243.79 276.15 67323.00
form work for vertical surface such as walls at any thickness, including attached pilasters,
buttresses, plinth and string courses cost of all materials, labour complete as per
specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 16, Item No. 4.31)
LONG WALL Sqm 2 28.53 6.600 376.60
SHORT WALL 2 18.16. 6.600 13.20
SHORT WALL 2 3.68 6.600 48.58
Total: 438.37 378.00 165705.00
form work for chajjas, corbels etc.,including edges including cost of all materials, labour complete
as per specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17, Item No. 4.37)
Chejja Sqm 1 28.53 0.60 17.12

2 7.58 0.60 9.10
1 13.21 0.60 7.93
1 9.92 0.60 5.95
Edge 1 29.73 0.10 2.97

1 8.78 0.10 0.88
1 14.41 0.10 1.44
1 11.12 0.10 1.11
Total: 46.50 345.45 16062.00
32 KSRB15-3.12 : Providing 18mm thick cement plaster in single coat with cement mortar 1:4, to brick
masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering, : Providing and
removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per specifications.(PWD
SR 2018-19 Page No. 116 Item No.15.16)
EXTERIOR PLASTER
LONG WALL SQM 1 28.53 4.60 131.24
SHORT WALL SQM 4 7.58 4.60 139.47
LONG WALL SQM 2 13.21 4.60 121.53
SHORT WALL SQM 2 3.45 4.60 31.74
PORTICO COLUMN SQM 2 1.80 4.60 16.56
PORTICO BEAM SQM 3 12.35 1.13 41.87
CHEJJA SQM 1 64.04 1.33 84.85
Deductions

MD SQM -0.5 1.80 2.10 -1.89

FG SQM -1.0 0.90 1.50 -1.35
W SQM -9.5 1.50 1.50 -21.38
V SQM -4.0 0.90 0.45 -1.62
V1 SQM -9.5 1.50 0.45 -6.41
Total: 534.61 268.80 143704.00
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
33 KSRB 15-4.4 : Extra for providing and mixing waterproofing compound in cement plaster work at
one kg per bag or in the proportion recommended by the manufactures, for cement mortar 1:4,
18mm thick cost of materials complete as per specifications.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 114 Item
No.15.26)
Qty Same as Item NO KSRB 15-3.12 534.61
Total: 534.61 8.40 4491.00
34 KSRB15-3.9 : KSRB 15.3.5 : Providing 15mm thick cement plaster in single coat with cement mortar
1:4, to brick masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering, :
Providing and removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per
specifications. (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 113 Item No.15.13)
INTERIOR PLASTERING
AT ENTRANANCE LOBBY Sqm 2 3.45 - 3.60 24.84
PASSAGE/CORRIDOR Sqm 2 28.53 - 3.60 205.42
ROOMS Sqm 2 23.78 - 3.60 171.22
KITCHEN Sqm 1 23.78 - 3.60 85.61
DINNING HALL Sqm 1 33.78 - 3.60 121.61
DIGITAL ROOM Sqm 1 23.78 - 3.60 85.61
STORE ROOM Sqm 1 20.24 - 3.60 72.86
LENIN ROOM Sqm 1 16.58 - 3.60 59.69
SICK ROOM Sqm 1 16.58 - 3.60 59.69
TOILET BLOCK PASSAGE Sqm 2 7.12 - 3.60 51.26
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 6.04 - 3.60 217.44
STAIRCASE ROOM Sqm 2 7.12 - 3.60 51.26
WARDEN OFFICE Sqm 1 17.34 - 3.60 62.42
WARDEN ROOM Sqm 1 13.20 - 3.60 47.52
BATH/WC Sqm 1 9.96 - 3.60 35.86
ROOF BEAM Sqm 7 3.00 - 1.13 23.73

Sqm 6 4.77 - 1.13 32.34
Sqm 1 9.77 - 1.13 11.04
COLUMN 230X450 Sqm 1 1.36 - 3.60 4.90
Deduction
TOILET BLOCK PASSAGE SQM -1 14.70 - 2.10 -30.87
WC/BATH ROOMS SQM -10 6.04 - 2.10 -126.84
MD Sqm -0.5 1.80 - 2.10 -1.89
D Sqm -11.0 1.20 - 2.10 -27.72
O Sqm -1.0 1.00 - 2.10 -2.10
D1 Sqm -11.0 0.90 - 2.10 -20.79
W Sqm -9.50 1.50 - 1.50 -21.38
W Sqm -1.00 1.50 - 1.50 -2.25
V Sqm -4.00 1.50 - 1.50 -9.00
V1 Sqm -9.50 1.50 - 1.50 -21.38
V1 Sqm -7.00 0.90 - 0.45 -2.84
Total: 1157.27 227.85 263683.00

