PROJECT REPORT

“TO STUDY THE ONLINE SHOPPING

PORTAL USING
PHP & MYSQL”
Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology and System Management

Submitted to
NMIMS Global Access
School for continuing Education (NGA – SCE)

Submitted by,
Ms. Mugula Ramya Swati
Enroll. No. : 77119815255

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 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project titled “TO STUDY THE ONLINE SHOPPING
PORTAL USING PHP & MYSQL” is an original work of the Student and is being
submitted Ms. Mugula Ramya Swati in partial fulfillment for the award of the “Post
Graduate Diploma in Information Technology and System Management” degree of
NMIMS Global Access. This report has not been submitted earlier either to this
University or to any other University/Institution for the fulfillment of the requirement of
a course of study.

Ms. Mugula Ramya Swati

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to all teachers for the valuable
guidance, consistent encouragements untiring and continuous supervision and support at
every stage of project. My sincere thanks to my all teachers for their valuable guidance in
successful completion of my project work. Last but not the least I express my thanks to
all those who directly or indirectly helped us and encouraged us in carrying of this work.

Ms. Mugula Ramya Swati

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project work titled “TO STUDY THE ONLINE SHOPPING
PORTAL USING PHP & MYSQL.” is my original work and no part of it has been
submitted for any other degree purpose or published in any other from till date.

Ms. Mugula Ramya Swati

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No Chapter Name Chapter Number

Bonafide Certificate 2
Declaration by the Student 4
Title of the Project 6
1 Introduction to the topic 7 – 10
Problem Statement
Objectives of the study
2 Literature Review 11 – 37
3 Research Methodology 38 – 41
4 Suggestion and conclusion 42 – 46
6 References 47

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 TITLE OF THE PROJECT
AN STUDY THE ONLINE SHOPPING PORTAL USING
PHP & MYSQL

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

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Now a day’s computer has an important role in our daily life. Anything we want we can
get only in one mouse click. Speed, reliability and accuracy of the computer make it a
powerful tool for different purposes. A very important and basic need of today’s modern
business world is the quick availability and processing of information using computer.
One can easily get the type of required information within a fraction of a second. The
project that I have taken is also in this category which is used in our daily life whenever
we want to purchase some items we can easily get them at our home.

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly

buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser or a mobile
app. Online stores usually enable shoppers to use "search" features to find specific
models, brands or items.

Online shopping portal is the process of buying goods and services from merchants
over the Internet. On the other hand, shoppers can visit web stores from the comfort of
their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer. This online shopping portal is
in PHP, javascript, and CSS. Talking about the features of this system, it contains the
Admin and user sections. Above all, this project is beneficial if you are starting to learn
on how to make an ecommerce website with an online shopping feature.

Need of ONLINE SHOPPING PORTAL

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The “ONLINE SHOPPING PORTAL” is developed according the current need in
different Fields. This is online shopping Website which provides facility for purchasing
Mobiles, Laptops, Camera and many more items. So by using this Online Shopping
Portal users which want to purchase some products will first register an account on this
portal then Login through their Username and Password, and then Select items which
they want to purchase and add them to cart and finally checkout by giving payment
details. So by using this portal users can easily purchase products from their home.

There are a lot of reasons why customers today prefer shopping online:
1. Convenience. The convenience is the biggest perk. Where else can you
comfortably shop at midnight while in your pajamas? There are no lines to wait in or
shop assistants to wait on to help you with your purchases, and you can do your
shopping in minutes. Online shops give us the opportunity to shop 24/7, and also
reward us with a ‘no pollution’ shopping experience. There is no better place to buy
informational products like e-books, which are available to you instantly, as soon as
the payment goes through. Downloadable items purchased online eliminate the need
for any kind of material goods at all, as well, which helps the environment!

2. You can send gifts more easily. Sending gifts to relatives and friends is easy, no
matter where they are. Now, there is no need to make distance an excuse for not
sending a gift on occasions like birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, Valentine’s Day,
Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, and so forth.

3. Price comparisons. Comparing and researching products and their prices is so

much easier online. Also, we have the ability to share information and reviews with
other shoppers who have firsthand experience with a product or retailer.

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4. No crowds. If you are like me, you hate crowds when you’re shopping. Especially
during festivals or special events, they can be such a huge headache. Also, it tends to
be more chaotic when there are more crowds out and this sometimes makes us feel
rush or hurried. Grumpy, annoying, and smelly people also annoy me when I’m out
shopping. Plus, parking becomes a huge issue. All of these problems can be avoided
when you shop online.

