1.

A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges
freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the
pipe is 150 mm in diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. The height of
water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all losses of head
which occurs, determine the rate of flow. Take co-efficient of friction, f = 0.1 for both
sections of the pipe.
2. A siphon of diameter 200 mm connects two reservoirs having a difference in elevation of 20
m. The length of the siphon is 500 m and summit is 3 m above the water level in the upper
reservoir. The length of the pipe from the upper reservoir to the summit is 100 m. Determine
the discharge through the siphon and also pressure at the summit. Neglect minor losses and
co-efficient of friction, f = 0.005.
3. Determine the thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing edge of a smooth plate of
length 4 m and width of 1.5 m when the plate is moving with a velocity of 4 m/s in
stationary air. Take kinematic viscosity of air as 1.5 × 10–5 m2/s.
4. Two pipes of diameter 400 mm and 200 mm, each 300 m long. When the pipes are
connected in series, discharge is 0.10 m3/s, find the loss of head. When the pipes are
connected in parallel, what would be the loss of head in the system to pass the same
discharge? Take coefficient of friction= 0.0075 for each pipe and coefficient of contraction=
0.65.
5. A pipe of diameter 40cm carries water at a velocity of 25m/s. The pressures at the points A
and B are given as 29.43 N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively while datum head at A and
B are 28 m and 30 m. Find loss of head between A and B.
6. Derive Darcy Equation for the loss of head due to friction in pipes.
7. Two reservoirs 1 and 2 having 15.5 m difference of water levels are connected by a pipeline
ABC. The elevation of point B being 4 m below the level of water in reservoir 1. The length
AB of the pipeline is 250 m and is made of steel and length BC of pipeline is 450 m and is
made of cast iron. The diameter of both pipes is 200 mm. A partially closed valve is located
in pipe BC at a distance of 150 m from reservoir 2. If flow through the pipeline is 3000
litres per minute, the pressure head at B is 0.50 m and head loss at the valve is 5 m. Find
friction factors of two pipes and draw HGL and TEL.
8. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe which is 150 mm in diameter for the first 10 m and
250 mm in diameter for the remaining 15 m. The water surface in the upper reservoir is 7.5
m above that in the lower reservoir. Calculate the flow rate through pipe and draw HGL and
TEL. Take friction factor as 0.04 for both the pipes.
9. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U =y/δ, where u is the velocity
at a distance y from the plate u=U at y =δ, δ being boundary layer thickness. Find the
displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy thickness.
10. For a town water supply, a main pipe line of diameter 0.4 m is required. As pipes more than
 0.35m diameter are not readily available, two parallel pipes of same diameter are used for
water supply. If the total discharge in the parallel pipe is same as in the single main pipe,
find the diameter of parallel pipe. Coefficient of discharge to be the same for all the pipes.
11. The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe is 50m. Find
the loss of head due to friction, if f= 0.08.
12. A pipe line 10km, long delivers a power of 50 kW at its outlet ends. The pressure at inlet is
500 kN/m2 and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50 kN/m. Find the size of the pipe and
efficiency of transmission. Take 4f= 0.02.
13. An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through a pipe of diameter 30 cm at the rate of 500
lit/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and power required to maintain the flow for a
length of 1000 m. Take viscosity as 0.29 stokes.
14. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m 3/sec. The diameter of the pipe
which is 20 cm is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is
11.772 N/cm2. Determine: Loss of head due to sudden enlargement, Pressure intensity in
larger pipe, Power loss due to enlargement.
15. Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths and diameters
L1,L2,L3,d1,d2,d3 respectively.
16. A power transmission pipe 10 cm diameter and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle at the exit,
the inlet is from a river with water level 60 m above the discharge nozzle. Assume f = 0.02,
calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted and the diameter of nozzle required
17. The discharge though a pipe is 200 li/sec. Find the loss of head when the pipe is suddenly
enlarged from 15 cm to 30 cm diameter.
18. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3 m3/s. The pipe is suddenly
enlarged from 25 cm to 50 cm diameter. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 14
N/cm2. Find
i. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
ii. Pressure intensity in the larger pipe
iii. Power lost due to enlargement.
19. A horizontal pipe of diameter 40 cm is suddenly contacted to 20 cm diameter. The pressure
at larger and smaller pipe is 14.715 N/cm2 and 12.753 N/cm2 respectively. If Cc is 0.62,
determine the loss of head due to contraction. Also find the rate of flow of water.
20. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 30 cm diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. A
circular solid plate of diameter 20 cm is placed in the pipe to obstruct the flow. If Co is 0.62,
determine the loss of head due to obstruction in the pipe.
21. Determine the rate of flow of water through a pipe of diameter 10 cm and length 60 m,
