Notes/Background Information Food Is Fuel:: You Are What You Eat!!!!!
Notes/Background Information Food Is Fuel:: You Are What You Eat!!!!!
Notes/Background Information Food Is Fuel:: You Are What You Eat!!!!!
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Lipid
• Nucleic
Acid
Foods
you
consume
consist
of
these
4
molecules
because
the
foods
you
eat
come
from
living
organisms.
Let’s
take
a
look
into
the
unique
characteristics
of
these
4
categories.
1. Carbohydrates:
a. Sugars,
starches
(flour),
grains.
b. Found
in
almost
all
food
sources.
i. Rice,
cereal,
potatoes,
fruits,
pasta,
vegetables.
c. Main
source
of
energy
for
body:
need
them
to
think,
cells
need
carb’s
to
function.
d. Easy
energy
source
–
easy
for
the
body
to
break
down
e. Simple
vs.
Complex
carbohydrates
i. Sugars
are
simple
carb’s
–
used
up
very
fast
(monosaccharide’s)
ii. Fibrous
foods
have
complex
carb’s
–
sustain
you
for
longer
(polysaccharide’s).
2. Lipids:
a. Fats,
oil,
lard,
butter
b. Necessary
to
maintain
membranes
of
cells
c. Also
HUGE
energy
source
but
harder
to
break
down
d. 2
types
i. Saturated
(solid
at
room
temp)
(all
single
bonds
between
carbons)
ii. Unsaturated
(liquid
at
room
temp)
(at
least
one
double
bond
between
carbons)
3. Proteins:
a.
Beans,
meat,
green
leafy
vegetables
b. Necessary
to
maintain
muscles
c. Proteins
are
part
of
almost
everything
in
our
bodies
–
(reaction
catalysts,
antibodies,
hair,
nails,
muscle
tissue,
support
of
cells,
“traffic
cops”
across
cell
membranes)
4. Nucleic
Acids:
a. the
genetic
material
b. We
consume
the
cells
of
an
organism.
Therefore
we
are
also
eating
its
DNA.
We
actually
digest
it.
No,
it
does
not
become
part
of
our
DNA,
but
eating
other
organisms
breaks
down
he
DNA
found
in
them
into
components
so
they
can
be
“recycled”.
Testing
for
Macromolecules
This
is
the
same
test
you
will
perform
for
the
ingredients
in
your
salad
dressing.
Materials:
Substances
to
be
tested
provided
by
Mrs.
Whitacre
(Vegetable
oil,
Corn
starch,
Red
wine
Vinegar,
Sugar,
butter,
Potato
chips)
If
you
brought
in
your
own
food
substances
to
be
tested
from
home
you
may
–
It
is
required
that
you
test
at
least
8
food
samples!!
□ Before
beginning
lab…read
the
instructions
for
testing
each
macromolecule
&
then
complete
the
pre
lab
table
indicating
what
you
will
see
for
a
positive
test
for
each
biomolecule.
□ Then
fill
out
the
“Predictions”
column
in
the
data
table
below
–
which
macromolecule
(s)
do
you
think
each
substance
will
have?
□ These
will
be
completed
for
HW
Thursday
11.1
night.
Glucose,
commonly
called
“blood
sugar,”
and
fructose,
“fruit
sugar,”
are
two
of
the
most
common
monosaccharaides.
Monosaccharide’s can be identified in a substance using an indicator called Benedict’s solution.
When
Benedict’s
is
heated
in
the
presence
of
a
monosaccharide,
the
color
changes
from
blue
to
green
to
yellow
to
reddish-‐orange,
depending
on
the
amount
of
monosaccharide
present.
Procedure:
1. Mrs.
Whitacre
will
have
a
hot
water
bath
already
prepared
for
you
to
use.
2. While
this
is
heating,
add
2
dropper-‐full
of
each
sample
to
a
test
tube.
Add
10
drops
of
Benedict’s
solution
to
each
test
tube.
Be
aware
of
which
sample
is
which
(label)
3. Place
the
test
tubes
in
the
hot-‐water
bath.
Heat
the
test
tubes
until
the
indicator
changes
color
OR
for
1
minute
max
if
it
doesn't
seem
to
be
changing
color.
4. With
a
test
tube
holder,
remove
the
tubes
from
the
hot-‐water
bath
and
place
them
back
in
the
test
tube
rack.
5. Record
any
changes
in
your
data
table.
Part
B:
Testing
for
Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides/Starch
Monosaccharide’s
may
join
together
to
form
long
chains
called
polysaccharides
that
may
be
either
straight
or
branched.
Starch is an example of a polysaccharide formed entirely of glucose monosaccharide’s.
Polysaccharides
can
be
tested
for
using
the
indicator
Lugol’s
reagent
(iodine/potassium
iodine).
Lugol’s
will
change
color
from
yellow-‐brown
to
blue-‐black-‐purple
in
the
presence
of
starch.
Procedure:
1. Add
a
few
drops
of
each
sample
to
a
spot
plate.
(be
sure
to
be
aware
of
which
sample
is
which!)