5. No need to travel. People don't usually like to move a lot to get what they want. Of
course, nothing can compete with experience of going to a cloth boutique and buying
what you want, but normally people just don't want to travel. Customers don't usually
leave near the shops they would want to visit, but today they have an option to visit the
shop online.

An ecommerce system provides real time data and analytics about your products and your
customers. You can see how people interact with the site, what products interest them,
what they left in their cart and how much the average purchase was. Valuable metrics that
allow you to make adjustments to meet your customer’s needs.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

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One must know what the problem is before it can be solved. The basis for the online
shopping portal is to buy products online and save the timing.
A Online shopping portal, who want to buy any product of their need, has to contact
different Shoppers, before deciding upon a particular Product that best suit his needs,
requirements and satisfaction. Moreover, most of the work involved in this development
process has to be done manually which is very time consuming and cumbersome and also,
it reduces the efficiency, accuracy.
To know the facts and understanding of the problem in detail, System Analysis is carried
out. It is the process of studying the business processes and procedures, generally referred
to as business systems, to see how they can operate and whether improvement is needed.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of project on Online Shopping Portal is to developing a GUI based

automated system, which will cover all the information Related to the all products which
is used in our daily life. For example – Mobiles Phones, Laptops, Clothes, Books,
Electronic Items and many more. So by this GUI based automated system a user want to
purchase something then it only a mouse click away to purchase these products.

CHAPTER – 2

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

STRUCTURE OF PROJECT

 Before Login
 Login
 Register
 Forget Password
 Administrator Login
 About Us
 Contact Us
 After Administrator Login
 Edit Website Details
 Add Brands
 Add Category
 Add Items
 Delete Brands
 Delete Category
 Delete Items
 Manage User
 See Users
 Users Shopping
 Add Users
 Delete Users
 Logout
 After User Login
 My Profile
 Edit Profile
 Change Password

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  Buy Products
 Categories (Controlled by Admin. Which can be add it dynamically according to their
needs)
 My Cart
 My Shopping’s
 Checkout
 Logout

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The software development life cycle, as outlined by Edward Yourdon in his book Modern
Structured Analysis (1989) has been followed in this project with minor modifications.
The modified life cycle is shown overleaf:-
The activities in the life cycle are explained in brief below:

1) SURVEY PROJECT SCOPE AND FEASIBILITY

This activity is also known as the feasibility study. It begins with a request from
the user for a new system. It involves the following:
 Identify the responsible user for a new system
 Clarify the user request
 Identify deficiencies in the current system
 Establish goals and objectives for the new system
 Determine the feasibility for the new system
 Prepare a project charter that will be used to guide the remainder of the Project

2) SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
The objective of the system analysis activity is to develop structured system
specification for the proposed system. The structured system specification should

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describe what the proposed system would do; independent of the technology, which will
be used to implement these requirements. The structured system specification will be
used to implement these requirements. The structured system specification will be called
the essential model (also know as logical model).
The essential model may itself consist of multiple models, modeling different
aspect of the system. The data flow diagrams may model the data and there relationships
and the state transition diagram may model time dependent behavior of the system. The
essential model thus consists of the following.
 Context diagram
 Leveled data flow diagrams
 Process specification for elementary bubbles
 Data dictionary for the flow and stores on the DFDs.

3) PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The activity deals with certain design issues, which are to be finalized in
consultation with the user. The two most important design issues of relevance to the user
are the automation boundary and the human –machine interface. The output of the
activity is the user implementation model. The major part of the user implementation
model is the specification for the user interface of the proposed system. The user
implementation model is also referred to as the physical model of the proposed system.
The user implementation model is also referred to as the physical model of the proposed
system. The model, in addition to the essential model, defines the following for the
proposed system:
 Automation boundary
 Report layouts
 Layouts of the source documents

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  Screen layouts for the data entry forms
 Menu

4) SYSTEM DESIGN
System design involves transformation of the user implementation model into
software design. The design specification of the proposed system consists of the
following:
 Database scheme
 Structure charts
 Pseudo codes for the modules in structure charts

5) IMPLEMENTATION
This activity includes programming, testing and integration of modules into a
progressively more complete system. Implementation is the process of collect all the
required parts and assembles them into a major product.