when one end of the pipe is connected to a tank while the other of the pipe is open to the
atmosphere. The height of the water in the tank from the centre of the pipeline is 5m. Pipe is
considered as horizontal. Take f as 0.01.
22. A horizontal pipe line 50 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharge
 freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 30 m of the length from the tank,
the pipe is 20 cm in diameter and its diameter suddenly enlarged to 40 cm in diameter for
the remaining length. The height of water in the tank is 10 m above the centre line of the
pipe. Determine the rate of flow, considering all possible losses. Take f as 0.01 for both
sections of the pipe.
23. Determine the difference in elevation between the water surface in the two tanks which are
connected by a horizontal pipe of diameter 40 cm and length 500 m. The rate of flow of
water through the pipe is 200 lit/s. Consider all losses and take f as 0.009
24. Draw the HGL and TEL for a pipe of diameter 10 cm and length 60 m through which water
is flowing. One end of the pipe is connected to a tank while the other of the pipe is open to
the atmosphere. The height of the water in the tank from the centre of the pipeline is 5m.
Pipe is considered as horizontal. Take f as 0.01.
25. A horizontal pipe line 50 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharge
freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 30 m of the length from the tank,
the pipe is 20 cm in diameter and its diameter suddenly enlarged to 40 cm in diameter for
the remaining length. The height of water in the tank is 10 m above the centre line of the
pipe. Draw the HGL and TEL. Take f as 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
26. Two tanks are connected by a horizontal pipe of diameter 40 cm and length 500 m. The rate
of flow of water through the pipe is 200 lit/s. Draw the HGL and TEL. Consider all losses
and take f as 0.009.
27. A syphon of diameter 15 cm is connecting two reservoirs having difference in elevation of
15 m. The length of the syphon is 400 m and summit is 4 m above the water level in the
upper reservoir. The length of the pipe from upper reservoir to the summit is 80 m.
Determine the discharge through the syphon and also pressure at the summit. Neglect minor
losses. Take f as 0.005.
28. A syphon of diameter 20 cm connects two reservoirs having difference in elevation of 20 m.
Total length of syphon is 800 m and summit is 5 m above the water level in the upper
reservoir. If the separation takes place at 2.8 m of water absolute, determine the maximum
length of syphon from upper reservoir to the summit. Take f as 0.004 and atmospheric
pressure as 10.3 m of water.
29. Three pipes of length 800 m, 600 m and 300 m and of diameters 40 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm
respectively are connected in series. The ends of the compound pipe is connected to two
tanks whose water surface levels are maintained at a difference of 15 m. Determine the rate
of flow of water through the pipe, if f is 0.005. What will be the diameter of a single pipe of
length 1700 m which replaces the three pipes?
30. Two pipes of lengths 2500 m each and diameters 80 cm and 60 cm are connected in parallel.
Coefficient of friction for each pipe is 0.006. Total flow is 250 lit/s. Determine the rate of
 flow in each pipe.
31. A pipe of diameter 30 cm and length 1000 m connects two reservoirs having difference in
water level 15 m. Determine the discharge through the pipe. If an additional pipe of
diameter 30 cm and length 600 m is attached to the last 600 m length of the existing pipe,
find the increase in discharge. Take f as 0.02 and neglect minor losses.
32. Two pipes of diameters 60 mm and 100 mm respectively each of length 150 m are
connected in parallel between two reservoirs which have a difference in level of 15 m.
Determine the rate of flow for each pipe and also diameter of a single pipe 150 m long
which would give the same discharge, if it were substituted the original two pipes. Take f as
0.08.
33. Three reservoirs A, B and C are connected by a pipe system having lengths 700 m, 1200 m
and 500 m and diameters 40 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm respectively. The water levels in the
reservoir A and B from the datum line is 50 m and 45 m respectively. The level of water in
reservoir C is below the level of water in reservoir B. Determine the discharge into or from
the reservoir B and C if the rate of flow from reservoir A is 150 lit/s. Find the height of
water level in the reservoir C. Take f as 0.005 for all pipes.
34. A pipe of diameter 30 cm and length 3000 m is used for transmission of power by water.
Total head at inlet of pipe is 400 m. Find the maximum power available at the outlet of the
pipe.
35. A pipe line of length 2100 m is used for transmitting 100 kW power. The pressure at the
inlet of the pipe is 40 kgf/cm2. If the efficiency of transmission is 80%, determine the
diameter of the pipe. Take f as 0.005.
36. Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe.
Also sketch the velocity distribution and stress distribution across a section of the pipe.
37. Prove that maximum velocity is equal to two times the average velocity of the flow.
38. Derive an expression for Hagen Poiseuille’s formula.
39. A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a horizontal
circular pipe of diameter 8 cm and length 15 m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the
two ends of the pipe, if 50 kg of oil is collected in a tank in 15 seconds.
40. A viscous flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The maximum velocity is 2 m/s.
Find the mean velocity and the radius at which it occurs. Also calculate the velocity at 3 cm
