A S S IG N M E N T P R O B L E M S O N S E D IM E N T -T R A N S P O R T

L E C T U R E S A T IO W A IN S T IT U T E O F H Y D R A U L IC R E S E A R C H

Compiled by

The Late John F. Kennedy

and
Tatsuaki Nakato

For the Course

053:173: Mechanics of Sediment Transport

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

College of Engineering
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52242

IIHR MONOGRAPH No. 11 7

Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

College of Engineering
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1585

February 1998
H is t o r y o f H y d r a u lic s
The
U n iv e rsity
o f Iowa
Libraries

TC175.2
K46
1998
 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS ON SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT
LECTURES AT IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH

Compiled by

The Late John F. Kennedy

and
Tatsuaki Nakato

For the Course

053:173: Mechanics of Sediment Transport

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

College of Engineering
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52242

IIHR MONOGRAPH No. 117

Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

College of Engineering
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1585

February 1998
 PREFACE

From 1966, when he came to Iowa from MIT, until 1991, when he died, at age 57
from Multiple Myeloma, Prof. John F. Kennedy taught “Mechanics of Sediment
Transport” at the College of Engineering's Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR),
The University of Iowa. He demonstrated a profound knowledge and an incredible
enthusiasm for the subject. His lectures were so well-known all over the world that
many foreign students came to Iowa just to attend his classes.

I took Prof. Kennedy’s class for the first time in the spring of 1971 when I arrived
from Japan. I vividly remember that long, wintry semester, working through a hefty load
of assignments, and being impressed by the fantastic, sometimes humorous nature of
the assignment problems. Prof. Kennedy had a desire to compile his assignment
problems in a systematic manner, and he finally prepared an unbound problem booklet
in 1972. Included therein, in addition to many problems he developed, were three
problems developed by the late Prof. Arthur T. Ippen (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and fifteen problems authored by Prof.
Vito A. Vanoni (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.). Prof.
Kennedy apparently collected those problems through his academic association with
them before arriving at IIHR.

Prof. Kennedy revised the booklet in 1975. Revisions 2 and 3 followed in 1989
and 1991. All the problems he compiled were typewritten and the figures were pencil-
drawn. Following Prof. Kennedy’s death, I started teaching his course in 1993. I began
re-typing all the problems that he compiled and re-drawing all the figures using a CAD
program on a PC. I added my own assignment problems to his collection in 1994,
including some of the old problems from my lectures in “Advanced Topics in Sediment
Transport,” which were offered at IIHR in 1979. In the meantime, I distributed draft
problems to students in my classes in 1993 and 1995. Some IIHR graduates have since
heard of my work to expand the work to this monograph and asked for copies of it, and I
have been happy to oblige.

With great personal satisfaction I have just completed my work. This monograph
contains sixty-four problems authored by Prof. Kennedy, eighteen problems authored by
both the late Prof. Ippen and Prof. Vanoni, and thirty-one problems developed by me.
The sole intention of the present monograph is to disseminate this fascinating collection
by Prof. Kennedy on sediment-transport problems to the hydraulics community
worldwide. My dream would come true if any one of Prof. Kennedy’s former students or
anyone interested in sediment-transport mechanics would utilize this monograph in the
classroom to enhance his or her educational endeavor in sediment transport.

In order to acknowledge the authorship of the problems, special notations are

used in the problem numbers: problems designated by a K were prepared by the late
Prof. John F. Kennedy; those including I in the problem number were authored by the
late Prof. Arthur T. Ippen; those identified by a V were authored by Prof. Vito A. Vanoni;
and, those designated by an N were prepared by Tatsuaki Nakato.

With fond memories of Prof. John F. Kennedy,

Tatsuaki Nakato
8 February 1998

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paae
1. SEDIMENT PARTICLE CHARACTERISTIC 1
II. BED FORMS 14
III. FRICTION FACTORS 18
IV. INITIATION OF MOTION 23
V. SUSPENDED-LOAD DISCHARGE 27
VI. TOTAL-LOAD DISCHARGE 36
VII. SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN PIPES 68
Vili. WIND-DRIVEN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 76
IX. RIVER MEANDERING 78

iii
 /. SEDIMENT PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS

<PROBLEM K-1P>

A sphere, 18 inches in diameter and weighing 85 pounds, is released in water

with kinematic viscosity v = 10'5 ft2/sec. Find its terminal fall velocity, w.

Note: Volume of a sphere = —nR3, where R is the radius of a sphere.

3

<PROBLEM K-2P>

Find the fall velocity in water at 24 °C of a Bakelite particle with a sieve diameter
of 0.8 mm and a shape factor of 0.7.

<PROBLEM K-3P>

You are stranded on the planet Mitiap. While waiting for NASA to retrieve you,
you undertake a study of transport of Mitiap sediments. You construct a set of
sieves from pieces of your demolished space capsule and rocket, and perform a
sieve analysis. However, you have no log-probability paper, so you make your
own. Give the coordinate positions for a normal distribution horizontal scale that
extends from 0.01 to 99.99 in a distance of 10 in. or 25 cm and a vertical
logarithmic scale that includes two cycles in 8 in. or 20 cm. (Note: Tables of the
normal distribution, or integrated error function, can be found in most books of
mathematical tables, and in Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, by Hoel,
p.315.)