6) TEST GENERATION
This activity generates a set of test data, which can be used to test the new system
before accepting it. In the test generation phase all the parts are come which are to be
tested to ensure that system does not produce any error. If there are some errors then we
remove them and further it goes for accepting.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS
Product definition

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 Online Shopping Portal System is a computerized, online solution to the various
problems faced by the Product buyer and seller wishing to outsource their software
development work to a Provider at an economical cost, thus achieving high
performance, accuracy, reliability and high speed of data retrieval.
In this system, there is a registration process each for the Product buyer and seller.
The Administrator of the site verifies the Provider after his registration and if satisfied,
assigns him a user name and password.
Our site can be used by anyone who is searching for Products whether he/she is
first time visiting our site. Our site also provides some discounted Products as same u
get on any shop.
The software covers the following point while keeping in mind user’s
requirement-:
 Fast online access of information about various Products.
 Search Products by keywords like functional area, experience and also by initials
of the Product’s name.
 Administrator will maintain the database and perform all process.
There are 2 categories of users-
1. General User
2. Registered Users

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
The feasibility study of this project comprise of the following
Economic Feasibility
The cost centers in the system development as well as operation are trivial. The major can
be network, internet and the software required for coding. The software used for the
development of the proposed system is PHP and MySQL. In terms of wallet our product
is in well reach of pocket.
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Technical Feasibility
Technical feasibility centers on the current system and to what extent it can support the
proposed system, it includes current computer system specifications such as hardware,
software etc. it also involves financial considerations to accommodate the technical
enhancements. If the budget is serious constraint then the project is judged not feasible.
Though the system is developed in the generalized form, which covers all the procedures
and operations carried out in an internet based solution. The version used in the system is
PHP and MySQL.
MySQL can manage large amount of data and is simple and secure. Using PHP helps us
to design the look of our application.

Operational Feasibility
In this we determine what change will be brought in system, new skills required and
other human organization and political aspects.
Each user can easily use our site. However it is desirable that the user has the basic
knowledge of the computers.
Without making any changes in the rules and regulations of the existing system proposed
system can easily adopted.

PROJECT PLAN
DEFINING A PROBLEM
 Define a problem.

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  Justify the needs for a computerized solution.
 Identify the functions to be provided by the systems along with the constraints.
 Determine goal and requirements of the system.
 Establish the high level acceptance criteria.

DEVELOPING A SOLUTION STRATEGY

 Outline several solution strategies. Do not consider constraints for the time being.
 Conduct a feasibility strategy, including why the other strategies are rejected.
 Develop a list of priorities for the product characteristics.

PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

 Define a life cycle model and an organizational structure for the project.
 Plan the configuration management, quality assurance and validation activities.
 Establish the preliminary cost estimates, the schedule and the staffing estimates for
System development.
 Develop preliminary estimates for the computing resources required to operate and
maintain the system.

ACTIVITIES DURING SOFTWARE PROJECT PLANNING

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 SIZE
ESTIMATION

COST
DEVELOPMENT
ESTIMATION
TIME

RESOURCES
REQUIREMENT

PROJECT
SCHEDULING

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SIZE ESTIMATION
The estimation of size is very critical and difficult area of the project planning. It has
been recognized as a crucial step from the very beginning. The difficulties in establishing
units for measuring size lie in the fact that the software is essentially abstract; it is
difficult to identify the size of the system. Many attempts have been made at establishing
a unit for measure size. They are given as-:

 Lines Of Code

A line of code is any line of program that is not a comment or blank line,
regardless of the number of statements or fragments of statements on the line. This
specifically includes all lines containing program header, declarations and
executable and non executable statements.

 Function Count

It measures functionally from user point of view that is on the basis of what the
user requests and receives in return. Therefore it deals with the functionality being
delivered, and not with lines of code, source modules etc. Measuring size in this
way has the advantage that size measure is independent of the technology used to
deliver the functions.

COST ESTIMATION
For any software project, it is necessary to know how much it will cost to develop and
how much development time it will take. These estimates are needed before development
is initiated. In many cases estimates are made using past experience as the only guide. A

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number of techniques have been developed and are having following attributes in
common:
 Project scope must be established in advance.
 Software metrics are used as a basis from which estimates are made.
 The project is broken into small pieces which are estimated individually.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

At Developer Side
During system development, i have to design both static and dynamic website
interfaces, create website functions and a database system, edit photos and pictures, so its
has a set of software and hardware requirements.
Hardware Used Software Used
 Intel Dual Core Processor  WAMP SERVER
 160 GB Hard Disk Drive.  MYSQL Database
 1GB RAM.  NOTEPAD
 O.S. – Windows XP SP2  MS PAINT

At System Users Side

The following is the requirements for the system users including members and
administrators.

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Hardware Requirements Software Requirements
 Intel Pentium 4 Processor  Browser (IE 7.0 or Above,
 20 GB Hard Disk Drive. Mozilla Firefox, Google
 256MB RAM. Chrome

 O.S. – Windows XP  Browser Must be JavaScript

Enabled

Front End Details

Front End tool is used for give a Graphical user interface to system. By this we can make
a system user friendly and more capable. I have chosen PHP as front end tool. Because it
is an Open Source Technology, freely available and more familiar with any type of
database.