from the wall of the pipe.
41. A fluid of viscosity 0.5 poise and specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a circular pipe of
diameter 10 cm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 150 N/cm 2. Determine the
pressure gradient, average velocity and the Reynolds number of the flow.
42. A horizontal pipe 50 mm diameter carrying glycerin has shear stress at the pipe boundary is
196.2 N/m2. Determine the pressure gradient, mean velocity and Reynolds number. For
glycerin, ρ=1275.3 kg/m3 and μ=0.80442 N-s/m2.
43. A steady flow of oil with specific gravity of 0.85 occurs in a 10 cm diameter pipe which has
 a downward slope of 1 in 100. Discharge is 2 lit/s. Determine the pressure drop between two
points on the pipe 200 m apart. Take μ for oil as 1.2 poise.
44. An oil having viscosity 1.43 poise and specific gravity 0.9 flows through a pipe 25 mm
diameter and 300 m long at 1/10 of critical velocity for which Reynolds number is 2000.
Determine the
i. Velocity of flow through the pipe
ii. Head in meters of oil across the pipe length to maintain the flow
iii. Power of the flow.
45. Derive an expression for boundary shear stress in terms of momentum thickness.
46. Determine the ratios of displacement thickness to momentum thickness and momentum
thickness to energy thickness for the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by
u y y 2
U
=2
δ()()
−
δ
47. For the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by
2
u 3 y 1 y
= −
U 2 δ 2 δ () ()
Find the thickness of boundary layer and shear stress 1.8 m from the leading edge of the
plate. The plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide and is placed in water which is moving with a
velocity of 15 cm/s. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity of water is 0.01
poise.
48. Air is flowing over a smooth plate with a velocity of 8 m/sec. The plate is 1.5 m long and
1.0 m wide. If the laminar boundary layer exists upto Reynolds number of 5 x 10 5,
determine the maximum distance from the leading edge upto which the laminar boundary
layer exists. Take kinematic viscosity of air as 0.15 stokes. Also find the maximum
thickness of laminar boundary layer if the velocity profile is given by
u y y 2
U
= ()()
δ
−
δ
49. Air is flowing over a smooth plate with a velocity of 8 m/sec. The plate is 1.5 m long and
1.0 m wide. Take kinematic viscosity of air as 0.15 stokes and specific weight as 1.24
kgf/m3. Velocity profile is given by
u π y
U
=sin x
2 δ ( )
Determine
i. Maximum thickness of laminar boundary layer
ii. Shear stress at 20 cm from the leading edge
iii. Drag force on one side of the plate, assuming the laminar boundary layer over
the entire length of the plate.
50. A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 4 m/s. The length of the plate
 is 0.5 m and width is 0.4 m. Determine
i. Thickness of boundary layer at the end of the plate
ii. Drag force on one side of the plate
Take kinematic viscosity of air as 0.15 stokes and specific weight as 1.25 kgf/m3.
51. Find the frictional drag on one side of the plate 20 cm wide and 50 cm long placed
longitudinally in a stream of crude oil, having kinematic viscosity of air as 0.9 stokes and
specific gravity 0.925, flowing with undisturbed velocity of 5 m/s. Also find the thickness
of boundary layer and shear stress at the trailing edge of the plate.
52. A smooth plate of length 5 m and width 2 m is moving with a velocity of 4 m/s in stationary
air of specific weight 1.25 kgf/m3and kinematic viscosity of 1.5x10-6 m2/s. Determine the
thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing edge. Also find the total drag on one side of
the plate assuming that the boundary layer is turbulent from the very beginning.
53. A pipe line, 16 km long, supplies, 40 million litres of water per day to city. The first 5 km
length of the pipe is of 1 m diameter and the remaining part is 0.8 m diameter pipe. If the
water to the city is to be supplied at a residual head of 15 m of water, calculate the supply
head at the inlet end. Neglect minor loss and assume f = 0.03 for the entire pipe line. Sketch
the hydraulic gradient for the pipe line.
54. Two reservoirs are connected by three pipes laid in parallel, their diameter are d, 2d, and 3d
respectively, and they are of the same length l. Assuming f to be the same for all pipes,
determine the discharge through each of the larger pipes if the smallest pipe is discharging 1
cumec.
55. A turbine operating under a total fall of 36 m is supplied water through 90 m long 0.2 m
diameter pipe. If the flow rate is such that 9.5 m of head is lost in friction in the pipe, what
will be the power delivered to the turbine? Take f = 0.022.A pipe 0.2 m diameter and 1800
m long connects two reservoirs one being 30 m below the other. The pipeline crossed a
ridge whose summit is 7.5 m above the upper reservoir. What may be the minimum depth of
the pipe below the summit of the ridge in order that the pressure at the apex does not fall
below 7.5 m vacuum? The length of the pipe from the upper reservoir to the apex is 300 m.
taking f = 0.032, determine the rate of flow to the lower reservoir in litres per minute.
56. For the following type of velocity distribution obtain the value of (δ ¿/ δ) and (θ/ δ).
υ υ
=2 η−η2; (ii) =2 η−2 η3 +η4 ; where η=( y /δ ).
V V
57. The water levels in the two reservoirs A and B are respectively 66 m and 61.5 m above
datum. A pipe joints each to a common point D where the pressure is 103 kN/m 2 gauge and
height is 45 m above datum. Another pipe connects D to another tank C. what will be the
height of water level in C assuming the same value of friction factor for all pipes?
 Pipe Length Diameter

