9781133105060_APP_G.

qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G1

Appendix G.1 ■ Differentiation and Integration Formulas G1

G Formulas

G.1 Differentiation and Integration Formulas

■ Use differentiation and integration tables to supplement differentiation and integration techniques.

Differentiation Formulas
d d d
1. 关cu兴 ⫽ cu⬘ 2. 关u ± v兴 ⫽ u⬘ ± v⬘ 3. 关uv兴 ⫽ uv⬘ ⫹ vu⬘
dx dx dx
vu⬘ ⫺ uv⬘
冤冥
d u d d n
4. ⫽ 5. 关c兴 ⫽ 0 6. 关u 兴 ⫽ nun⫺1u⬘
dx v v2 dx dx
d d u⬘ d u
7. 关x兴 ⫽ 1 8. 关ln u兴 ⫽ 9. 关e 兴 ⫽ e uu⬘
dx dx u dx
d d d
10. 关 sin u兴 ⫽ 共cos u兲u⬘ 11. 关cos u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共sin u兲u⬘ 12. 关tan u兴 ⫽ 共sec2 u兲u⬘
dx dx dx
d d d
13. 关cot u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共csc2 u兲u⬘ 14. 关sec u兴 ⫽ 共sec u tan u兲u⬘ 15. 关csc u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共csc u cot u兲u⬘
dx dx dx

Integration Formulas
Forms Involving u n

1. 冕 un du ⫽
un⫹1
n⫹1
⫹ C, n ⫽ ⫺1 2. 冕 1
u ⱍⱍ
du ⫽ ln u ⫹ C

Forms Involving a ⴙ bu

3. 冕 u
a ⫹ bu
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 2共bu ⫺ a ln a ⫹ bu 兲 ⫹ C
b ⱍ
4. 冕 u
共a ⫹ bu兲2
1
du ⫽ 2
a
b a ⫹ bu冢⫹ lnⱍa ⫹ buⱍ ⫹ C 冣
5. 冕 u
共a ⫹ bu兲n
1
du ⫽ 2 冤 ⫺1
⫹
a
b 共n ⫺ 2兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺2 共n ⫺ 1兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺1
⫹ C, n ⫽ 1, 2 冥
6. 冕 u2
a ⫹ bu
1 bu
冤
du ⫽ 3 ⫺ 共2a ⫺ bu兲 ⫹ a2 ln a ⫹ bu
b 2 ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹ C
7. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲2
du ⫽
1
b3
bu ⫺冢 a2
a ⫹ bu
⫺ 2a ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹ C
8. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲3
1
du ⫽ 3
2a
冤
⫺
a2
b a ⫹ bu 2共a ⫹ bu兲2
⫹ ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹ C
9. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲n
1
du ⫽ 3 冤 ⫺1
b 共n ⫺ 3兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺3 ⫹
2a
共n ⫺ 2兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺2 ⫺
a2
共n ⫺ 1兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺1
⫹ C, 冥 n ⫽ 1, 2, 3

10. 冕 1
u共a ⫹ bu兲
1
du ⫽ ln
u
a a ⫹ bu
⫹C
ⱍ ⱍ
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G2 Appendix G ■ Formulas

Integration Formulas (continued)

11. 冕 1
u共a ⫹ bu兲2
du ⫽
1 1
冢
1
⫹ ln
u
a a ⫹ bu a a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹C

12. 冕 1
u2共a ⫹ bu兲
du ⫽ ⫺
1 1 b
⫹ ln
u
冢
a u a a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹C

13. 冕 1
u2共a ⫹ bu兲2
1 a ⫹ 2bu
du ⫽ ⫺ 2
a u共a ⫹ bu兲
⫹ 冤
2b
a
ln
u
a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹C

Forms Involving 冪a ⴙ bu

14. 冕 un 冪a ⫹ bu du ⫽
2
b共2n ⫹ 3兲 冤
un共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 ⫺ na 冕 un⫺1冪a ⫹ bu du 冥
15. 冕 1
u冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
1
冪a
ln
冪a ⫹ bu ⫺ 冪a
冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ 冪a ⱍ
⫹ C,
ⱍ a > 0