2. Add
1
drop
of
Lugol’s
to
each
sample.
3. Record
any
changes
in
your
data
table.
Lipids can be generally categorized into two subgroups: saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
In
saturated
fats,
the
carbon
chains
are
bonded
together
with
only
single
covalent
bonds
and
the
remaining
electrons
are
bonded
to
hydrogen.
This
structure
keeps
the
hydrocarbon
tails
relatively
straight,
so
they
readily
align
with
each
other,
pack
closely
together,
and
thus
tend
to
be
solid
at
room
temperature.
Saturated
fats
are
most
common
in
animals.
Unsaturated
fats
have
double
bonds
between
the
carbons
and
therefore
do
not
have
the
maximum
number
of
links
to
hydrogen.
These
regions
of
double
bonding
allow
kinks
to
form
in
the
hydrocarbon
tails,
keeping
them
from
packing
closely
together.
For
this
reason,
unsaturated
fats
are
usually
liquid
at
room
temperature.
Unsaturated
fats
are
common
in
plants.
Lipids
can
also
be
tested
for
using
the
“sack
lunch”
method:
the
lipid
is
rubbed
into
a
brown
bag.
If
a
grease
spot
appears
(the
brown
bag
appears
translucent),
then
a
lipid
is
present
in
the
food.
1. Cut
a
piece
of
a
paper
lunch
sack
and
make
a
grid
(using
a
pencil,
not
a
pen)
for
all
the
food
samples
you
will
test.
Label
each
square
with
a
different
food
sample.
2. Add
4-‐5
drops
each
solution
to
the
appropriate
square
on
the
lunch
bag.
If
solid,
rub
solution
on
paper
bag.
3. Rub
the
solution
until
a
“wet”
spot
appears
on
the
paper.
Wait
for
the
foods
to
evaporate.
4. Hold
the
brown
paper
up
to
a
bright
light.
Check
for
grease
spots
5. If
the
paper
has
grease
spots
–
then
the
sample
has
lipids.
6. If
found
to
have
lipids,
determine
if
your
sample
is
a
SAURATED
or
UNSATURATED
far
(how
would
you
know
this?)
Part
D:
Testing
for
Proteins
Proteins
are
made
up
of
one
or
more
polypeptides,
which
are
linear
polymers
of
monomers
called
amino
acids.
Amino
acids
derive
their
name
from
the
amino
group
and
the
carboxyl
group
(which
is
acidic).
Polypeptides
are
formed
when
amino
acids
are
joined
together
by
peptide
bonds
between
the
amino
group
of
one
amino
acid
and
the
carboxyl
group
of
another
amino
acid.
Proteins
can
be
tested
for
using
Biuret’s
reagent,
which
reacts
with
the
peptide
bond
between
amino
acids
in
the
polypeptide.
Biuret’s reagent turns from blue to purple-‐violet if peptides bonds are present.
Procedure:
1. Add
a
few
drops
of
each
sample
to
a
spot
plate.
(be
sure
to
be
aware
of
which
sample
is
which!)
2. Add
3-‐5
drops
of
Biuret’s
reagent
to
each
sample.
3. Record
any
changes
in
color.
If the ingredient came from a living organism or was at one point living, then it contains a nucleic acid.
There is no specific test for this – you just need to use analytical reasoning.
Name_________________________________
Each
person
in
group
will
complete
this
lab.
Keep
the
above
portion
as
notes
&
turn
in
ONLY
this
page.
What
are
the
four
major
groups
of
macromolecules?
What
does
each
do
for
the
cell
or
organism
asa
a
whole?
Provide
an
example
of
them
in
food
as
mentioned
above.
Macromolecule
Group
Role
in
the
cell
or
organism
Examples
of
them
in
food
***********
Once you have read the instructions above, fill in the data table about the lab analysis.
Macromolecule
type
What
do
you
use
to
test
What
will
you
see
if
positive
Monosaccharide
(sugar)
Polysaccharide
(starch)
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic
Acid
Food
Sample
(those
required
for
the
Prediction
of
Macromolecules
Present
lab)
Vegetable
Oil
Corn
Starch
Red
Wine
Venegar
Potato
Chip
Sugar
Butter
Salad
Dressing
Ingredients:
Enter
below
&
make
a
prediction
Observations
(Keep
this
as
proof
to
use
in
your
product
report
(lab
analysis
portion))
Fill
out
the
table
below
based
on
the
observations
in
which
you
see
for
each
substance
tested.
If
a
food
sample
tests
positive
for
the
test
enter
+.
If
it
tests
negative
enter
-‐.
Food
Sample
Result
from
Result
from
Result
from
Result
from
Result
Macromolecules
benedicts
biurets
test
lugol’s
test
grease
spot
from
present
in
sample
test
(test
(test
starch)
test
nucleic
(test
sugars)
proteins)
(test
lipids)
acids
“test”
Vegetable
Oil
Corn
Starch
Red
Wine
Vinegar
Potato
Chip
Butter
Sugar
YOUR
SALAD
DRESSING
INGREDIENTS
BELOW