ABOUT PHP:
PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor which, in itself is confusing. It’s not
actually as complicated as it seems though – if you have a basic understanding of HTML,
PHP is going to be pretty easy to learn. It allows you to collect process and utilize data to
create output – basically it allows you to interact with all your pages. For this purpose,
PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web
server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. As a
general-purpose programming language, PHP code is processed by an interpreter
application in command-line mode performing desired operating system operations and
producing program output on its standard output channel. It may also function as a
graphical application. PHP is available as a processor for most modern web servers and
as standalone interpreter on most operating systems and computing platforms.
PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range. This range is typically that of
32-bit signed integers. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain

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situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages. Integer variables
can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal,
and hexadecimal notations. Point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range.
They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific
notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types
in Java and C++. The best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a
newcomer, but offers many advanced features for a professional programmer. Using the
Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false,
as in Perl and C++. The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only
value in the null data type is NULL. Variables of the "resource" type represent references
to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a
particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension;
examples include file, image, and database resources. Arrays can contain elements of any
type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists
of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also
supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, or heredoc syntax.

Why PHP?
The Importance of PHP Web Development
 Developing a website is a priority these days to your business on the Internet. Designing
and Development are the steps that are important. PHP Programming the Languages
mostly commonly used for Website and Web Application Development. PHP is a general
purpose, server-side scripting language run a web server that's designed to make dynamic
pages and applications. PHP as a web development option is secure, fast and a reliable
that offers lots more advantages to make it accessible to a lot of people. It is to be given a
thought as to what has made PHP Programming as one of the most commonly

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programming language for the Web  industry. Using PHP as its  language has many
benefits, a few of which could be listed as below.
 
 PHP supports like MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, etc.
 It is by far the compatible with servers like Apache, IIS, etc.
 PHP runs on platforms, such as, Windows, Linux, etc.
 Using PHP to create a is very simple because of the easy functions, methods,
and syntax of this language
 PHP also supports database management system and other open source
databases
 Not only this, PHP has been compatible with open source software
integration, such as, Drupal, Joomla, Typo3, osCommerce, etc.

PHP Application Development Oktamam a very efficient team of knowledgeable, skillful and

experienced programmer with a knack in PHP web development, PHP application development, PHP
software development. We aim is delivering robust web solutions that are highly professional, error free
and made of all the functionalities the client puts in their requirement sheet.
 
Lamp Development, LAMP Programming is most advantageous technology for web application
development and open application development. We use LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) 
developing affordable modern day websites. LAMP is an source platform that Linux as its Operating
Systems.

PHP Application Maintenance like maintenance of any machine, websites a period of time need to be
updated. Oktamam help to take this job of maintenance of your website timely. Our application
maintenance services provide new add-ons, making modification to certain of existing system or any
other customized maintenance work. These services allow our clients to focus on their core business
areas in order to widen their customer base.

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PHP Programmer have dedicated team of professional PHP developers dedicatedly to satisfy our client
with the requirement. We assure to provide PHP developers with effective solutions. PHP developers are
well versed in PHP web development, custom PHP development, PHP software development and
source development.

Back End Details

Back end part of a system is more important because it controls all the internal process of a
system. I have choose oracle database as back end. Because it is word’s Most Capable relational
database and provide more security than others.

Why MySQL?
MySQL is the world's most popular open source database software, with over 100 million copies of its
software downloaded or distributed throughout its history. With its superior speed, reliability, and ease
of use, MySQL has become the preferred choice for Web, Web 2.0, SaaS, ISV, Telecom companies and
forward-thinking corporate IT Managers because it eliminates the major problems associated with
downtime, maintenance and administration for modern, online applications.
Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and money
powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged software — including
industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube, Wikipedia, and
Booking.com.

The flagship MySQL offering is MySQL Enterprise, a comprehensive set of production-tested software,
proactive monitoring tools, and premium support services available in an affordable annual
subscription.

MySQL is a key part of WAMP (Window, Apache, MySQL, PHP), the fast-growing open source
enterprise software stack. More and more companies are using WAMP as an alternative to expensive
proprietary software stacks because of its lower cost and freedom from platform lock-in.