16. 冕 1
un冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
⫺1
a共n ⫺ 1兲
冪a ⫹ bu
un⫺1
⫹
2 冤
共2n ⫺ 3兲b
冕 1
un⫺1冪a ⫹ bu
du , n ⫽ 1 冥
17. 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
u
du ⫽ 2冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ a 冕 1
u冪a ⫹ bu
du

18. 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
un
du ⫽
⫺1
a共n ⫺ 1兲
共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 共2n ⫺ 5兲b
un⫺1冤 ⫹
2 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
un⫺1 冥
du , n ⫽ 1

19. 冕 u
冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽ ⫺
2共2a ⫺ bu兲
3b2
冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ C

20. 冕 un
冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
2
共2n ⫹ 1兲b
un冪a ⫹ bu ⫺ na 冢 冕 un⫺1
冪a ⫹ bu
du 冣
Forms Involving u 2 ⴚ a 2, a > 0

21. 冕 1
u2 ⫺ a2
du ⫽ ⫺ 冕 1
a2 ⫺ u2
du ⫽
1
ln
u⫺a
2a u ⫹ a
⫹C
ⱍ ⱍ
22. 冕 1
共u2 ⫺ a2兲n
du ⫽ 2
⫺1 u
2a 共n ⫺ 1兲 共u2 ⫺ a2兲n⫺1 冤
⫹ 共2n ⫺ 3兲 冕 1
共u2 ⫺ a2兲n⫺1 冥
du , n ⫽ 1

Forms Involving 冪u 2 ± a 2, a > 0

23. 冕 冪u2 ± a2 du ⫽
1
2
共u冪u2 ± a2 ± a2 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兲 ⫹ C
ⱍ ⱍ
24. 冕 u2冪u2 ± a2 du ⫽
1
8
关u共2u2 ± a2兲冪u2 ± a2 ⫺ a4 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兴 ⫹ C ⱍ ⱍ
25. 冕 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
du ⫽ 冪u2 ⫹ a2 ⫺ a ln
ⱍ a ⫹ 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
26. 冕 冪u2 ± a2
u2
du ⫽
⫺ 冪u2 ± a2
u
⫹ ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 ⫹ Cⱍ ⱍ
27. 冕 1
冪u2 ± a2
ⱍ
du ⫽ ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 ⫹ C ⱍ
28. 冕 u冪u2
1
⫹ a2
du ⫽
a
ln
ⱍ
⫺1 a ⫹ 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
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Appendix G.1 ■ Differentiation and Integration Formulas G3

29. 冕 u2
冪u ± a
2 2
du ⫽
1
2
共u冪u2 ± a2 ⫿ a2 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兲 ⫹ C
ⱍ ⱍ
30. 冕 1
u2冪u2 ± a2
du ⫽ ⫿
冪u2 ± a2
a2u
⫹C

31. 冕 1
共u2 ± a2兲3兾2
±u
du ⫽ 2 2
a 冪u ± a2
⫹C

Forms Involving 冪a 2 ⴚ u 2, a > 0

32. 冕 冪a2 ⫺ u2
u
du ⫽ 冪a2 ⫺ u2 ⫺ a ln
ⱍ a ⫹ 冪a2 ⫺ u2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
冕 ⱍ
⫺1 a ⫹ 冪a ⫺ u
ⱍ
2 2
1
33. du ⫽ ln ⫹C
u冪a ⫺ u2 2 a u

34. 冕 1
u2冪a2 ⫺ u2
du ⫽
⫺ 冪a2 ⫺ u2
a2u
⫹C 35. 冕 1
共a2 ⫺ u2兲3兾2
du ⫽ 2 2
u
a 冪a ⫺ u2
⫹C