1
<PROBLEM K-4P>

The uniformity coefficient, Cu, of a sediment sample is defined as

where D’ is the sieve diameter. Obtain an analytical relation between ag and the
uniformity coefficient for sediments with log-normally distributed sieve diameters.
Then, plot the graphical relation between Cu and ag.

<PROBLEM K-5P>

(1 ) A sieve analysis yields the data given in the table below. Find D50 and ag
for the sieve diameters, and the median and geometric standard deviation
for the fall velocity distribution.

(2) Can the distribution be represented as an ordinary normal distribution?

Tyler Mesh Sieve Opening Amount Retained

(openings per inch) (mm) (gram)
32 0.495 0.85
35 0.417 1.56
42 0.351 3.88
48 0.295 3.82
60 0.246 5.35
65 0.208 5.69
80 0.175 4.31
100 0.147 5.06
115 0.124 2.37
150 0.104 1.16
170 0.088 0.21
200 0.074 0.12
pan 0.04

2
<PROBLEM K-6P>

A composite sediment is to be made consisting of two parts of the sediment

described in Problem K-5P, and one part of the sediment described below. Find
the frequency distribution of the sieve diameters of the composite sediment.

Sieve Opening Amount Retained

(mm) (grams)
0.053 0.66
0.061 2.22
0.074 6.32
0.088 9.98
0.104 22.41
0.124 17.32
0.147 21.92
0.175 9.61
0.208 8.39
0.246 2.71
0.295 0.74
0.351 0.16
0.417 0.00
0.495 0.00

<PROBLEM K-7P>

For the distribution of sieve diameters given in Problem K-5P, find graphically the
cumulative distribution of fall velocities in water at 24 °C, using Figs. 2.10 and 2.2
(ASCE Sedimentation Manual No. 54). Compare the values of w50 and aw
obtained graphically with those yielded by the analytic procedure developed by
Kennedy and Koh ("The relation between the frequency distributions of sieve
diameters and fall velocities of sediment particles," Journal of Geophysical
Research, 66, 12, December, 1961, pp. 4233-4246).

3
<PROBLEM K-8P>

You are exploring the newly discovered planet Mitcit. You find that the natural
sediments on Mitcit are spherical (Be careful not to spill any on the floor of your
space capsule!) and have a frequency distribution given by

where Dm and Dm are respectively the largest and smallest particle sizes present
in the sediment. You have also found that in the Mitcit gravity field, the fall
velocity Reynolds number of the sediment particles in Earth fluids is less than
about 0.5.

(1 ) Why should you avoid spilling any particles?,

(2) Derive the distribution function (i.e., the cumulative frequency function) for
fall velocities of Mitcit sediments in Earth fluids. Use Stokes’ law to
calculate fall velocities.

(3) Derive a relation between the uniformity coefficient (D60/D10), and Dm and
Dm for Mitcit sediments.

(4) For the distribution of diameters given above, does

behave as in the case for a log-normal distribution?

(5) What does the spherical shape suggest about the weathering process on
Mitcit?

4
<PROBLEM K-9P>

(1) Show that

where

(2) Also, prove that

where

[Note]:Refer to “The relation between the frequency distributions of sieve

diameters and fall velocities of sediment particles,” by Kennedy and Koh
(Journal of Geophysical Research, 66, 12, December, 1961, pp. 4233-
4246)

<PROBLEM K-10P>

Find the distribution of fall velocities for a sediment which has log-normally
distributed sedimentation diameters, D, with D50 = 0.3 mm and geometric
standard deviation ag = 1.40. Assume that the water temperature is 30 °C ( v =
0.00780 cm2/sec). Refer to the paper by Kennedy and Koh (1961 ).

5
<PROBLEM K-11P>

Spherical particles with a diameter of 0.305 mm (0.001 ft) fall in water with
kinematic viscosity of 10'5 ft2/s. The densities of the particles are distributed as
shown. Find the frequency distribution of the fall velocities. Assume that Stokes’
law is applicable.

<PROBLEM K-12P>

Now consider Problem K-11P with specific gravity, S.G. = 1.5, but D variable.

(1 ) Would it be possible to find a frequency distribution of diameters, f(D), that

would produce the same f(w) as obtained in Problem K-11P? Why?

(2) Find the frequency distribution of diameters that gives the same frequency
distribution of fall velocities as the particles with S.G. > 1.5.

6
<PROBLEM K-13P>

Find the frequency distribution of the sediment particles, f(D), that produces the
frequency distribution of the fall velocities, f(w), shown below. Assume Stokes’
law to be applicable, and take S.G. (specific gravity) = 2.5 and v (kinematic
viscosity) = 10'5 ft2/sec.