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REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS STEPS

Draw context
Diagram

Draw Prototypes

Model The Requirement

Requirement

Finalize The Requirement

Requirement

Draw Context Diagrams – The context diagram is a simple model that defines the boundaries and
interfaces of the proposed system with the external world. It identifies the entities outside the proposed
system that interact with the system
Development Of Prototype – One effective way to find out what the customer really wants is to
construct a prototype, something that looks and preferably acts like a part of the system they want.
Model The Requirement – This process really consist of various graphical representations of
functions, data entities, external entities and the relationship between them. The graphical view may
help to find incorrect, inconsistent, missing and superfluous requirement.
Finalize The Requirements – After modeling the requirements we will have better understanding
of the system behavior. The inconsistencies and ambiguities have been identified and corrected.

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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in accepting
the inputs and in processing and generating the outputs. These are listed as “shall” statements starting
with “The system shall….
Login Module – This module is provided for administrator and users such as Product buyer and seller
who have registered themselves in the system. These login are provided according to the need of the
systems.
 Input – User id and password
 Process – After entering user id and password by user process of validation
occur to identify whether user id and password is available in database or not.
 Output – Registered user can access website and can use the services.

Administrator Module – The administrator is provided with password and login-id with which
he/she can access the system. Administrator is provided right of maintaining the database, verifies
registered users.
 Input – Login id and password.
 Process – Process of validation will occur.
 Output – Administrator will maintain the database and will perform Product
seller process.

Search Module – In this module we are going to provide facility for Product buyer to search for
Products according to their specified categories so that users can search for Products easily.
 Input- Initial letter of Product, with the help of keywords and with the help of
Brand name.
 Output- Information about Products.

User Module – As users are the main visitor of site, the following facilities are available through
this module.
Can search the Products according to their need

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 Can order online books and pay via credit or atm card or PayPal.
Can get information about Products.
 Input – User Id and password
 Process – Process of validation will occur.
 Output – Only genuine user can access services provided by website.

NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

Performance Requirement
The performance of the product mainly depends on the speed of Internet connection. If the user wants
hard real time response, then this is definitely not the product to go for.
Safety Requirements
The electrical connection to the devices is critical and should be done according to the standards to
avoid any short circuits.
Security Requirements
We aim to provide high security features like encryption to the user accounts to provide security from
illegal hacking and gaining access to the system.

SYSTEM DESIGN
The most creative and challenging phase of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is Software
Design. SDS is systematic documentation of design. A design process involves “conceiving and
planning out in the mind” and “making drawing pattern or sketch”. The term “design” describes a final
system and the process by which it is developed. It assist in catching potential errors before the
implementation phase itself which had been very costly to remove otherwise.
System Design is a solution how to translate the system requirement into a blue print for constructing
the software. The goal of SDS is not only to produce a correct design but the best possible one within
the limitation imposed by the requirements and the physical and social environment in which the system
will operate.

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The system architecture description found in this document provides the reader a clear sense of how the
system will be organized, how the components will interact and how the users will interface with the
running software.

DESIGN NOTATIONS
The DFD also known as the Bubble Chart is a simple graphical formalism that can be used to represent a
system in terms of the input data to the system. Various processing carried out on these data, and the
output data generated by the system. The main reason why the DFD technique is so popular is probably
because of the fact that DFD is a very simple formalism-it is simple to understand and use. A DFD uses
a very limited number of primitive symbols to represent the functions performed by a system and the
data flow among these functions. Starting with a set of high-level functions that a system performs, a
DFD model hierarchically represents various sub functions.

PRODUCT FUNCTION
The complete product is comprised of various functions-
Function available to general user-
 User can access the information about various Products and Brands.
 User can become a member of site by registering himself.
 User can buy a Product online.
 Selected categories can be explored by user.

Registered user has some other function like-

 Log –in page to log into the application.
 He will get email from administrator sending him information about new Products in the store.
 Can change his/her password.

Function available to Administrator

 Administrator will add or delete the Products in the database.
 Administrator also provides the discount on the Products.

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  It enables or disables the user after fill the user registration form.
 Administrator will send new password to the user email address.

USER CHARACTERISTICS
This subsection of SRS should describe whose characteristics of the eventual user of the product that
will affect the specific requirement. Our website will be intended not only for authorized user but also
for general user.

ADMINISTRATOR
 Administrator should know how to access internet and must have good knowledge of English.
 He must be aware of how to respond feedback and queries fired by user.

GENERAL USER
 We assume that user knows English & user need not be computer professionals.
 User should be aware of internet.
 User can access information through hyperlink such that navigation of various pages.
CONSTRAINTS
Only administrator will be able to make entries in the database and can modify it.
DETAIL DESIGN
 Search
On this web site two type of user can search the book one is registered and another is unregistered.
Registered user have to fill the form and then he/she can search or buy the Products but unregistered can
only search the Products not buy the Product until they did not get the registered user.