Forms Involving e u

36. 冕
eu du ⫽ eu ⫹ C 37. 冕 ueu du ⫽ 共u ⫺ 1兲eu ⫹ C

38. 冕 uneu du ⫽ uneu ⫺ n 冕 un⫺1eu du 39. 冕 1

1 ⫹ eu
du ⫽ u ⫺ ln共1 ⫹ eu兲 ⫹ C

40. 冕 1
1 ⫹ enu
1
du ⫽ u ⫺ ln共1 ⫹ enu兲 ⫹ C
n

Forms Involving ln u

41. 冕 ln u du ⫽ u共⫺1 ⫹ ln u兲 ⫹ C 42. 冕 u ln u du ⫽

u2
4
共⫺1 ⫹ 2 ln u兲 ⫹ C

43. 冕 un ln u du ⫽
un⫹1
共n ⫹ 1兲2
关⫺1 ⫹ 共n ⫹ 1兲 ln u兴 ⫹ C, n ⫽ ⫺1

44. 冕 共ln u兲2 du ⫽ u关2 ⫺ 2 ln u ⫹ 共ln u兲2兴 ⫹ C 45. 冕 共ln u兲n du ⫽ u共ln u兲n ⫺ n 冕 共ln u兲n⫺1 du

Forms Involving sin u or cos u

46. 冕 sin u du ⫽ ⫺cos u ⫹ C 47. 冕 cos u du ⫽ sin u ⫹ C

48. 冕 1
sin2 u du ⫽ 共u ⫺ sin u cos u兲 ⫹ C
2
49. 冕 1
cos2 u du ⫽ 共u ⫹ sin u cos u兲 ⫹ C
2

50. 冕 sinn u du ⫽ ⫺
sinn⫺1 u cos u n ⫺ 1
n
⫹
n 冕 sinn⫺2 u du

51. 冕 cosn u du ⫽
cosn⫺1 u sin u n ⫺ 1
n
⫹
n 冕cosn⫺2 u du

52. 冕 u sin u du ⫽ sin u ⫺ u cos u ⫹ C 53. 冕 u cos u du ⫽ cos u ⫹ u sin u ⫹ C

54. 冕 un sin u du ⫽ ⫺un cos u ⫹ n 冕 un⫺1 cos u du

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G4 Appendix G ■ Formulas

Integration Formulas (continued)

55. 冕 un cos u du ⫽ un sin u ⫺ n 冕 un⫺1 sin u du

56. 冕 1
1 ± sin u
du ⫽ tan u ⫿ sec u ⫹ C

57. 冕 1
1 ± cos u
du ⫽ ⫺cot u ± csc u ⫹ C

58. 冕 1
sin u cos u ⱍ
du ⫽ ln tan u ⫹ C ⱍ
Forms Involving tan u, cot u, sec u, or csc u

59. 冕 ⱍ
tan u du ⫽ ⫺ln cos u ⫹ C ⱍ
60. 冕 ⱍ
cot u du ⫽ ln sin u ⫹ Cⱍ
61. 冕 ⱍ
sec u du ⫽ ln sec u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C ⱍ
62. 冕 ⱍ
csc u du ⫽ ln csc u ⫺ cot u ⫹ C ⱍ
63. 冕 tan2 u du ⫽ ⫺u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C

64. 冕 cot2 u du ⫽ ⫺u ⫺ cot u ⫹ C

65. 冕 sec2 u du ⫽ tan u ⫹ C

66. 冕 csc2 u du ⫽ ⫺cot u ⫹ C

67. 冕 tann u du ⫽
tann⫺1 u
n⫺1
⫺ 冕 tann⫺2 u du, n⫽1

68. 冕 cotn u du ⫽ ⫺
cotn⫺1 u
n⫺1
⫺ 冕 cotn⫺2 u du, n⫽1

69. 冕 secn u du ⫽
secn⫺2 u tan u n ⫺ 2
n⫺1
⫹
n⫺1 冕 secn⫺2 u du, n⫽1

70. 冕 cscn u du ⫽ ⫺
cscn⫺2 u cot u n ⫺ 2
n⫺1
⫹
n⫺1 冕 cscn⫺2 u du, n ⫽ 1

71. 冕 1
1 ± tan u
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 共u ± ln cos u ± sin u 兲 ⫹ C
2 ⱍ
72. 冕 1
1 ± cot u
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 共u ⫿ ln sin u ± cos u 兲 ⫹ C
2 ⱍ
73. 冕 1
1 ± sec u
du ⫽ u ⫹ cot u ⫿ csc u ⫹ C