35 KSRB 15-16.2 : Water proof cement paint KSRB 15-16.2 : Providing and finishing external walls in
one coat with waterproof cement paint of approved brand and shade to give an even shade after
throughly brooming the surface to remove all dirt and loose powdered material, free from mortar
drops and other foreign matter cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications.do with
primer.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 120 Item No.15.54.2)
Qty as per Exterior plastering Sqm 534.61
PORTICO BOTTOM SLAB Sqm FROM CAD MEASUREMENTS 44.94
Total: 579.55 53.55 31035.00
36 KSRB 15-15.1 : Providing and applying painting in two coats with plastic emulsion paint of approved
brand on wall surface to give an even approved shade after throughly brushing the surface, free
from mortar drops and other foreign matter including preparing the surface even and sand paper
smooth, cost of materials labour complete as per specifications.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 119
Item No.15.51)
Qty as per Exterior plastering Sqm 534.61
PORTICO BOTTOM SLAB Sqm FROM CAD MEASUREMENTS 44.94
Total: 579.55 91.35 52942.00
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
43 Providing and fixing stainless steel staircase raling with hand rail 50mm dia 16 guage hollow pipe
welded to vertical hollow 50mm dia pipe of 16 guage, stainless steel vertical pipe spaced at 1.20m
regular intervals, and 5 Nos of 25mm dia. Stainless steel hollow horizontal pipe are welded to
vertical 50mm dia hollow pipe. The entire assembly is fixed to staircase concrete by using expansion
bolts by drilling concrete etc., complete including cost of materials, labour, HOM of machineries and
electrical charges, etc., complete as per specification(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.45, Item No.7.38)
Hand rail for Staircase Sqm 4 4.50 0.90 16.20

Hand rail for Ramp Sqm 2 12.00 1.10 26.40
Total: 42.60 6322.05 269319.00
44 KSRB 8.6-5: Providing and fixing on wall surface 2.5kg/sq.cm H.D.P.E rain down water pipes 90 mm
outer dia approved make and brand with necessary specials like shoes, bends and offsets fixed with
iron clamps, wall plugs, screws, including cost of materials, labour charges, curing complete as per
specifictions. (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 49, Item No. 8.16)
Mtr 6 12.00 72.00
Total: 72.00 383.25 27594.00
45 KSSRB M300-7.1 Planting permanent hedges including digging of trenches,60cm wide and 45cm
deep, refilling the excavated earth mixed with farm yard manure, supplied at the rate of 4.65 cum
per 100 metres and supplying and planting hedge plants at 30cm apart complete as per
specifications. A) Planting permanent hedges including digging of trenches MORTH specification no
307.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 149, Item No. 19.84)
RMT 1 30.00 30.00
Total: 30.00 310.80 9324.00
46 KSSRB M300-9 Planting of trees by the road side(Avenue trees) in 0.60m dia holes, 1m deep dug in
the ground , mixing the soil with decayed farm yard/ sludge manure, planting the sapings, back
filling the trench, watering fixing the tree guard and maintaing the plants for one year complete as
per specifications. MORTH specification no 307.KSSRB [M300- Renovation lawns including weeding,
forking the ground, top dressing with forked soil.](PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 149, Item No. 19.88)

