COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector:

ELECTRONICS SECTOR
Qualification:

ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY & SERVICING NC II

Unit of Competency:
PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module Title:

PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

ACES TAGUM COLLEGE

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MODULE

Welcome to the module “Performing Mensuration and Calculation”.

This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Perform Mensuration and calculation”

contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Eletronic Product
Assembly and Servicing course required to obtain the National Certificate
(NC) level II.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning
outcome there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets

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and Activity Sheets. Do these activities on your own and answer the Self-
Check at the end of each learning activity.

If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some basic knowledge and skills covered in this
module. If you can demonstrate competence to your teacher in a particular
skill, talk to him/her so you do not have to undergo the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings, show it to him/her. If the skills you acquired are consistent with
and relevant to this module, they become part of the evidence. You can
present these for RPL. If you are not sure about your competence skills,
discuss this with your teacher.

After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess your

competence. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency
profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your
own pace.
In this module, you will find the activities for you to complete and
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning
outcome may have more than one learning activity.

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency in

receiving and relaying information. This will be the source of information
that will enable you to acquire the knowledge and skills in Electronic
Product Assembly and Servicing NC II independently at your own pace
with minimum supervision from your teacher.

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 LIST OF COMPETENCY

No Unit of competency Module title Code

1. Apply quality standards Applying quality standards ELC315202
Perform computer Performing computer
2. ELC311203
operations operations
Perform mensuration Performing mensuration ELC31120
3.
and calculation and calculation 1
Prepare and interpret Preparing and interpret
4. ELC311202
technical drawing technical drawing
5. Use hand tools Using hand tools ELC724201

Qualification: COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II

Unit of Competency: Perform Mensuration and calculation

Module Title: Performing Mensuration and calculation

INTRODUCTION:

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed identify,
care, handle and use measuring instruments

This module consists of two (3) learning outcomes. Each learning

outcome contains learning activities supported by instruction sheets. Before
you perform the instructions, read the information sheets and answer the
self-check and activities provided to ascertain to yourself and your teacher
that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion
of the particular learning outcome.

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SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, you shall be able to:

1. Select measuring instruments
2. Carry out measurement and calculation
3. Maintain measuring instruments

Summary of Assessment criteria

1.1. Object or component to be measured is identified according to
procedures
1.2. Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source
1.3. Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements
1.4. Appropriate measuring instrument is selected to achieve required
outcome
1.5. Accurate measurements are obtained for job
1.6. Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the
four basic process of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x),
and division (/)
1.7. Calculation involving fractions, percentages and mixed numbers are
used to complete workplace tasks.
1.8. Numerical computation is checked and corrected for accuracy
1.9. Instruments are read to the limit of accuracy of the tool.
1.10. Measuring instruments are handles without damage according to
procedures
1.11. Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using.
1.12. Proper storage of instruments are undertaken according to
manufacturer’s specifications and standard operating procedures.

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 TECHNICAL TERM
Desoldering - a process of unsoldering unwanted parts or components in
the circuit with the support of soldering tool
Malfunction - not in normal functionality
Ohmmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of resistance in
certain component or circuits
Soldering - a process of joining two metals caused by heat
Splicing – connecting two lengths of conductor
Technician - a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a
particular technical field
Troubleshooting - identifying and repairing faults in equipment
Voltmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of electromotive force
in a component or circuit.
LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Select measuring instruments
CONTENTS:
 Metric and English Measurements

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Object or component to be measured is identified according to
procedures
2. Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source
3. Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements
Materials
1. Electronic components
2. Electric wires
3. Basic hand tools
4. Measuring equipment
5. Working tables
6. Chairs and other lab facilities
METHODOLOGIES
 Self-paced instruction
 Field trip
 Symposium
 Film showing
 Simulation
 On-the-job training
ASSESSMENT APPROACH
 Demonstration & questioning
 Observation & questioning
 Third party report

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome1: Select Measuring Instrument

Learning Activities Special Instructions

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 1. Read the attached Information  After reading
Sheet 3.1-1 Measuring this information sheet, you must be
Instrument able to answer self-check 3.1-1

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-1

TYPES OF ELECTRONIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Learning objective: After reading this information sheet, you must be able
to identify the different types of measuring instrument.