<PROBLEM K-14P>

A method proposed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute for measuring the

distribution of particle fall velocities consists of placing a small sample of the
sediment in the device shown, called a settling tube, and recording the pressure
variation as the sediment settles past the piezometer tap. Take the cross-
section area of the tube to be A = 0.10 ft2. The fluid is water with kinematic
viscosity v = 1.00 x 10'5 ft2/s. The sediment sample is added at t = 100 sec.

7
For the time-pressure record shown above:

(1) What is h0?

(2) What is the weight of the sediment sample added to the tube?

(3) What is the volume of sediment solids placed in the tube, and what is the
specific gravity of the sediment particles?

(4) Find the frequency distribution of fall velocities.

(5) Assuming that the particles are spherical, what are the maximum and
minimum diameters present in the sediment?

8
<PROBLEM K-15P>

Using Fig. 2.5 (ASCE Sedimentation Manual No. 54), find upward water velocity
through a fluidized sand bed that will give concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4% if
the sand has a standard fall diameter of 0.1 mm and the water temperature is
24°C.

<PROBLEM N-16P>

Using the Iowa Rapid Sediment Analyzer (IRSA) developed by Tatsuaki Nakato,
the time history of the differential pressure transducer was obtained at Iowa
Institute of Hydraulic Research on 4 February 1987, as shown, with a glass-bead
sample (approximately 6 grams). The inside diameter of the settling tube was
7.00 cm; the initial water depth was 121.92 cm; the sensitivity of the pressure
transducer was 15.27 volts/cm H20 ; and the water temperature was 19.5 °C.

(1) What are the true weight and the volume of the sample tested? Can you
say that glass beads are quartz?

(2) Obtain the minimum and the maximum fall velocities of the sample
particles.

(3) From the given data and curve, obtain the frequency distribution of fall
velocities (do not take more than 15 discrete data points from the graph).

(4) Assuming that the particles are spherical, obtain the size distribution
curve, and determine the median diameter and the geometric standard
deviation of the particles. The manufacturer claims that the particles are
between 0.90 mm and 1.23 mm. Do you agree with the claim?

9
Figure N-16P Temporal changes in hydrostatic pressure

10
<PROBLEM N-17P>

Two different quartz-bead samples (Sample 1 and Sample 2) have frequency

distributions of fall velocity, w, as shown.

(1) Find the cumulative distribution function of fall velocities, G(w), for each
sample.

(2) Find the cumulative distribution function of sedimentation diameters, F(D),

for Sample 1 (D is the sedimentation diameter). Use Stokes’ law to relate
D and w.

(3) Another quartz sample will be made by mixing one kilogram of Sample 1
with three kilograms of Sample 2. Find a frequency distribution, g(w) for
the new composite sample, expressed in terms of the original frequency
distributions, gi(w) for Sample 1 and g2(w) for Sample 2. Please do not
carry out detailed calculations (if you wish to do it and have time, you can
do it, of course!).

11
<PROBLEM N-18P>

A sedimentary material produced by Spherical Particles Inc. has spherical

particles with a uniform diameter of D = 0.0016 ft. The fall velocity of the
particles has a frequency distribution, f(w), expressed by

f(w) = 0 w< 0.5 ft/s; (1)

f(w) = (n/2)sin 7i(w-0.5) 0.5 ft/s < w < 1.5 ft/s; and, (2)

f(w) = 0 w > 1.5 ft/s (3)

Assuming that the fall velocities of the particles are given by Stokes’ law,

w = (gD2/18v)(s-1) (4)

find the frequency distribution of the specific gravity, g(s), of these particles in
water with specific gravity equal to one and kinematic viscosity equal to 0.00001
ft2/s.

«PROBLEM N-19P>

A sediment sample was introduced into the top of the Iowa Rapid Sediment
Analyzer (IRSA) at time t=to, and a pressure-time history for Pressure Cell 1,
located above Pressure Cell 2, was obtained as shown below. Note that y is the
specific weight of water.

(1 ) Explain briefly what took place physically at each stage between A-B, B-C,
C-D, D-E, E-F, F-G, G-H, and H-l. Pay particular attention to the
difference in slope between E-F and G-H.

(2) From the p-t plot shown below, make a crude sketch of the expected size-
frequency distribution (no detailed scaling is needed -- just a distribution
shape is being sought in this case).

12
(3) Find the pressure-time history for Pressure Cell 2, p2(t), and relate the
significant times and pressures for p2 to those for p^t); i.e., derive
equations for the important times and pressures for the pr t record. Do
this only for t <t3.

<PROBLEM N-20P>

You are assigned to design a new settling tube for determining fall-velocity
distributions of fine-gravel materials with a specific gravity of 1.5 at a room
temperature of 25 °C. What is the appropriate height of the settling tube it you
wish to accomplish pressure measurement of each sample within 20 seconds?

13
 II. BED FORMS

<PROBLEM K-1B>

Consider sediment ripples or dunes that have reached their equilibrium

amplitude and have a profile given by

ri(x,t) = f(x-ct) (1)

where f is a general function. Derive an expression for the local rate of sediment
transport, G(x,t), in terms of r| and c.