Each 11 11.00
Total: 11.00 1102.50 12128.00
47 P/F Fret work for front Elevation (L/S)
Total: 1.00 200000.00 200000.00
Net Total : 10907288.00
Total in lakhs : 109.00
PWD Sub Division , Hosapete District: Ballari
DETAILED ESTIMATE
CONSTRUCTION OF POST METRIC B.C.M HOSTEL (OLDER)
AT CHITTAWADIGI IN SURVEY NO : 249 Estimated cost: 58.00 Lakhs
AS 0.2 ACRE LAND OF HOSPET TOWN
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
II.HOSTEL BLOCK [FIRST FLOOR]
1 KSRB 4.2.2: Providing and laying in position reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with OPC
cement @ 320 kgs, with 20 mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @ 0.69cum
and fine aggregates @ 0.46cum, with superplastisiser @ 3lts confirming to IS9103-1999 Reaffirmed-
2008, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for all works in
foundation for footings,pedastals,retaining walls,return walls,walls(any thickness) including attached
pilaster,columnspillars,posts,struts,buttresses,bed blocks,anchor blocks & plinths etc., including cost
of all materials, labour, HOM of Specifications. Specification. No. KBS 4.1,4.6( PWDSR -2018-19 Page
No.14 Item No 4.11 )
COLUMNS
RC 450X450 Cum 2 0.45 0.45 3.73 1.51
RC 230X450 Cum 42 0.23 0.45 3.73 16.19
LINTEL
LONG WALLS Cum 4 28.53 0.23 0.15 3.94
SHORT WALL Cum 14 7.12 0.23 0.15 3.44
ROOF BEAM
LONG WALL Cum 5 28.53 0.23 0.45 14.76
Cum 1 25.53 0.23 0.45 2.64
SHORT WALL Cum 7 18.16 0.23 0.45 13.16
ROOF SLAB
WHOLE BUILDING Cum 1 28.53 18.16 0.125 64.76
STAIRCASE
Staircase Waist slab Cum 2 4.00 1.50 0.150 1.80
Steps Cum 21 1.50 0.150 0.150 0.71
Staircase Landing Cum 1 3.00 2.00 0.150 0.90
Staircase Beam Cum 1 3.00 0.23 0.300 0.21
DEDUCTIONS
STAIRCASE SLAB PORTION Cum -1 3.00 4.5 0.125 -1.69
LIFT CHARGES: 60.00
Total: 122.81 6129.00 752717.00
2 KSRB 4.2.10: Providing and laying in position reinforced cement concrete of design mix M20 with .
OPC cement @ 24kgs, with 12mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates @
0.05175cum and fine aggregates @ 0.0345cum, with superplastisiser @ 0.225lts, machine mixed,
well compacted for plain chajja of 7.5cms. average thickness, upto ground floor level, including cost
of all materials, labour, HOM of machinery, finishing, curing, complete as per specifications.
Specification No. KBS 4.1,4.6 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.15, Item No. 4.19)
Chejja Sqm 2 28.53 0.60 34.24
4 8.18 0.60 19.63
LIFT CHARGES: 5.00
Total: 53.87 470.15 25326.00

3 KSRB 4-2.12: Extra for providing throating or drip moulding to R.C.C. chajja with plastering (labour .
charges only) as per specifications. Specification. No. KBS(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 15, Item No.
4.21)
Chejja M 2 29.73 59.46
4 9.38 37.52
96.98 34.65 3360.00
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 KSRB 6-1.3: Providing and constructing burnt brick masonry with approved quality of non-modular
bricks of standard size of class designation 3.5N/mm²(table mounded) with cement mortar 1:6 for
basement and superstructure including cost of materials, labour charges, scaffolding, curing
complete as per specifications. Specification No.KBS 6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 29, Item No.6.3)
MAIN WALLS
LONG WALLS Cum 3 28.530 0.23 3.15 62.01
Cum 1 25.530 0.23 3.15 18.50
SHORT WALL Cum 14 7.120 0.23 3.15 72.22
TOILET BLOCK LONG WALLS Cum 2 7.120 0.10 3.15 4.49
TOILET BLOCK SHORT WALLS Cum 8 1.700 0.10 3.15 4.28
DEDUCTIONS
DOORS
D Cum -10 1.20 0.23 2.10 -5.80
OPENING Cum -1 1.29 0.23 2.10 -0.62
D1 Cum -10 0.90 0.10 2.10 -1.89
WINDOW
W Cum -26 1.50 0.23 1.50 -13.46
VENTILATOR
V Cum -7 0.90 0.23 0.45 -0.65
V1 Cum -26 1.50 0.23 0.45 -4.04
V1 Cum -9 0.90 0.23 0.45 -0.84
COLUMN 230*450 Cum -42 0.23 0.45 3.15 -13.69
LIFT CHARGES: 60.00
Total: 120.51 5685.90 685209.00
5 KSRB 4.9.2 : Providing T.M.T steel reinforcement for R.C.C work including straightening, cutting,
bending, hooking, placing in position, lapping and / or welding wherever required, tying with binding
wire and anchoring to the adjoining members wherever necessary complete as per design (laps,
hooks and wastage shall not be measured and paid) cost of materials, labour, HOM of machinery
complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 4.6.3 for TMT Bars Fe 500 (PWD SR 2018-19
Page No. 18 , Item No. 4.46.2)
Concrete Qty cum Cum 1 122.81
At 115Kg/cum = KGS 1 14123.43 14.12
CHEJJA @ 30Kg/Sqm KGS 1 1616.04 1.62
Total: 15.74 73822.35 1161925.00
6 Providing and fixing factory made single lear rigid GRP Sandwich composite door shutter of 40 mm
thick, laminated with two GRP skins with wood grain finish, fabricated using U.V-stabilized Isopthalic
Gelcoat and one layer of 450 gns E-Glass Chopped Strand Mat(CSM) impregnated with orthopthalic
polyester resin.The thickness of the skins shall no be less than 1.5mm Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
strucutral foam panel of 37mm thickenss and a density of 20 Kg/m3 shall be used as core material.
Wooden reinforcements made of Seasoned Salwood block of cross section not lessthan
36mmx32mm and also necessary salwood reinforcements for fixing the metal fittings such as tower
bolts, aldrops, handles,etc. shall be provided A stuctural adhesive compatible with EPS foam shall be
used for bonding the core material, the salwood reinforment and the skins. The material and process
for manufacturing the door shutters shall confirm to RV-TIFAC Composites Design Centre Standards
and specifications and the door shutters tested in confiramation to IS 4020-1994. The finish of
shutter will be plain colur White/Ivory/Beig/Light Grey or any other colour using high quality
pigments. Excluding cost of fixtures and inclusive of supply of shutters to respective work spot.(PWD
SR 2018-19 Page No. 62 Item No.9.94)
D Sqm 10 1.20 2.10 25.20
ADDITIONAL CHARGES: 6.00
Total: 25.20 3996.00 100699.00