There are types of measuring tool which are commonly used to perform
electronic works. There are two ways on how tools can be utilized. Tools like
vernier caliper, metric rule, steel rules are tools used to perform PCB layout
and installation of a particular wiring materials. The tools like multimeter,
clamp meter, electric meter are common examples of tools used for
measuring voltage current resistance or even the power consumption of
particular appliances.

Multimeters are very useful test instruments. By operating a multi-

position switch on the meter they can be quickly and easily set to be a

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voltmeter, an ammeter or an ohmmeter. They have several settings called
“ranges” for each type of meter and the choice of AC or DC. Some
multimeters have additional features such as transistor testing and ranges
for measuring capacity and frequency.

Choosing a multi-meter

The photographs below show modestly priced multi-meters which are

suitable for general electronics use. A digital multimeter is the best choice
for your first multimeter user. Even the cheapest will be suitable for testing
simple projects.
If you are buying an analog multimeter make sure it has a high
sensitivity of 20k /V or greater on DC voltage ranges. Anything less is not
suitable for electronics. The sensitivity is normally marked in a corner of the
scale, ignore the lower AC value (sensitivity on AC ranges is less important),
the higher DC value is the critical one. Beware of cheap analogue
multimeters because their sensitivity is likely to be too low.

Analog Digital

Clamp meter is another type of measuring instrument which is

specialized to measure the value of electric current indirectly in an electrical
circuit. This can also be a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter. They have several
settings called “ranges” for each type of meter and the choice of AC or DC. It
is also available either in digital type or analog type. (See picture at next
page)

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 Digital multi meter
Electric meter is an electrical device used to record the amount of
electrical energy consumed by an appliance or electrical system in a
particular period of time

Insulation tester (megger) is an electrical measuring instrument

intended to measure the insulation resistance of electrical conductor. It is
particularly used to detect the condition of the coil of an electric motor.
Below are pictures of a digital and analogue type insulation tester.

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 The steel rule is considered to be the most convenient size to carry
around. Many steel rules have a "hook" feature that provides an accurate
"stop" at the end of the rule. This can be used to set calipers, dividers, etc.
and to take measurements where it is not possible to make sure that the
end of the rule is even with the edge of the work. Some workers refer steel
rules as "machinists scales."

Metric rule is a tool used measure short and long distances. It is very
important when performing a layout and installation of electrical wiring
fixture and structural installation.

Caliper rule can be either vernier or micro meter. These tools are
commonly used to measure the diameter of a wires or thickness of steel
plates . It can also be used to measure the inner distance of a hole.

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 Vernier caliper Micrometer caliper

SELF-CHECK 3.1-1
A. Direction: Write the letter of your answer in your answer sheet.
1. It is the tool used to measure the amount of electric current.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. service
meter
2. It is a measuring instrument used to record the amount of
electrical consumption.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. service
meter
4. It is a tool used to measure short and long distances
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. metric rule
5. It is a very useful test instrument which can easily be set as
voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter.
A. multi-meter B. clamp meter C. caliper D. megger

7. These are the tools which is considered as the most

convenient size to carry around.
A. steel tape B. ammeter C. straight edge D.
steel rule

B. Direction: Name the following measuring tools.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.1-1
A. Direction: Write the letter of your answer in your answer sheet.
A 1. Tool used to measure the amount of electric current.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. service
meter
D 2. It is a measuring instrument used to record the amount of
electrical consumption.
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. service
meter
D 4. It is a tool used to measure shrt and long distances
A. clamp meter B. micrometer C. steel rule D. metric rule

A 5. A very useful test instrument which can easily be set as

voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter.
A. multi-meter B. clamp meter C. caliper D. megger

A 7. The tools which is considered as the most convenient size to

carry around.
A. steel tape B. ammeter C. straight edge D.
steel rule
B. Direction: Name the following measuring tools.