<PROBLEM K-2B>

Calculate the average rate of sediment transport by bed-form migration for

sinusoidal-shaped sand waves with L = 7.0 ft, a0 = 0.30 ft, and Ub = 0.50 ft/min.
Use B = 100 lb/ft3.

<PROBLEM K-3B>

(1) Analyze the formation of ripples in a closed rectangular conduit, using a

method of solution paralleling that given in class for free-surface flows.
The depth of the conduit to the mean level of the bed is d, and the mean
velocity is U. For a sinusoidal bed profile, the velocity potential is

4>= Ux - Ua(t) ?- sh k(y.- d ) cos k(x _ y t) (1)

sinh kd

with the y-coordinate measured positive upward from the bed.

(2) Let d co to obtain the analysis for sand ripples in the desert. Show that

14
<PROBLEM K-4B>

Consider the formation of sediment ripples by a turbulent flow in a closed

rectangular conduit, as was treated in Problem K-3B.

(1 ) If the mean flow depth is d, and the bed profile is given by

r\ = a(t) sin k(x-ct) (1)

derive a linearized expression for the mean velocity at any section, U(x,t).

da
(2) Derive an expression for — . For a sediment-transport law, use

G(x,t) = m[U(x-A, t) - Uc]" (2)

where A = aL + 5, m, n, a, 5, and Uc are constants, and L is the wave length.

(3) Derive an equation for the dominant bed wave length.

<PROBLEM K-5B>

Repeat Problem K-3B using a modified form of the local transport relation given
by Taizo Hayashi (Journal of Hydraulics Division, Proc. ASCE. 96, HY2,
February, 1970),

where m, a, 5, and n are constants.

15
<PROBLEM K-6B>

A stream with a depth of 1.0 ft has antidunes that are 8.0 ft long. Estimate the
water discharge, per unit width, of the stream.

<PROBLEM K-7B>

Read the following excerpt from von Kármán's paper* and derive his equation
(2).

For qualitative discussion, the atmosphere may be

considered to consist of a heavy fluid layer of relatively small width,
in which all the entrained sand is distributed uniformly, with a sand-
free wind stream above. Then one sees easily that the "Bernoulli
effect" is opposed by the "gravity effect", since the velocity of the
heavy fluid increases as it streams from the crest into the trough.
There is one wave length of the ripple system for which the two
effects are balanced, so that the velocity at the crest is equal to that
in the trough.
A simple analysis assuming sinusoidal shape for the surface
small disturbances, leads to the following formula for the wave
length:

where h is the width of the heavy stream.

"Sand ripples in the deserts," Technion Yearbook, 6,1947

16
<PROBLEM K-8B>

The sand dunes on the beds of the rivers from another planet have the quarter-
circle form shown in the figure below. Derive a formula, based just on the
kinematics of dune movement, for the time-averaged rate of sediment transport
due to migration of these dunes.

<PROBLEM N-9B>

A train of identical, trapezoidal, two-dimensional sand dunes, shown in the

sketch below, moves downstream at a speed of ub without changing form. Find
the local sediment discharge, G(x), at any point x along a dune at the instant the
coordinates are located as shown below.

17
 III. FRICTION FACTORS

<PROBLEM K-1F>

Plot the following laboratory data on the Einstein-Barbarossa plot. Is the

agreement with their curve satisfactory?

Run No. U lb S T Bed

(ft/s) (ft) (°C) Configuration

3-1 0.91 0.503 0.00056 19.5 Dunes

3-4 1.14 0.414 0.00145 18.4 Dunes
3-2 1.35 0.352 0.00206 18.4 Dunes
3-7 1.45 0.324 0.00198 25.1 Dunes
3-6a 2.13 0.209 0.00198 25.7 Flat
3-6 2.15 0.209 0.00207 25.2 Flat
3-6b 2.21 0.205 0.00221 25.4 Flat

q = 0.50 cfs/ft for all runs;

Flume width = 33.5 in.;
Flume length = 60 ft;
D 35 = 0.125 mm;
D 65
= 0.162 mm; and,
D g = D 50 = 0.142 mm

To determine R\ use the logarithmic relation as plotted by Vanoni and Brooks

("Laboratory studies of the roughness and suspended load of alluvial streams’"
Report No. E-68. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, December 1957).

18
<PROBLEM K-2F>

The lengths and heights of the dunes formed by the runs summarized in
Problem K-1F are as follows:

Run No. Average Dune Length Average Dune Height

L h
(ft) (ft)
3-1 0.43 0.049
3-4 0.46 0.064
3-2 0.48 0.070
3-7 0.42 0.066

(1) Find f and f" for each run, using Dg as the equivalent sand-grain
roughness.

(2) Assuming the bed features to be two-dimensional, what is the drag

coefficient, C d , based on the average velocity of the flows?