7 KSRB 9.4-4 : Providing White sal wood frames of doors, windows, clerestory windows, ventilators
and other frames, wrought, framed or assembled including making plaster groves ( excluding cost of
cement concrete and side clamps ), but including cost of materials, labour, HOM of machineries
complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 9.33(PWD SR 20118-19 Page No. Page No. 51
Item No.9.13)
Door, D cum 20 1.20 0.100 0.125 0.30
20 2.10 0.100 0.125 0.53
Door, D1 cum 10 0.90 0.075 0.125 0.08
20 2.10 0.075 0.125 0.39
Total: 1.30 64755.60 84385.00
Total:
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 KSRB 9-27.1 : Fixing of door frame in an existing opening including embeeding frame in floor and
walls after cutting masonry for holdfasts for embedding holdfast in cement concrete 1:3:6 of 20mm
and down size granite metal painting two coats of coal tar to sides of frame, making good the
damages to walls and floor as required and disposal of the debries with lead upto 50 m including
cost of materials, labour charges, complete as per specifications.(PWD SR 2018-19, Page No. 60
Item No.9.80)
Doors Nos 20 20.00
Total: 20.00 1438.50 28770.00
9 "PVC DOOR SHUTTER (Nandi or Equivalent) Supply and fixing of door shutters made of rigid PVC
extruded hollow section (Nandi or equivalent) of 20mm x 200mm with the wall thickness of
1.0mm+/0.1mm equally divided into 4no's with tongue and groove locking arrangements. the
shutter frame is made of 58x24 mm with the wall thickness of 1.5mm+/ -0.15mm section metricut
and joined at 4 corners with 125mmx225mm plastic brackets. the shutter shall be horizontally
reinforced inside the door shutter during the fabrication of the door shutter at those points wherever
the hardware is fixed on to the door shutter.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 61 Item No.9.86)
Doors D1 Nos 10 0.90 2.100 18.90

ADDITIONAL CHARGES: 6.00
Total: 18.90 1880.25 35537.00
10 KSRB 7.9 : Providing and fixing M.S.grill work for windows and ventilators using M.S. flats, or M.S.
square rods, or combination of M.S. flats and square rods as per approved design, drawing including
cutting steel sections and welding the same to required pattern with a coat of red lead primer, cost
of materials, fixtures, labour and HOM of machinery complete as per specifications. Specification No.
KBS 7.12 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.34 , Item No. 7.9)
WINDOW
W KGS 26 1.50 23.00 1.50 1345.50
V KGS 7 0.90 23.00 0.45 65.21
V1 KGS 26 1.50 23.00 0.45 403.65
V1 KGS 9 1.50 23.00 0.45 139.73
SECURITY GRILL WORK KGS 2 3.00 30.00 3.15 567.00
LIFT CHARGES: 6.00
Total: 2521.08 105.75 266604.00
11 KSRB 15-18.2 : Providing and applying enamel metal paint two coats (excluding priming coat) over
new steel or other metal surface brushing to give an even shade after cleaning oil, grease, dirt and
other foreign matter, including cost of materials, labour, complete as per specifications.(PWD SR
2018-19 Page No. 123 Item No.15.74)
W Sqm 26 1.50 1.50 58.50