Megger Digital multitester Watt meter

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 Clamp meter Pull rush rule
LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Carry out measurements and calculations.
CONTENTS:
 System of measurement
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Appropriate measuring instrument is selected to achieve required
outcome
2. Accurate measurements are obtained for job
3. Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the
four basic process of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x),
and division (/)
4. Calculation involving fractions, percentages and mixed numbers are
used to complete workplace tasks.
5. Numerical computation is checked and corrected for accuracy
6. Instruments are read to the limit of accuracy of the tool.
Students/trainees must be provided with the following shapes and
measuring tools:
 Round
 Square
 Rectangular
 Sphere
 Vernier caliper

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  English/Metric rule
METHODOLOGIES
 Self- paced/ modular
 Demonstration
 Small group discussion
 Distance learning
Assessment Method
 Written/Oral examination
 Practical demonstration

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read information sheet 3.2-1 After reading this information
System of measurement sheet, you must be able to
answer self- check 3.2-1
2. Read information sheet 3.2-2 After reading this information sheet,
Multitester you must be able to answer self-
check 3.2-2
3. Read activity sheet 3.2-1 Perform activity sheet .2-1
ohmmeter scale measurement
4. Read activity sheet 3.2-2 Perform activity sheet 3.2-2
Voltmeter scale measurement

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2.1
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

Learning objective: After reading this information sheet, you must be

able to understand the system of measurement in EIM NC-2.
A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify
anything can be measured.

These are common units of measurement used in making layout and

installation of electrical materials.
Linear measures
1. English system:
The English system of measurement provides the creative way on how
people can measure by themselves. For example, people measure shorter
distance on the ground with their feet. They measure long distances by
their palms which is equal to a yard.
 Inch
 Yard
 Miles
2. Metric system is a decimalized system of measurement. It exists in
several variations with different choices of base units. Metric units are
widely used around the world for personal, commercial and scientific
purpose.

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  Millimeter
 Centimeter
 Decimeter
 Meter
 Kilometer

English units and each equivalent

 12 inches = foot(ft)
 1 foot = 3yard (yd)
 1 yard = 36 inches

Metric units and each equivalent

 10millimeter (mm) = 1centimeter (cm)
 10centimeter = 1decimeter(dm)
 10 decimeter = 1meter

English to metric equivalent

 1 inch = 2.54 cm
 1 foot = 30.48 cm
 1 yard = 91.44 cm

The centimeter graduation

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 0.5mm 1mm 10mm or 1cm

The graduation shows that every digit is 0.5mm

How to read the cm graduation:

 First graduation is 0.5 mm
 Second graduation is 1mm
 Third graduation is 1.5mm
 Fourth graduation is 2mm

If the graduation reaches 10mm, it is equivalent to 1cm.

The inch graduation

0 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1in.

1/16 3/16 5/16 7/16 9/16 11/16 13/16 15/16

How to read the inch graduation:

 First graduation is 1/16
 Second graduation is 18
 Third graduation is 3/16
 Fourth graduation is 1/4, then follow the given scale above.

The inch graduation in a steel rule:

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Converting the unit of measurement from English to metric and vice
versa

Example:

1. 24 inches = ________ cm
Hence

Perform the indicated operation.

2.54 cm 1. Cancel the common unit and
24 inches = (24 inches)
1 inc h 2. Perform the indicated
operation.

Therefore: 24 inches = 60.96 cm

2. 5 feet = ________ inches

Hence
12inc h es 1. Cancel the common unit and
5 feet = 5feet 2. Perform the indicated
1 foot
operation.

Therefore: 5 feet = 60 inches

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 SELF-CHECK 4.1-1
A. Direction: Write the equivalent value of the given unit.