 Registration Form
Shop will place registration form on the site. In this buyer interact with the shop. Buyer will get
registration form from the site and fill those forms and submit on the site. Shop will store these
registration forms in their database. In this we have to fill first name, last name, address, e-mail, etc.

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Entity Relationship Diagram
Entity relationship diagrams are a way to represent the structure and layout of a database. It is used
frequently to describe the database schema. ER diagrams are very useful as they provide a good
conceptual view of any database, regardless of the underlying hardware and software. An ERD is a
model that identifies the concepts or entities that exist in a system and the relationships between those
entities. An ERD is often used as a way to visualize a relational database: each entity represents a
database table, and the relationship lines represent the keys in one table that point to specific records in
related tables.
ERDs may also be more abstract, not necessarily capturing every table needed within a database, but
serving to diagram the major concepts and relationships. This ERD is of the latter type, intended to
present an abstract, theoretical view of the major entities and relationships needed for management of
electronic resources. It may assist the database design process for an e-resource management system, but
does not identify every table that would be necessary for an electronic resource management database.

Objects
There are three main objects on an ER Diagram:
1. Entities
2. Relations
3. Attributes.

Entities
An entity is a concept or object in the database. Entities are concepts within the data model. Each entity
is represented by a box within the ERD. Entities are abstract concepts, each representing one or more
instances of the concept in question. An entity might be considered a container that holds all of the
instances of a particular thing in a system. Entities are equivalent to database tables in a relational
database, with each row of the table representing an instance of that entity.

Attributes
The Supplier Name, Supplier Address, Telephone Number etc. A given attribute belonging to a given
entity occurrence can only have one value. Therefore, if a supplier could have more than one address or

30
telephone number then this should be determined before defining the attributes of that entity type. In this
example the defined entity may require two or three address and/or telephone number attributes. It is the
maximum practical instances of a given attribute that should be catered for in the entity type definition.

Relationships
Relations are the connections between two or more entities. Relationship lines indicate that each
instance of an entity may have a relationship with instances of the connected entity, and vice versa. Each
entity type can always be described in terms of attributes, and these attributes will apply to all
occurrences of that given entity type

FLOWCHART

reply Request

Operation/data
Authentication processing
Online
n
Login / Shopping Portal Products /
Index Database Cart /
Shopping
(Approved/Reject) (Acknowledgement)

(Acknowledgement) Payment /
Submission

Payment / Checkout

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 (0 level DFD)
For Registration

User
Details

Register Form

Username Exists

Database

Success

Login orm

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For Login

User Request Access Denied

Not Authenticate

Authenticate
Database
Buy
Products

33
For Buying Product:

User
Request

Database

User’s
Checkout
Cart

Payment Details

34
E-R Diagram

35
TESTING
Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors. Although software testing
is itself an expensive activity, yet launching of software without may lead to cost potentially much
higher than that of testing, especially in systems where human safety is involved. Effective software
testing will contribute to the delivery of higher quality software products, more satisfied users, and
lower maintenance costs, more accurate and reliable results. Software testing is necessary and important
activity of software development process.

STRUCTURAL TESTING
Structural Testing takes into account the internal mechanism of a system or component. Fatigue Testing is
carried out with the objective of determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of
times it can be applied before causing failure. So when your product’s structural durability needs to be
predicted, verified and validated, turn to DTB's Structural Testing and Fatigue Testing experts. We
provide you with the necessary structural testing and fatigue testing equipment and personnel to test the
design and manufacturing integrity of your product. Call upon our vast experience in commercial and
military applications.
Software Structural Testing is a 2-day course designed to provide an excellent knowledge base and
practical skills for anyone interested in improving Software Structural Testing techniques and practices in
their organization. This course starts with an overview of software testing basics, including discussions of
the importance of software testing, the different levels of testing and basic testing principles.  Basic testing
terminology is defined.  Techniques for ensure test coverage of requirements, different types of testing
documentation and various test activities are discussed.
Course attendees will learn how to utilize various techniques for performing systematic structural testing,
including decision/condition coverage, loop testing and basis path testing.  Strategies for performing
software and system integration testing are also covered.