V Sqm 7 0.90 0.45 2.84
V1 Sqm 26 1.50 0.45 17.55
V1 Sqm 9 1.50 0.45 6.08

SECURITY GRILL WORK Sqm 2 3.00 3.15 18.90

Total: 103.86 99.75 10360.00
12 KSRB 7.10: Providing and fixing in position aluminium windows and ventilators as per approved
drawings with sliding shutters using double track window frame section of size 61.85x31.75mm.
With 1.2mm thick, bottom section weight 0.695 kg/m, sides and top sections 1.3mm thick weight
0.695 kg/m; and shutter comprising top and bottom section of size 40mmx18mm, 1.25mm thick
0.417 kg/m; shutter interlock section 40mmx26.7mm, 1.1mm thick, weight 0.469 kg/m. the shutters
mounted on nylon rollers with approved quality of fixtures such as aluminium handles tower bolts
etc.; and providing and fixing 5.5mm. thick plain glass for shutters fitted with rubber beading
aluminium sections including cutting to required length, joints mitred subdividing the frame
tononned and rivetted in the assembled frame stiffened with end clips at corners angles etc., and
fixed to the walls, lintels, floor beams/cills as the case may be with necessary steel screw, raul plugs,
or teak wood gatties including cutting masonry or concrete and making good the original surgace
using cement mortar, aluminium sections pretreated for removal of any Specification. 1) -do- using
aluminium section anodized to 12-15 microns.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 34,35 Item No.7.10.1)
Windows W Sqm 26 1.50 1.50 58.50

LIFT CHARGES: 6.00
Total: 58.50 4485.30 262390.00
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13 Providing and fixing Special make glazed Vitrified tiles (Granomite finish) of approved make, quality
and colour of size 600x600x10mm thick fixed on existing flooring with a special adhesive for flooring,
skirting & jointed with neat cement slurrry mixed with pigment to match shade of tiles complete
including providing spacers at requred intleval and removing stains etc., cost of materials, mortar,
labour etc., complete as per specification(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 109 Item No.14.43)
ROOMS Sqm 9 4.77 7.120 305.66

ROOM Sqm 1 3.00 7.120 21.36
LIFT CHARGES: 2.00
Total: 327.02 1155.95 378021.00
14 Providing and laying flooring for corridors/lobbies using combination of pre polished 19 mm thick
water cut/gang saw Grey Granite, Black Granite, and strips of 50 mm wide pre flamed grey granite
using pre polished grey granite 19 mm thick 76% Pre polished black granite 19mm thick @ 2% and
preflamed 19mm thick grey granite@ 22% over existing cement concrete bed in CM 1:4 average
20mm thick pointed with white cement / colour pigment etc., complete._do_ Using 10mm thick
granite slab(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 110 Item No.14.48.2)
STAIRCASE ROOM Sqm 1 3.00 7.12 21.36
PASSAGE/CORRIDOR 1 28.53 3.00 85.59
LIFT CHARGES: 2.00
Total: 106.95 1837.40 196510.00
15 KSRB 14.14-5 : Providing Ceramic tiles of approved make, shade and size for flooring, treads of
steps and landings laid on a bed of 12 mm thick, cemetn mortar 1:3 mix, flush pointing with white
cement using colour pigment, including cost of materials, laobur, curing, complete as per
specifications For Ceramic Tiles of size 15x15cms 6mm thick (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 107-108
Item No.14.36.1)
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 1.34 1.680 22.51
LIFT CHARGES: 2.00
Total: 31.99 1180.10 37756.00

16 KSRB 14-17.1 : Providing skirting, dado, rises of steps with white glazed tiles 6mm thick on 10mm
thick cement plaster 1:3 and jointed with white cement slurry over rough plaster surface (excluding
cost of rough plastered surface which should be measured and paid separately) using glazed tiles of
approved make and size including cost of materials, labour, complete as per
specifications.Specification No. KBS 14.1614.17(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 108 Item No.14.40)
SKIRTING, DADO, RISES
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 6.04 2.100 126.84
Staircase(Treads) Sqm 20 2.00 0.30 12.00
Staircase(Rise) Sqm 21 2.00 0.15 6.30
Staircase Landing Sqm 1 3.00 1.50 4.50
PASSAGE/CORRIDOR Sqm 2 28.530 0.15 8.56
ROOMS Sqm 9 23.780 0.15 32.10
ROOMS Sqm 1 20.240 0.15 3.04
DEDUCTIONS
TOILET ROOM DOOR DEDUCTIONS
D1 Sqm -10 0.90 2.10 -18.90
LIFT CHARGES: 2.00
Total: 205.31 1226.30 251769.00