_______ 1. 1cm is _____ mm

_______ 2. 1 yard is _____ inches
_______ 3. 1dm is _____ cm
_______ 4. 10mm is _____ cm
_______ 5. 1foot is _____ inches

B. Direction: Write the correct unit abbreviation of the following:

_______ 6. Centimeter
_______ 7. Meter
_______ 8. Decimeter
_______ 9. Yard
_______ 10. Feet

C. Direction: Convert the following:

1. 10 feet = _________ cm
2. 70 cm = _________ mm
3. 15 inches = _________ ft

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4. 5 meters = _________ yard

ANSWER KEY 4.2-1

A. Direction: Write the equivalent value of the given unit.

10 mm.1. 1cm is _____ mm

36 in. 2. 1 yard is _____ inches
10 cm.3. 1 dm is _____ cm
1 cm. 4. 10 mm is _____ cm
12 in. 5. 1 foot is _____ inches

B. Direction: Write the correct unit abbreviation of the following:

Cm 6. Centimeter
M 7. Meter
Dm 8. Decimeter
Yd 9. Yard
Ft. 10. Feet
C. Direction: Convert the following:
1. 10 feet = _________ cm
2. 70 cm = _________ mm
3. 15 inches = _________ ft

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 4. 5 meters = _________ yard

INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-2

MULTITESTER

Learning objective:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to familiarize the
parts and uses of multitester:

The Multitester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter,

ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the best instrument that can measure
voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of two types: the analog
and the digital.
Parts of the multi tester

Meter scale

Pointer

Zero ohms

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Adjust knob
witch
Test probes

Function of each parts of a multitester

Meter scale is used to identify the amount of voltage current and

resistance of the circuit being measured.

Pointer is a movable part of the multi-tester which deflects and indicates

the reading.

Pointer

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 Infinite position adjusting screw is used to adjust the pointer to zero
before testing is performed in order to gain an accurate measurement.

Range Selector switch is composed of several setting for voltage, current

and resistance which is used to indicate the kind of range( voltage, current
and resistance)to be measured.

Test probe positive (red), negative (black) is used to connect the circuit
to the electrical components being tested.

Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester

 Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi tester.

 In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest range
to avoid reading voltage higher than the tester setting.
 Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance
range when measuring the ohm, voltage range when measuring
voltage and ammeter range when measuring the value of electric
current.
 Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will
damage the internal setting of the tester.
 When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector switch
to 1000V or to OFF position.
 Never drop the tester.

How to read the meter scale of the multi tester

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 To read the resistance range of the multi tester, the given table below
will be used. The unit of measurement to be used to determine its resistance
is ohm.

Range 0-2 2-10 10-20 20-50 50-100 100-200

Range x 1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 20
Range x 10 2 5 10 20 50 200
Range x 1k 200 500 1000 2000 5000 20K
Range x 10k 2000 5000 10K 20K 50K 200K

50 DC

Pointer deflection
Range setting is X1
Reading = 6.4 ohms

10 DC

Pointer deflection
Range setting is X10
Reading =2000 ohms

Voltage scale

Range Value/div
Range 0.25 V
Range 2.5V

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 Range 10V 0.2V
Range 50V 1V
Range 250V 5V Voltage scale
Range 1000V 20V

Pointer deflection
Range setting is 10 V 1000 AC

Used 0-10 scale

Reading= 5.0 V

Pointer deflection
Range setting is 250 V
Used 0-250 scale
Reading= 110 V

1000 AC

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Pointer deflection
Range setting is 50V (used 0-50) scale)
Reading = 25V

ACTIVITY SHEET 3.2-1

OHMMETER SCALE MEASUREMENT

Supplies and Materials

 Sheet of paper
 Pencil

Measuring Instrument

 Multitester
Direction: Complete the table by reading the value indicated by the
ohmmeter scale. Please use the table below as your guide in
filling out the table.

1000 AC

No Range X1 X10 X1K

1
2
3

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4
5

0 2 5 10 20 30 50
ohms

1 2 3 4 5

Resistance range- the unit of measurement is ohm

Range 0-2 2-10 10-20 20-50 50-100 100-200
Range x 1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 20
Range x10 2 5 10 20 50 200
Range x 1k 20 50 100 200 500 2K
Range x 10k 200 500 1K 2K 5K 20K

The Voltmeter

A voltmeter measures electromotive force ( EMF ) or potential difference

( PD ). It must be connected across the supply or load resistance in order to
record the voltage. That is, it must be connected in parallel with the
component as in Figure 22.

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 Figure 22.

Note: The voltmeter may be damaged if incorrectly connected.