(3) Find f for the flat-bed flows (Runs 3-6a, 3-6, and 3-6b) using a pipe-
friction diagram and Lovera’s curve ("Hydraulic relations for alluvial
streams," Journal of Hydraulic Division, Proc., ASCE. 97, HY1, January
1971).

<PROBLEM K-3F>

One of the central equations in Engelund’s analysis is

where R’ is determined from a plot of experimental data. If typical scatter on R’

is given by

19
Find the corresponding error in velocity dll/U.

<PROBLEM K-4F>

The Rio Grande at Bernalillo, New Mexico, has the following characteristics:

Depth range: d 0.8 - 4.5 ft;

Velocity range: U 1. 5-8 ft/s;
Width: W 350 ft;
Slope: S 0.00085; and,
Temperature T 60 °F on average

Bed-material properties:

Dg = 0.29 mm;

°g 1 .21;
Q

0.24 mm;
II
CO
m

D ’50 - 0.28 mm; and,

D 65 = 0.35 mm

Prepare a stage (depth)-velocity curve for the Rio Grande at this site, using the
Einstein-Barbarossa procedure, Engelund’s method, and Alam-Lovera-Kennedy
method. Plot the results of all three calculations on a single graph, and discuss
your results.

20
<PROBLEM K-5F>

A river is 500 ft wide, 10 ft deep, and has a slope of one foot per mile and side
slopes of 1 vertical to 1-1/2 horizontal. The bed sediment has a geometric mean
size of 0.5 mm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.5. The banks are
covered with vegetation and have a Manning roughness coefficient of n = 0.030.
Find the roughness coefficient of the bed and the mean velocity using the
Einstein-Barbarossa method and the sidewall correction method described by
Vanoni and Brooks.

<PROBLEM K-6F>

A trapezoidal irrigation canal has a bottom width of 4 m, side slopes of 1 vertical

to 1-1/2 horizontal and a slope of 0.00030. The banks which are heavily
vegetated have a Manning roughness of n = 0.030, while n for the bed is 0.020.
Calculate the discharge and the mean shear stresses exerted on the bed and
the banks, using the sidewall correction method for a depth of 1.2 m.

<PROBLEM K-7F>

The following data were obtained from an experiment in a rectangular flume with
smooth walls:

w 33.5 in. (flume width);

V 1.35 ft/s (mean flow velocity);
d 0.37 ft (mean flow depth);
S 0.00206 (slope of energy grade line);
T 65 °F (water temperature);
v = 1.13 x 10‘5 ft2/s (kinematic viscosity of water); and,
Dg = 0.142 mm (geometric mean diameter)

(1 ) Find ib, the shear stress for the bed section.

21
<PROBLEM N-8F>

A trapezoidal irrigation canal in Farms of Texas in Alvin, Texas has a bottom

width of 6 m, side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, a bed slope of 0.0005, and
a median bed-material size of 0.5 mm. The banks, which are heavily vegetated
and infested with water snakes (particularly water moccasins), have a Manning’s
roughness of 0.050, while the n value for the bed is 0.025.

(1) Estimate, using the sidewall correction method, the water discharge and
the mean shear stresses exerted on the bed and banks when the flow
depth is 2.0 m.

(2) What kind of bed forms would you expect under these flow conditions?

22
 IV. INITIATION OF MOTION

<PROBLEM K-1I>

A laboratory experiment at Colorado State University yielded the following data

for an experiment with incipient sediment motion:

Bed material: sand with Dg = 0.19 mm = 0.000624 ft;

Transport fluid: water with v = 1.11x10*5 ft2/sec;
Energy grade line slope = 0.00005; and,
Flow depth = 0.96 ft.

Is this experiment consistent with Shields’ relation for incipient motion?

<PROBLEM V-2I>

From a Shields’ graph, calculate the critical shear stress for a quartz sand with
mean size of 0.25 mm. Assume a water temperature of 20 °C.

<PROBLEM V-3I>

C.M. White * obtained the following expression for the critical shear stress, xc, for
bed material,

in which D is the grain size; a is the angle of repose of the material; and ps and p
are the mass densities of the sediment and fluid, respectively. How does this
agree with the corresponding results of Shields? Explain any differences.

"The equilibrium of grains on the bed of a stream," Proc. Royal Society,

Series A, 174, 958, February 1940.

23
<PROBLEM V-4I>

Derive a relation between critical shear stress for initiation of motion of bed
sediment and mean flow velocity.

<PROBLEM V-5I>

What is the critical velocity of a flow 3 ft deep over a flattened bed of sand with a
medium size of 0.3 mm?

<PROBLEM V-6I>

A wide stream is 4 ft deep; has a slope of 0.00015; and the sand in the bed has
a medium size of 0.5 mm.

(1 ) Will the sediment move?

(2) Will any sediment be in suspension?

<PROBLEM V-7I>

The banks of the Los Angeles River near Compton are revetted with quarry
stone with an average weight of 45 kg per stone. The bottom width of the
channel is 150 m; the bank slope is 1 vertical to 2 horizontal; and the channel
slope is 0.00080. At design discharge, the water depth is 4.3 m. Is the
revetment stable? The stone has a specific weight of 2.5 tons/m3.