FUNCTIONAL TESTING
It is very useful and convenient in support of functional testing. Although JMeter is known more as a
performance testing tool, functional testing elements can be integrated within the Test Plan, which was
originally designed to support load testing. Many other load-testing tools provide little or none of this

36
feature, restricting themselves to performance-testing purposes. Besides integrating functional-testing
elements along with load-testing elements in the Test Plan, you can also create a Test Plan that runs these
exclusively. In other words, aside from creating a Load Test Plan, it also allows you to create a
Functional Test Plan. This flexibility is certainly resource-efficient for the testing project.
This will give a walkthrough on how to create a Test Plan as we incorporate and/or configure its elements
to support functional testing. This created a Test Plan for a specific target web server. We will begin the
chapter with a quick overview to prepare you with a few expectations; we will create a new Test Plan,
only smaller. The Test Plan we will create and run at the end of this chapter will incorporate elements that
support functional testing, exclusively.

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 CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY USED FOR TESTING

ACCEPTANCE TEST GENERATION
The objective of this step is to produce a set of test data that may be used to test the system. Whenever a
new system is developed it need to be tested to confirm its validity and to determine whether it meets the
user requirements. The system was also tested with some sample records. The records were entered into
the system and various reports were generated to check the system.
System testing is a critical phase of implementation. Testing of the system involves hardware devices
and debugging of computer programs and testing information processing procedures. Testing can be
done with test data, which attempt to simulate all possible condition that may rise during processing.
The testing methods adopted during the testing of system are unit testing and integration testing.

UNIT TESTING
Unit testing focuses on the modules independently locate the errors. This enables the tester to detect
errors in coding. It is the process of taking a module and running it in isolation from rest of the software
product by using prepared test cases and comparing the actual result with the result redirected with the
specifications and design of the module. One purpose of testing is to find and remove as many errors in
the software as practical. There are number of reason in support of unit testing-:
 The size of module single module is small that we can locate an error fairly easily.
 The module is small enough that we can attempt to test it in some demonstrably exhaustive
fashion.
 Confusing interactions of multiple errors in widely different parts of software are eliminated.
There are problem associated with testing a module in isolation. How do we run a module without
anything to call it, to be called by it, possibly to output intermediate values obtained during execution?
One approach is to construct an appropriate driver routine to call it, and simply stubs to be called by it,
and to insert output statements in it. Stubs serve to replace modules that are subordinate to the module to

38
be tested. A stub or dummy subprogram uses the subordinate module’s interface, may do minimal data
manipulation, prints verification of entry and returns.

INTEGRATION TESTING
This is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time to uncover
the errors associated with the interface. The objective is to take unit tested module and build a program
structure that has been detected by designing. The main purpose of integration testing is to determine
that the interfaces between modules are correct or not. One specific target of integration testing is the
interface: whether parameter matches on both sides as to type, permissible ranges, meaning &
utilization. There are 3 types of integration testing-
 Top Down Approach- Top Down integration proceeds down the invocation hierarchy, adding
one module at a time until an entire tree level is generated.
 Bottom Up Approach – The Bottom up strategy works similarly from the bottom to up.
 Sandwich Strategy – A sandwich strategy runs from top and bottom simultaneously.

TEST DATA USED

The proper selection of the data is very important. If the test data is not appropriate or representative of
the data to be provided by the user, the reliability of the output is susceptible.
Two different sources were during testing of the system-:
 Using Live Test Data – Live test are those that are actually extracted from the organization files.
Use of the live data make testing easier by obtaining most expected outputs and if it is found that
the program can handle the entries processing of the system accurately.
 Using Artificial Test Data - Live data is difficult to obtain insufficient amount to conduct
extensive testing. It does not test all the combination or formats that can be done by entering to
the system. Therefore artificial test data were used at the time of unit testing. Artificial test data
was created solely for test purposes which provide extreme values for testing the limit of
candidate system.

TEST CASES
 System is properly linked or not - Whether they are redirected to desired page or not.

39
  Information passed – If a page passes some parameter to another page then it should be
checked that the page get the correct information, whatever is passed by the previous page.
 Output should be correct – Every functionality of the system should be checked properly
whether it gives the right result or not generally test is performed with known results. If the
output of the system is matched with that result the system is working fine.

TEST CASES
LOGIN FOR USER

Serial Description Expected Actual Result Result

No Result
1. This page contains 2 User home Respective user Passed
fields user name and page should home page is
password and a login open after opening after
button to submit the successful successful login
information. User is login. by user.
entering correct
information.
2. If either user name or An error When wrong Passed
password is filled message should information is
incorrect or left blank. be displayed entered by user
and user should then an error
be asked fill the message is
information displayed.
again.

40
USER REGISTRATION PAGE
Serial Description Expected Actual Result Result
No Result
1. User registration page 1 After After Passed
consist of detail submitting submitting
information about User information information
and a submit button to User User
submit the information registration registration
.Here user is entering page 2 should page 2 is
correct information. be displayed. displayed.
2. If the information entered An error An error Passed
by user in incorrect or message should message is
left somewhere blank. be displayed occurred if the
and ask the user information is
to fill the incorrect or left
information blank.
again.