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
17 KSRB 4-6.2 : Providing and removing centering, shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of
form work for flat surface such as roofs, landings, balconies and likes, thickness upto 200 mm
including cost of all materials, labour complete as per specificaitons.up to 3.50m from Ground level.
Specification No. KBS 4.6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 16, Item No. 4.29)
Roof slab(Same as Flooring Qty) Sqm 465.97
Slab Sides Sqm 1 94.28 0.150 14.14
Staircase slab landing 1 3.00 1.50 4.50
Staircase Slab sides Sqm 2 1.50 3.00
LIFT CHARGES: 25.00
Total: 487.61 453.40 221081.00
form work for stairs (excluding landing) except spiral staircase including cost of all materials, labour
complete as per specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17, Item No.
4.38)
Staircase slab 1 3.00 4.50 13.50
LIFT CHARGES: 25.00
Total: 13.50 608.80 8219.00
form work for sides and soffits of beams, beam haunchings,cantilever girders, bressumers and lintels
not exceeding 1m in depth including cost of all materials, labour complete as per
specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17, Item No. 4.34)
ROOF BEAM
Sqm 5 28.53 1.13 161.19
Sqm 1 25.53 1.13 28.85
Sqm 7 18.16 1.13 143.65
LINTEL
Sqm 4 28.53 0.30 34.24
Sqm 14 7.12 0.30 29.90
Sqm 2 7.12 0.30 4.27
Sqm 8 1.70 0.30 4.08
LIFT CHARGES: 25.00
Total: 406.18 331.60 134690.00
20 KSRB 4-6.5: Providing and romoving centering, shutting, strutting, propping etc., for columns,
pillars, post and struts, square/rectangular/polygon in plan including cost of all materials, labour
complete as per specifications. Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 16, Item
No. 4.32)
RC 230X450 Sqm 42 1.36 3.73 212.77
LIFT CHARGES: 25.00
Total: 212.77 503.80 107195.00
form work for chajjas, corbels etc.,including edges including cost of all materials, labour complete
as per specifications.Specification No. KBS 4.6.2 (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 17, Item No. 4.37)
Chejja Sqm 2 28.53 0.60 34.24

4 8.18 0.60 19.63
Edge 1 29.73 0.10 2.97
1 9.38 0.10 0.94
LIFT CHARGES: 25.00
Total: 57.78 370.45 21404.00

Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22 KSRB15-3.12 : Providing 18mm thick cement plaster in single coat with cement mortar 1:4, to brick
masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering, : Providing and
removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per specifications.(PWD
SR 2018-19 Page No. 116 Item No.15.16)
EXTERIOR PLASTER
LONG WALL SQM 2 28.53 3.73 212.55
SHORT WALL SQM 4 7.58 3.73 112.94
PARAPET WALL SQM 2 28.53 1.95 111.27
SQM 2 18.61 1.95 72.58
CHEJJA SQM 1 39.11 1.33 51.82
Deductions
W SQM -13.0 1.50 1.50 -29.25
V SQM -3.5 0.90 0.45 -1.42
V1 SQM -13.0 1.50 0.45 -8.78
SCAFFOLDING CHARGES: 12.00
Total: 660.36 280.80 185429.00
23 KSRB 15-4.4 : Extra for providing and mixing waterproofing compound in cement plaster work at
one kg per bag or in the proportion recommended by the manufactures, for cement mortar 1:4,
18mm thick cost of materials complete as per specifications.(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 114 Item
No.15.26)
Qty Same as Item NO KSRB 15-3.12 660.36
Total: 660.36 8.40 5547.00
24 KSRB15-3.9 : KSRB 15.3.5 : Providing 15mm thick cement plaster in single coat with cement mortar
1:4, to brick masonry including rounding off corners wherever required smooth rendering, :
Providing and removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per
specifications. (PWD SR 2018-19 Page No. 113 Item No.15.13)
INTERIOR PLASTERING
ROOMS Sqm 9 23.78 - 3.60 770.47
ROOM Sqm 1 20.24 - 3.60 72.86
STAIRCASE ROOM Sqm 1 14.24 - 3.60 51.26
PASSAGE/CORRIDOR Sqm 2 28.53 - 3.60 205.42
TOILET BLOCK PASSAGE Sqm 2 7.12 - 3.60 51.26
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm 10 6.04 - 3.60 217.44
ROOF BEAM Sqm 7 3.00 - 1.13 23.73
Sqm 10 4.77 - 1.13 53.90
Sqm 1 3.00 - 1.13 3.39
Deduction
TOILET BLOCK PASSAGE Sqm -1 14.70 - 2.10 -30.87
WC/BATH ROOMS Sqm -10 6.04 - 2.10 -126.84
D Sqm -10.0 1.20 - 2.10 -25.20
O Sqm -1.0 1.00 - 2.10 -2.10
D1 Sqm -10.0 0.90 - 2.10 -18.90
W Sqm -13.00 1.50 - 1.50 -29.25
V Sqm -3.50 1.50 - 1.50 -7.88
V1 Sqm -13.00 1.50 - 1.50 -29.25
V1 Sqm -9.00 0.90 - 0.45 -3.65
LIFT CHARGES: 6.00
Total: 1175.81 233.85 274963.00