A DC voltmeter (analog type) must be connected with the correct polarity for
the meter to read up scale. When selecting a meter to measure voltage,
choose one having a maximum range a good deal higher than the value of
any voltage you expect to be measuring. The reason for this is that a voltage
in excess of the maximum rated value of the meter will not only fail to
register properly on the scale, but will probably cause serious damage to the
meter.

Activity

Measure the voltage at the supply terminals and the potential difference
across the load of the circuit shown in Figure 23.

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 Figure 23.

The Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is used to check the electrical continuity of components and
to measure their resistance. It is powered by its own internal battery. A
typical ohmmeter is depicted in Figure 24. Before connecting an ohmmeter
in circuit it is important to ensure that:

1. There is no voltage across the component (supply disconnected).

2. The component to be measured is not connected in parallel with any
other component.
3. The instrument has been set to infinity  with the leads separated.
4. The instrument has been set to Zero Ohms with the leads connected
together. Scale

Infinity
Adjustment
Scale
Multiplier Switch
Zero Ohms
Adjustment

Figure 24
Measurements are taken by connecting the meter across the unknown
resistor as shown in Figure 725. It is important to select the most suitable
scale for the resistance under test. The current flowing through the
unknown resistance will cause the pointer to deflect. This deflection, when
multiplied by the scale factor (range selection switch setting), will give the
value of the resistance being measured. The ohmmeter scale is normally
non-linear with zero on the opposite side of the scale to that used for voltage
and current measurement.

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 
Figure 25.

The Multimeter
A multimeter is an instrument that can be set or programmed to measure
voltage, current or resistance. Most modern multimeters have a number of
other functions such as diode checking and capacitance measurement.
These instruments can measure Direct Current ( DC ) or Alternating Current
( AC ) over several ranges.

The main types are:

 Volt-Ohm-Milli-ammeter ( VOM ) and
 Digital Multimeter ( DMM )

COMPARISON OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

Analogue Type Digital Type

Features: Features:
Analogue Display Digital Display
Manual Range Setting Range Setting Automatic / Manual

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It is important that the instruction manual supplied with a meter is studied
prior to operation of the meter. These manuals normally contain warnings
and information, which must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain
the meter in a safe condition.

Meter Operating Suggestions

1. Ensure that the instrument is set to measure the desired unit e.g. Volts
to measure voltage.
2. Set the range switch to the proper position before making any
measurement.
3. Ensure the instrument test leads are connected to the appropriate jack
sockets. When the voltage, current or resistance to be measured is not
known, always start with the highest range first and work your way down
to a lower range that gives an accurate reading.
4. Always observe correct test lead polarity when making DC voltage and
current measurements.
5. For most accurate readings, look at the scale from a position where the
pointer and its reflection on the mirror come together to avoid parallax
error. Wherever possible, use a range setting, which results in a reading
in the centre 1/3rd of the meter scale.
6. Set the range selector switch to the "Off" position when the tester is not
in use or during transit.
7. Remove the battery before storing the meter for a long period of time.
8. Great care must be taken to ensure that the instrument range setting is
not exceeded when measuring a voltage or current.

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 ACTIVITY SHEET 3.2-2

VOLTMETER SCALE READING

Supplies and Materials

 Sheet of paper
 pencil

Measuring Instrument
 Multitester

Direction: Complete the table below by reading the value using the range
setting given in the table.
0 2 4 6 8 10V
0 10 20 30 40 50V
0 50 100 150 200 250V

1._____ 2._____ 3._______ 4._______ 5._______

No Range10V Range 50V Range 250V

1
2
3
4

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 5

ASSESSMENT PLAN

Program/Course: ELETRONIC PRODUCT ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING

NC-II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module Title: Performing Mensuration and Calculation

Assessment
Methods

QuestioningOral

Work Sample
Demonstration

Written Test
Observation
Assessment Criteria

LO 1. Select measuring tools and instruments

1. Measuring instruments are selected
X
according to the job requirements.
2. Measuring tools are selected/ identified as
X
per job requirements.
LO 2. Carry out measurements and calculations
1. Sys
tem of measurement is identified and converted X
according to the job requirements.
2. Ele
ctrical measuring instruments are selected X
according to the job requirements.
3. Pro
per handling of measuring instruments is X
strictly followed.