CHAPTER – 4

41
 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned into the
working system and is giving confidence to the new system for the users i.e. will work
efficiently and effectively. It involves careful planning, investigation of the current
system and its constraints on implementation, design of method to achieve the change
over, an evaluation, of change over methods. A part from planning major task of
preparing the implementation is education of users. The more complex system is
implemented, the more involved will be the system analysis and design effort required
just for implementation. An implementation coordinating committee based on policies of
individual organization has been appointed. The implementation process begins with
preparing a plan for the implementation for the system. According to this plan, the
activities are to be carried out; discussions may regarding the equipment have to be
acquired to implement the new system.

Implementation is the final and important phase. The most critical stage is in achieving a
successful new system and in giving the users confidence that the new system will work
and be effective. The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and
if it found to working according to the specification. This method also offers the greatest
security since the old system can take over if the errors are found or inability to handle
certain types of transaction while using the new system.

At the beginning of the development phase a preliminary implementation plan is created

to schedule and manage the many different activities that must be integrated into plan.
The implementation plan is updated throughout the Development phase, culminating in a

42
changeover plan for the operation phase. The major elements of implementation plan are
test plan, training plan, equipment installation plan, and a conversion plan.

There are three types of implementation:

 Implementation of a computer system to replace a manual system.
 Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existing system.
 Implementation of a modified application to replace an existing one, using the
same computer.

Successful implementation may not guarantee improvement in the organization using the
new system, but improper installation will prevent it. It has been observed that even the
best system cannot show good result if the analysts managing the implementation do not
attend to every important detail. This is an area where the systems analysts need to work
with utmost care.

Conversion Methods
A conversion is the process of changing from the old system to the new one. It must be
properly planned and executed. Four methods are common in use. They are Parallel
Systems, Direct Conversion, Pilot System and Phase In method.

Parallel systems:
The most secure method of converting from an old to new system is to run both
systems in parallel. This method is safest one because it ensures that in case of any
problem in using new system, the organization can still fall back to the old system
without the loss of time and money.

43
The disadvantages of parallel systems approach are:
 It doubles operating costs.
 The new system may not get fair trial.
Phase –IN- method:
This method is used when it is not possible to install a new system throughout an
organization all at once. The conversion of files, training of personnel or arrival of
equipment may force the staging of the implementation over a period of time,
ranging from weeks to months.

Post Implementation Review

After the system is implemented and conversion is complete, a review should be
conducted to determine whether the system is meeting expectations and where
improvements are needed. A post implementation review measures the systems
performance against predefined requirement. It determines how well the system
continues to meet the performance specifications.

A Database-driven Online Shopping Portal:

44
 The shopping portal that I have build for our store makes use of several advance
features that the cart contain all the selected products until checkout and My Shopping by
which user can track their previous shopping on this portal. For doing so shopping portal
uses a Database by which all these information stored in this database and when required
then it is fetched from it. So I use MYSQL Database in this project.

So this shopping portal contains dynamic effects by using this database. Some parts
of this project which use database are following:
 Firstly when user Register an account on this website the user give their information
which are stored in database.
 Then when users want to login on this website then they give their username and
password as they choose at registration time, if both are matched with database’s
username and password then user can successfully logged in the website otherwise
Access Denied.
 The Objects which users can see on homepage, after login page, buy products page are
also come from database.
 Now After login user can modify their profile and password. The modified profile
details and password details altered in the database.
 In Buy Products Section Product and Their Prices also fetched from database’s table.
When user select a product and push Add to cart then items added to database’s cart
table.
 Then in My Cart section the products displayed which are in the cart table of the
database following by user.
 Checkout section takes the carts item and their total price and then payment details are
given by the user and these details store in separate database table. After Successful
entry in this table users cart empty automatically because all items purchased by him.
45
 In My Shopping section the products a user puSrchased are displayed.

CHAPTER – 5
REFERENCES

46
1) Google Search Engine for various searching
2) https://medium.com/@nyxonedigital/importance-of-e-commerce-and-online-
shopping-and-why-to-sell-online-5a3fd8e6f416
3) Web-Technologies Black Book
4) Keeves PHP- MYSQL
5) Wrox Press – Beginning PHP5
6) Online at www.w3schools.org
7) Murach’s-PHP/MYSQ
8) https://code-projects.org/online-shopping-system-project-report-in-php-css-js-and-
mysql-free-download/
9) https://www.digitalpugs.com/articles/the-importance-of-php-web-development.php

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