74. 冕 1
1 ± csc u
du ⫽ u ⫺ tan u ± sec u ⫹ C
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Appendix G.2 ■ Formulas from Business and Finance G5

G.2 Formulas from Business and Finance

■ Summary of business and finance formulas

Formulas from Business

Basic Terms
x ⫽ number of units produced (or sold)
p ⫽ price per unit
R ⫽ total revenue from selling x units
C ⫽ total cost of producing x units
C ⫽ average cost per unit
P ⫽ total profit from selling x units

Basic Equations
C
R ⫽ xp C⫽ P⫽R⫺C
x

Typical Graphs of Supply and Demand Curves

p
Supply curves increase as price
Supply
increases and demand curves Demand
decrease as price increases. The
equilibrium point occurs when the
Equilibrium
supply and demand curves intersect. price p0 Equilibrium point
(x0, p0)

x
x0
Equilibrium quantity

Demand Function: p ⴝ f 冇x冈 ⴝ price required to sell x units

p兾x
␩⫽ ⫽ price elasticity of demand
dp兾dx
共When ⱍ␩ⱍ < 1, the demand is inelastic. When ⱍ␩ⱍ > 1, the demand is elastic.兲

Typical Graphs of Revenue, Cost, and Profit Functions

R C P
Elastic Inelastic Maximum
demand demand profit

Fixed Break-even
cost point
x x x
Negative of
fixed cost
Revenue Function Cost Function Profit Function
The low prices required to The total cost to produce The break-even point occurs
sell more units eventually x units includes the fixed when R ⫽ C.
result in a decreasing cost.
revenue.
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G6 Appendix G ■ Formulas

Formulas from Business (continued)

Marginals
dR
⫽ marginal revenue ⬇ the extra revenue from selling one additional unit
dx
dC Marginal
⫽ marginal cost ⬇ the extra cost of producing one additional unit revenue
dx
1 unit
dP
⫽ marginal profit ⬇ the extra profit from selling one additional unit Extra revenue
dx for one unit

Revenue Function
Formulas from Finance
Basic Terms
P ⫽ amount of deposit r ⫽ interest rate
n ⫽ number of times interest is compounded per year
t ⫽ number of years A ⫽ balance after t years

Compound Interest Formulas

冢 冣
r nt
1. Balance when interest is compounded n times per year: A ⫽ P 1 ⫹
n
2. Balance when interest is compounded continuously: A ⫽ Pert

Effective Rate of Interest

n
reff ⫽ 1 ⫹冢 r
n 冣 ⫺1

Present Value of a Future Investment

A
P⫽
冢1 ⫹ nr 冣
nt

Balance of an Increasing Annuity After n Deposits of P per Year for t Years

冤 冢1 ⫹ nr 冣 冥冢 冣
nt n
A⫽P ⫺1 1⫹
r

Initial Deposit for a Decreasing Annuity with n Withdrawals of W per Year for t Years

冢nr冣冦1 ⫺ 冤 1 ⫹ 1共r兾n兲冥 冧
nt
P⫽W

Monthly Installment M for a Loan of P Dollars over t Years at r% Interest

冦 冧
r兾12
M⫽P
冤 冥
12t
1
1⫺
1 ⫹ 共r兾12兲

Amount of an Annuity

冕
erT
T

0
c共t兲e⫺rt dt

c共t兲 is the continuous income function in dollars per year and T is the term of the annuity in years.