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 Observation Checklist

Student’s name:
Teacher’s name:
Name of the School:
Competency standards
Unit of competency:
Instructions for the assessor:
1. Observe the student how to perform mensuration and calculation.
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date when it was undertaken.
3. Put a check in the box to show that the student has completed each
area of the activity according to the standard expected in the
enterprise.
4. Complete the feedback sections of the form.
Date of observation
Description of assessment
activity
Location of assessment activity
After the demonstration of skills, did the trainee… If completed,
check the box
 Measuring instruments are selected according to
the job requirements.
 Measuring tools are selected/ identified as per job
requirements.
 System of measurement is identified and converted
according to the job requirements.
 Electrical measuring instruments are selected
according to the job requirements.
 Proper handling of measuring instruments is
strictly followed.
Did the student’s overall performance meet the Yes No
standard?
Teacher’s feedback:
Teacher’s signature: Date:

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

The value of the resistor and its tolerance may be marked on the body of the
component. This may be done either by direct numerical indication or by

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using a standard color code. The colored bands are located on the
component towards one end. If the resistor is turned so that this end is
towards the left, then the bands are read from left to right, See Figure 26.

First Fourth
Band Second Third Band
Band Band
Figure 26.

Color Coding for Four Color Bands Resistors

1st Band Color - 1st Digit

2nd Band Color - 2nd Digit
3rd Band Color - Multiplier ( in effect the number of zeros )
4th Band Color - Tolerance

Resistor Color Code Values

Color First Color Second Color Third Color Fourth Color

Black 0 0 X100
Brown 1 1 X101 1%
Red 2 2 X102 2%
Orange 3 3 X103
Yellow 4 4 X104
Green 5 5 X105
Blue 6 6 X106
Violet 7 7 X107
Grey 8 8 X108
White 9 9 X109
Gold X10-1 5%
Silver X10-2 10%
No 20%
Color

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Resistor Tolerance

The fourth resistor color band indicates the resistor tolerance. This is
commonly gold or silver, indicating a tolerance of 5% or 10% respectively.
Sometimes the colored bands are not clearly oriented towards one end. In
this case, first identify the tolerance band and turn the resistor so that this
is to the right. Then read the color code as described below.

The tolerance band indicates the maximum tolerance variation in the

declared value of resistance. Thus a 100  resistor with a 5% tolerance will
have a value of somewhere between 95 and 105, since 5% of 100 is 5.

If no fourth band exists this indicates a tolerance of ± 20%.

Tolerance indicators Gold Silver No band

5% 10% 20%

Reading a resistor color code.

Blue Gold
Grey Red

Figure 27.

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Resistor Color Code Mnemonic

Mnemonic to Remember the Resistor Color Code:

Better Be Right Or Your Great Big Venture Goes Wrong

If a resistor has color code bands of blue, grey, red, gold, what is its ohmic
value?
Solution:
Blue = 6 1st Digit
Grey = 8 2nd Digit
Red = 2 Number of zeros
Gold = 5% Tolerance

Resistor value is 6,800  with a 5% tolerance

This resistor will have an ohmic value between 6,460 and 7,140 ohms.

Task Sheet 3.2_2

Read the value base on color code of 5 different resistors and calculate the
tolerance range.

First Second Third Fourth Nominal Minimum Maximum

color color color color value value value
1
2
3
4
5

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 The Multimeter
Is a very significant instrument for engineers and technicians in the
electrical field. It is widely used because of its simple operation and its
ability to measure direct currents, alternating currents, and even
resistances all in one small lightweight package.

How to calibrate the Ohmmeter Range of the Multimeter

Ensure that the pointer needle is at the left most zero position by adjusting
the zero position adjuster screw. Set the range selector knob to the
ohmmeter range and to the desired scale.

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Set the range selector knob to the ohmmeter range and to the desired scale.

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Ohmmeter range scale RX1
Always perform calibration of the ohmmeter every time the scale is changed
to ensure accurateness of reading.