24
<PROBLEM V-8I>

Assume that you are given the job of designing a channel with a loose boundary
so that none of the sediment forming the boundary will move. Would you use
the Shields curve to calculate the safe value of the boundary shear stress? If
not, how would you proceed?

<PROBLEM N-9I>

On 5 May 1988 the IIHR river crew collected several bed-material samples from
the Missouri River using U.S.G.S. bed-material sampler BM-50. The result of the
sieve analysis done for one of the samples is shown below. This sample was
taken 60 ft away from the circulating-water pump intake of the Omaha Public
Power District, Nebraska City Station located along the concave bank of the
Missouri River at River Mile (RM) 556.2 near Nebraska City, Nebraska. The
local mean flow velocity measured was 4.06 ft/s; local depth-averaged
suspended-sediment concentration was 142 ppm; and local flow depth was 23 ft.

(1) Plot the size frequency curve and determine D16, D50, D84, Dg, and cg.

(2) Under the given conditions, what grain size material was in motion?

(4) If the mean velocity increases by 20%, what percentage of bed material
would move as bed load?

Sieve Opening (mm) Amount Retained (grams)

16.000 0.00
8.000 19.87
4.000 62.59
2.000 47.91
1.000 46.47
0.500 45.68
0.250 6.56
0.125 2.40
0.074 0.76
PAN 0.32

25
<PROBLEM N-10l>

An IIHR field crew headed by Tatsuaki Nakato obtained the following data on 13
April 1988 near River Mile 556.3 (RM: mileage measured from its mouth in St.
Louis) of the Missouri River immediately upstream from Omaha Public Power
District Nebraska City Station’s circulating-water pump intake:

L L
Water temperature

C D
T

o
Mean flow velocity, U 4.73 ft/s;
Mean flow depth, d 15.2 ft; and,
Geometric mean size of bed material, Dg = 0.75 mm

(1 ) Find Darcy-Weisbach's friction factor and estimate the energy slope under
these conditions. Please make sure that you clearly identify the
procedure you have employed.

(2) What kind of bed forms do you expect under these conditions? Why?

(3) Estimate, using the Shields curve, the largest bed-material size that can
be moved under these conditions.

26
 V. SUSPENDED-LOAD DISCHARGE

<PROBLEM K-1S>

Using a circular cylindrical control volume, derive the general convection-

diffusion equation for suspended sediment in cylindrical coordinates, including
the components of the fall velocity in the r, z, and 0 directions.

<PROBLEM K-2S>

In a steady, uniform flow in a wide open channel, the velocity distribution is found
to be given by

S f f i . ( 1)

where u(d) is the maximum (surface) velocity at y/d = 1. Derive an equation for
the distribution of suspended-sediment concentration. You may assume 1/n « 1
if necessary when integrating the equation.

<PROBLEM V-3S>

A wide stream 4 ft deep has a slope of 0.00015 and the sand on the bed has an
average size of 0.5 mm.

(1) Will there be appreciable bed material in suspension?

(1) Will the flow appear turbid to an observer on the bank? Give reasons for
your answer. The water temperature is 60 °F.

27
<PROBLEM V-4S>

Two suspended-load samples were taken at a vertical of a stream 4 m deep.

The first sample taken at a depth of 1 m below the surface had a concentration
of 0.05 grams per liter of a given fraction of sediment. The other sample taken at
a depth of 3 m had a concentration of 0.5 grams per liter of the same size
fraction. What is the mid-depth concentration of the size fraction?

<PROBLEM V-5S>

Given the following velocity and sediment profiles at the centerline of a flume 33
inches wide set on a slope of 0.0025 (RUN 43 Sta 45 Center).

(1 ) Plot the velocity profile on a semi-logarithmic graph and determine k .

(2) Plot the log C versus log (d-y)/y and determine z.

(3) Calculate the rate of suspended-sediment transport per unit width.

Note that the flow depth d = 0.298 ft; the size of suspended-load particles =
0.106 mm; and settling velocity of suspended-load particles = 0.0301 ft/s.

y u C
(ft) (ft/s) (grams/liter)
0.01 2.03 32.080
0.02 2.15 24.670
0.05 2.54 15.410
0.07 2.73 11.960
0.10 2.98 8.980
0.15 3.31 5.360
0.20 3.53 2.960
0.25 3.69 1.300
0.27 3.75 0.866

28
<PROBLEM K-6S>

The table below gives the distributions of local time-averaged mean velocity and
suspended-sand concentration for the fraction of the material passing the 0.104
mm sieve and retained on the 0.074 mm sieve at vertical C-3 on the Missouri
River at Omaha on 4 November 1952. On this day, the slope of the stream was
0.000120; the depth was 7.8 ft; the width was 800 ft; the water temperature was
7 °C; and the flow was approximately uniform.