AD 2400 m 0.30 m
BD 2700 m 0.45 m

CD 3000 m 0.60 m

58. A smooth flat plate 1 m wide and 1.5 m long is rowed lengthwise through still air with a
velocity of 10 m/s. Assuming the boundary layer to be fully laminar, estimate its thickness
at the trailing edge. Mass density and kinematic viscosity of the air are 1.216 kg/m 3 and
0.15 × 10-4 m2/s respectively. Also calculate the shear stress at that point.

59. Water flows through a horizontal pipe 2 m long, which tapers from a diameter of 0.2 m to
0.15 m in the length 2m. A constant discharge of 40 litres per second flows through the
pipe. Starting from first principles, determine the loss of head due to friction. Take f= 0.04.
60. A pipe 0.15 m diameter taking off from a reservoir suddenly expands to 0.3 m at the end of
16 m and continues for another 15m. If the head above the inlet of the pipe is 4.88 m,
determine the actual velocity at the exit, taking into consideration all the losses. Assume f =
0.04 for the complete pipe line.
61. A hydraulic power main 4.5 km long and 0.225 m in diameters is tapped at various points
throughout its length at an average rate 0.00135 m3/sec per 100 m length. Assuming f= 0.02,
calculate the power lost due to friction in the pipe if
i. Pumping station is situated, at one end of the main, the other end being closed;
ii. Pumping station is placed mid-way, the two ends of the main being closed. Start
from first principles.

1. Write briefly about Laminar boundary layer

2. Deduce an expression for head loss at the outlet of a pipe.
3. Draw the velocity distributions for (a) laminar flow and (b) turbulent flow in a pipe.
4. Name the major losses in pipes and write equations to calculate major loss.
5. Draw hydraulic and energy gradient lines for flow in an inclined pipe connecting between the
two reservoirs at different elevations.
6. What is the hydraulics of flow through parallel pipes?
7. Write briefly about Displacement thickness
8. What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe?
9. Define displacement thickness.
10. Define boundary layer thickness.
11. In laminar flow through a pipe the maximum velocity at the pipe axis is 0.2 m/s. Find the
average velocity.
12. What is equivalent pipe?
13. Define momentum thickness.
14. What are hydraulic gradient lines?
15. What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes
16. Mention the range of Reynold’s number for laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe.
17. What is the difference between a laminar flow and turbulent flow?
18. What is a syphon? What are its applications?
19. What is T.E.L.?
20. What is the difference between laminar and turbulent flow.
21. What is the physical significance of Reynold's number?
22. Define boundary layer and give its significance.
23. List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
24. Write down Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow
25. What are energy lines and hydraulic gradient lines?
26. Write down four examples of laminar flow.
27. What is Hydraulic Gradient Line?
28. Show that the loss of head due to sudden expansion in a pipe line is a function of velocity
head.
29. What is compound pipe?
30. What will be the loss of head when the pipes are connected in series?
31. What is a Moody diagram?
32. What do you understand by the terms boundary layer?
33. What do you understand by the terms boundary layer theory?
34. Comment on laminar boundary layer
35. Comment on turbulent boundary layer
36. Comment on laminar sub layer
37. Comment on boundary layer thickness
38. What are the boundary conditions that must be satisfied by a given velocity profile in laminar
boundary layer flows?