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Hold the probes at the end of the test leads together then rotate the "Zero Ω
Adjust" knob until the needle pointer reads "0 Ω". If ever the needle pointer
does not reach the "0 Ω" in the scale/dial despite of full adjustment of the
zero Ω adjuster knob, this is an indication that you all ready have to
change your meter’s battery.

Understanding the Scale of the Multimeter

Reading the Scale of the Multimeter

Ohmmeter Range
When reading the scale in the ohmmeter range, it is very important to take
note of your scale setting.
Scale Settings: RX1
RX10
RX100
RX1K

Multiply your reading to your scale setting to achieve the correct reading.
For example, if the setting of the ohmmeter range is at RX10, the reading of
the meter at the right will be 5 X 10 = 50 Ω.

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 Reading the Scale of the Multimeter

If the range selector knob is set at 250 for example, the maximum reading
in the scale will be 250 V giving a reading of 200 V for the figure at the
right. But if the range selector knob is set at 50 however, the maximum
reading in the scale will only be 50 V giving a reading of only 40 V for the
figure at the right.

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 AC/DC Voltmeter Range
The scale reading in the AC/DC voltmeter range, depends also on the
settings in the range selector knob.
DC Scale Settings: 0.25
2.5
10
50
250
1000

It is very important to set the range in the right scale. Measuring 250 V
by a multimeter set only at scale 50 will damage the meter and might cause
serious harm to the operator.

Measuring Resistance Using the Multimeter

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Note: Make sure that the system/circuit is de-energized or disconnected
to the power source. Set the range selector knob to ohmmeter range and
calibrate the multimeter to the appropriate scale to be used.

Position the test pins of the multimeter parallel to the terminals of the
components in which you are to get the resistance value.

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Record the resistance value of the component by reading the position of the
pointer in the scale in reference to the setting of the range selector knob.

Measuring for AC and DC Voltage Using the Multimeter

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Make sure that the system/circuit is energized or connected to the power
source.

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Identify the kind of voltage you are about to measure and set the range
selector knob to its appropriate setting.

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Position the test pins of the multimeter parallel to the terminals of the
components in which you are to get the voltage value.

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Record the voltage value of the component by reading the position of the
pointer in the scale in reference to the setting of the range selector knob.

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The Ammeter

An ammeter is a device used to measure current flowing through a circuit or

part of a circuit. It indicates, in terms of amperes, the number of coulombs
passing a given point in a circuit, in one second. The ammeter shown in
Figure 1 has a Full Scale Deflection (FSD) of 40A. Ammeter must be
physically connected into the circuit. It can then measure all the electrons
passing through it. The ammeter in Figure 20 is said to be in series with the
resistor or load.

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 + -
A
Ammeter

Resistor
+ or
Load

Figure 20.

Note: The ammeter may be damaged if incorrectly connected.

Measuring for Source

Make sure that the system/circuit is energized or connected to the

power source. Set the range selector knob to DC milliammeter range and
to the appropriate scale to be used.

The positive and negative terminals of a direct current (DC) meter must be
connected correctly as shown in Figure 2. This is referred to as correct
polarity. It allows the meter to read up-scale. Reversed polarity causes the
meter to read down scale. This forces the pointer against the stop at the left,
which may damage the meter.

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Meter Range and Selection

Set the range selector knob to DC milliammeter range and to the

appropriate scale to be used. The current required to be measured should be
estimated. Select a meter having a full Scale Deflection (FSD) higher than
the estimated current. Any current value in excess of the FSD of the meter
will not only fail to register properly on the scale, but will probably cause
serious damage to the meter.

On the other hand, any current value very low in relation to the FSD will not
cause the pointer to move. An accurate reading cannot be obtained in this
situation. The useful range of any meter never, in fact, extends right down to
zero on its scale. It only goes down to the point at which readings can be
distinguished from zero with reasonable accuracy.

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Position the test pins of the multimeter in series to the terminals of the
components in which you are to get the direct current value.

Record the direct current value of the component by reading the position of
the pointer in the scale in reference to the setting of the range selector knob.

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Activity

Apprentices to install an ammeter into a circuit as shown in Figure 21 and

measure the current.
Figure 21.

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