Distance up from Local Velocity Suspended-Sediment

Bottom Concentration in Size
Fraction 0.074 - 0.104 mm
y u C
(ft ) (ft/s) (grams/liter)
0.7 4.30 0.411
0.9 4.50 0.380
1.2 4.64 0.305
1.4 4.77 0.299
1.7 4.83 0.277
2.2 5.12 0.238
2.7 5.30 0.217
2.9 5.40
3.2 5.42 0.196
3.4 5.42
3.7 5.50 0.184
4.2 5.60
4.8 5.60 0.148
5.8 5.70 0.130
6.8 5.95
7.8

(1) Plot the velocity profile on semi-logarithmic paper (u vs. log y) and
concentration profile on log-log paper (C vs. (d-y)/y). Draw straight lines
giving the best fit to the points.

(2) Compute from the data given and your graphs the following quantities:

u*: shear velocity;

U: mean velocity;
k: von Kármán constant;
f: Darcy-Weisbach friction factor; and,
z: exponent of suspended-loaddistribution equation

29
(3) Compute the rate of transport of this particular size fraction of sand in
pounds per second per foot by graphical integration of the product (Cu).

(4) Prepare a "bar graph" showing the fraction of the total suspended load for
this size fraction carried in each 10% of the depth.

(5) Obtain the transport rate of this size fraction from Brook’s nomogram.

(6) Using tabulated values of the Einstein integrals, obtain the transport rate
using the other two values of the lower lines of the integral which were
discussed in class.

(7) Using the value of u* obtained from the Einstein-Barbarossa procedure for
this unit discharge, find the suspended load of this size fraction using
Brook’s nomogram. Note that Dg = 0.20 mm and ag = 1.20 for the bed
material.

(8) Plot the concentration distribution in the format of the relation derived from
the power-law velocity distribution.

(9) Calculate the suspended-sediment discharge for this size fraction given
by the power-law velocity-distribution formulation.

(10) If D50 = 0.25 mm, find the total suspended-load discharge using the
power-law formulation.

<PROBLEM K-7S>

A wide stream has a depth of 10 ft and a slope of 0.003; and its bed material is
well sorted sand with a mean size of 0.50 mm.

(1) Estimate the percent increase in the suspended-load discharge when the
temperature of the water decreases from 60 °F to 32 °F.

30
(2) If the bed of this stream were composed of 0.25 mm sand, would the
percent increase in the suspended-load discharge with the above
decrease in temperature be greater or less? Give the basis for your
answers. Assume that the bed-load discharge, the concentration near the
bed, and the mean velocity do not vary with temperature.

<PROBLEM V-8S>

The velocity distribution of sediment-transporting rivers on a newly discovered

planet in another galaxy is found to be given by

where m > 0 is a parameter and the other notation has the same definitions as
on Earth.

(1 ) Find the mean velocity of the stream, and the elevation at which it occurs.

(2) Derive an expression for the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of the flow.

(3) Derive the equation expressing the vertical distribution of suspended-

sediment concentration. Make the same assumptions as are employed in
the Ippen-Vanoni analysis for Earth rivers.

(2) Derive an equation expressing the discharge of suspended sediment in

these extraterrestrial streams.

<PROBLEM K-9S>

A certain river has the following characteristics:

Bed material:silica sand

Bed material diameters:

31
 D35 = 0.25 mm = 8 .2 0 x1 0‘4 ft;
D50 = 0.30 mm = 9.84x1 O'4 ft;
D65 = 0.35 mm = 11.48 x 10'4 ft;

Channel width: B = 250 ft;

Mean velocity: V = 5.25 ft/s;
Mean depth: d = 2.00 ft;
Water temperature: T = 73 °F; and,
Kinematic viscosity: v = 1.05 x IO'5 ft2/s

(1) Determine the median fall velocity of the bed material. Assume a shape
factor of unity.

(2) Determine the geometric standard deviation, ag, of the bed-material size
distribution.

(3) Find the friction factor and slope of the stream. Use the Alam-Lovera
procedure, and D50 as the characteristic bed-material size.

(4) Use the Shields curve to estimate the largest bed-material size that can
be moved by this flow.

(5) For material in the size range 0.25 mm < D < 0.35 mm, the volumetric
concentration of suspended sediment at a distance y = 5.55 x 1 0 3 ft
above the bed is found to be 0.0766. Compute the mid-depth
concentration of material in this size range. Use the Rouse-Ippen-Vanoni
relation, and assume k = 0.3 and p = 1.0.

(6) Determine the sediment discharge of material in the size range of Part (5)
above. Use the Brooks nomogram.

(7) This flow is observed to form antidunes. Compute the wave length of the
antidunes.

(8) Compute the water discharge of this flow.

32
<PROBLEM K-10S>

A wide stream with depth d, and slope S has a power-law velocity distribution,

where V = mean flow velocity. The turbulent exchange coefficient for suspended
sediment may be assumed to be constant with an effective value of

es = mu.d (2)

where m = constant. Derive an expression for the suspended-sediment

discharge and discuss your choice of lower limit of integration.

You may leave your answer in integral form if you wish.