Itm
No.
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
31 Providing and casting reinforced cement concrete racks with design mix M20, granite or trap jelly 12
mm and down size 5 cms thick and below with reinforcements of 6 mm dia MS bars at 15 cms.
Centre to centre for main reinforcement and at 30 cms centre to centre for distribution including
supports wherever necessary with burnt brick in CM 1:4 including centring, form work, curing etc.,
complete (Inclusive of cost of steel and fabrication charges)(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.19, Item No.
4.53)
ROOM Sqm 9 2.50 2.10 47.25
ROOM Sqm 1 1.50 2.10 3.15
Total: 50.40 1033.20 52073.00

Total: 16.20 6322.05 102417.00
Net Total : 5767368.00
Total in lakhs : 300
Itm
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
31 Providing and casting reinforced cement concrete racks with design mix M20, granite or trap jelly 12
mm and down size 5 cms thick and below with reinforcements of 6 mm dia MS bars at 15 cms.
Centre to centre for main reinforcement and at 30 cms centre to centre for distribution including
supports wherever necessary with burnt brick in CM 1:4 including centring, form work, curing etc.,
complete (Inclusive of cost of steel and fabrication charges)(PWD SR 2018-19 Page No.19, Item No.
4.53)
ROOM Sqm 9 2.50 2.10 47.25
ROOM Sqm 1 1.50 2.10 3.15
Total: 50.40 1033.20 52073.00

Total: 16.20 6322.05 102417.00
Net Total : 5767368.00
Total in lakhs : 300

ELEMENTS OF A COST ESTIMATE
Quantity Takeoff: The foundation for a successful estimate relies upon reliable
identification (takeoff) of the quantities of the various materials involved in the project.
Labor Hours: Labor hour amounts can be developed by crew analysis or applied on a unit
man-hour basis. The use of a labor dollar per unit of work (ex: $15 per cubic yard for grade
beams or $20 per cubic yard for walls) is only applicable when the cost history supports the
data being used. The estimator must make allowance for the varying production capability
that will occur based upon the complexity of a project.
Labor Rates: The labor rate is the cost per hour for the craftsmen on the project. To
determine any craft rate, whether union or open shop, the estimator starts with the basic
wages and fringe benefits.
 To the wages and fringe benefits, the estimator must add payroll burdens. These are
FICA (Social Security), FUI (Federal Unemployment Insurance), SUI (State
Unemployment Insurance), WC (Worker Compensation) and others mandated by
legislation and/or company operations. These burdens, plus the base wages and fringe
benefits, determine the hourly cost of a craft classification (i.e., carpenter, pipefitter,
etc.).
 The hourly rate can also involve a mixed crew where a mix of different crafts for a
work crew for the performance of the work.
 Overtime or the lack of overtime is another consideration in determining the
calculation of the hourly rates. A project that is scheduled for completion using a forty
hour work week (Some areas may have a standard 35 hour week) will have a modest
amount of overtime costs required in the estimate. A project that is scheduled for
extended 50, 60 or even 70 hour work weeks will have a substantial amount included
for overtime and loss of productivity.
Material Prices: Material prices, especially in today's current market, fluctuate up and down.
The estimator must both understand and anticipate the frequency and extent of the price
variations and the timing of the buying cycle. Material prices may be affected by:
 purchase at a peak or slack time of the year for the manufacturer

 material availability
 the size of the order
 the delivery timeframe requirement

 physical requirements for delivery, such as distance, road size, or site access
 payment terms and history on previous purchases
 sole-source items
 Exchange rates (if the material will be imported into the U.S.)
Equipment Costs: Equipment rates depend on the project conditions to determine the correct
size or capacity of equipment required to perform the work. When interfacing with other
equipment, cycle times and equipment capacity control the costs on the project. Costs will
also differ if the equipment is owned by the contractor as opposed to rent.
Subcontractor Quotes: A subcontractor quote, like the general estimate, contains labor,
material, equipment, indirect costs, and profit. It is dependent upon having the quantities,
labor hours, hourly rate, etc., prepared in a reliable manner just like any other part of an
estimate. The amount of the subcontractor quote is also dependent upon the payment terms of
the contract, and previous payment history between the subcontractor and general contractor.
Bonding costs should also be considered.
Indirect Costs: Indirect costs consist of labor, material, and equipment items required to
support the overall project.
 For the owner: design fees, permits, land acquisition costs, legal fees, administration
costs, etc.
 For the contractor and subcontractor: mobilization, staffing, on-site job office,
temporary construction, temporary heat/cooling, and temporary utilities, equipment,
small tools and consumables, etc.
Profit Amount: Apply appropriate or contracted profit rate uniformly to all contractors and
to original bid and change orders.

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
 This project report has sought to give details of the components of a multi-storey
building and an idea of structural components can be achieved when structural
drawings are read.
 ETABS was used for the analysis for all loading combinations since it reduces the
time consumption and gives required accurate results, but when it comes to designing,
ETABS gives uneconomical design and hence manual design is adopted.
 The Detailing of Reinforcement is made as per IS- code provision which provides
Ductility to the Structure and hence better performance.
 All the structural components are checked to satisfy the serviceability criteria and
hence provided dimension of all structural components are adequate.
 From the “Analysis and design”, we can estimate the cost of whole structure before
the work is to be executed. Hence the appropriate cost of whole building will be
known in advance.

CHAPTER 12
SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

 The quantity of reinforcement required for the structure with and without seismic load
can be checked to know the difference in quantity of steel and cost of structure.
 Shear walls and lateral bracing can also be provided to make the structure safer
against earthquake load and their influence in the analysis can be considered.
 Low cost building material and their strength can be used in multi storey buildings to
achieve overall economy of structures.
 The above project can further planned using the project management tools like
Primavera Project Planner or Microsoft project and can be managed and monitored
during execution to achieve fast and efficient execution.
 Light weight building materials can be incorporated in the structural elements

wherever it is required to reduce the total weight of the structure, and hence can
reduce the cost of project.

CHAPTER 13
REFERENCE
 Divya Bahraini HOD Nova College of Engineering and Technology: “Optimized
Design of a G+20 Storied Building Using ETABS” .There is a gradual increase in the
value of lateral forces from bottom floor to top floor in software analysis.
 V.Varalakshmi: “The design and analysis of multistoried G+4 building at kukatpally”,

Hyderabad, India. Test on safe bearing capacity was obtained.
 A.Jhansi Rani Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, (CJITS).” Limit

state method is the best approach for designing the building”.
 Rohit kumar.B.R. : Analysis and design of Multi storey Structure Using ETABS
(IRJET).” The analysis and design results obtained from software are safe when
compared with manual calculations and design”.
 IS: 456-2000, Code of Practice Plain and Reinforced concrete.
 IS: 875-1987 (Part 1) – 1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures.
 IS: 875-1987 (Part 2) – 1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures - Imposed loads.
 IS-SP-16:1980, code design aids for reinforced concrete

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI-590018

“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HOSTEL BUILDING BY USING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of the HOD

Signature of the Principal

External viva voce

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

We are greatly indebted to our Project Co-coordinator Asst.Prof. Mr.

SUBJECT CODE : 17CV85

GUIDED BY : Mrs.Pushpalatha R Gadag

PREREQUISITES : 1. Strength of Materials

3. Building Planning and Drawing

6. Computer Aided Design Laboratory

7. Design and Drawing of RC Structures

9. Geotechnical Engineering Lab

10. Estimation and Valuation

Subject Course objective or Learning objective

C0414.4 Justify and validate a presentable report Knowledge,

Program Outcomes (Pos) Course outcomes outcome (Cos)

c) Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

c) Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

Does CO1 reflects intended measurement from PO1?

Does CO1 reflect intended measurement from PO6?

CO2: Understand the importance of function of STAAD.PRO.

Does CO2 reflect intended measurement from PO1?

Does CO2 reflect intended measurement from PO10?

Does CO3 reflect intended measurement from PO1?

Does CO3 reflect intended measurement from PO6?

Does CO4 reflect intended measurement from PO6?

Does CO4 reflect intended measurement from PO10?

Engineering graduates will be able to:

NOTE: Correlation levels 1: Low 2: Moderate 3: High

2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 28-46

10. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK 150-150

11. REFERENCE 151-151

b - Breadth of beam, or shorter dimension of a rectangular column.

bef - Effective width of slab

bf - Effective width of flange

bw - Breath of web or rib

D - Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column; dimension of a rectangular column

d - Effective depth of beam or slab

d` - Depth or compressive reinforcement from the highly compressed face.

Ec - Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Es - Modulus of Elasticity of Steel

fck - Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete

fct - Splitting tensile strength of concrete

fy - Characteristic strength of steel

Hw - Unsupported height of wall

Hwc - Effective height of wall

Ief - Effective moment of inertia

Igr - Moment of inertia of the gross section excluding reinforcement

Ir - Moment of Inertia of cracked section

K - Constant or Co-efficient of factor

LL - Live load or imposed load

Lw - Horizontal distance b/w centers of lateral restraint

l - length of a column or beam b/w adequate lateral restraints or unsupported length of a

lef - Effective span of beam or slab or effective length of a column

lex - Effective length about x-x axis

ln - Clear span, face to face of supports