<PROBLEM N-11S>

Consider a simple depth-integrating suspended-sediment sampler in which no air

escapes from the container and the air in the container will be compressed by
the changing hydrostatic head so that the reduction in air volume is balanced by
the inflowing water.

(1 ) Show that the lowering rate of the sampler, RL, at any instance is given by

33
where

D = vertical depth measured from water surface; t = time; A = entrance

cross-section area of the intake nozzle; v = local streamwise flow velocity
at vertical depth, D; hi = absolute pressure head at water surface = 34 ft;
and Vi = volume of the sampler container.

(2) Assuming a power-law velocity distribution,

where

V = depth-averaged mean velocity; Ds = flow depth; and 1/n=exponent

(assume n=8 in this case).

rearrange equation (1) to

and plot four curves showing relationships between RL and D/Ds (=d) for
Ds = 10 ft, 20 ft, 30 ft, and 40 ft. Plot the velocity profile in the same figure
(horizontal axis = R l/ V ; and vertical axis = vertically decreasing d).
Assume that the container intake nozzle is 3/16 in. in diameter and the
sample container is a one-pint milk bottle (Vi = 1.671x1 O'2 ft3).

<PROBLEM N-12S>

Answer the following questions related to Freds^e’s paper (Journal of Fluid

Mechanics, 1978, Voi. 94, Part 4, pp.609-624).

(1) Show that the longitudinal component of the suspended-load discharge,

qs1, is given by

34
 and qso = suspended-load discharge for an undisturbed flow.

(2) According to Freds^e’s 1978 analysis, the maximum amplification factor

(longitudinal amplification) A is related to k3D, as shown in the following
figure. Explain from the standpoint of physics why a channel starts
braiding when k3 < k* and starts meandering when k3 > k*.

[Hint]: Consider the boundary conditions for u3 = u3otan(k3x3)E

35
 Vi TOTAL-LOAD DISCHARGE

<PROBLEM K-1T>

The following data were obtained from the Colorado River near Taylor’s Ferry on
24 July 1956:

River width = 354 ft;

Average depth = 10.66 ft;
Average velocity = 3.23 ft;
Water temperature = 80 °F = 27 °C;
Energy slope = 0.000227;
Kinematic viscosity = 0.93 x 105 ft2/s;
Mean size of suspended sediment = 0.148 mm;
Suspended-sediment concentration at mid-depth : Crnd = 80 ppm;
Size distribution of bed material;

D’35 = 0.290 mm = 0.950 x 10'3ft;

D’50 = 0.332 mm = 1.090 x 10 3ft; and,
D’65 = 0.379 mm = 1.240 x 10 3ft

On asemi-log plot of the velocity profile [i.e., a plot ofu(y) vs. log y], it is found
that the velocity, u, changes by 2.30 fps for a ten-fold (1cycle) changein y. On
a logarithmic plot of (d-y)/y vs. concentration [i.e., a plot of log (d-y)/y vs. log
C(y)], it is found that for a ten-fold (1 cycle) variation of log (d-y)/y, the sediment
concentration also changes by a factor of 10.

(1 ) What is von Kármán's constant, k , for this section?

(2) Find (3 (p = Ss/em) for this section.

(3) Find the discharge rate of suspended sediment for this section. State
which choice of the lower limit of the suspended-load integrals you have
chosen.

(4) Briefly tell how you would calculate the bed-load discharge for this section.

36
(5) u.’ for this section is given as 0.108 fps. Find the velocity predicted by the
Einstein-Barbarossa method.

(6) Show qualitatively the form of the stage-discharge (R vs. Q) relation to be

at this section. Briefly discuss the significance of any important
characteristics of the curve.

(7) Estimate what the bed form was for this flow condition. Give the basis for
your estimate.

(8) Why is the suspended material finer than the bed material? Is this
normal?

<PROBLEM K-2T>

The Colorado River at Taylor’s Ferry, California, has the following characteristics:

D’35 = 0.287 mm = 0.942 x 10 3ft;

D’50 = 0.330 mm = 1.083 x 10 3ft;
D’65 = 0.378 mm = 1.240 x 10'3ft;
Dg = 0.320 mm = 1.050 x 10-3 ft;
ag =1.44;
Slope =0.000217;
Width = 350 ft; and,
Water temperature = 60 °F

The bed material may be divided into size fraction as follows:

Pi Di w¡

(%) mm (ft) cm/s (ft/s)

20.8 0.177 (0.00058) 1.9 (0.063)
69.6 0.354 (0.00116) 4.8 (0.158)
9.6 0.707 (0.00232) 9.6 (0.314)

37
(1) Use the Lovera-Alam method to calculate a rating curve for this section.
Then use the Einstein Bed-Load Function procedure to calculate qs and
qb for this channels for a unit discharge q = 20 cfs/ft. The measured total
load varies from 0.12 to 0.54 lb/sec/ft at this section.

(2) Calculate qb from DuBoys’ formula.

(3) Calculate the total load using Toffaleti’s approach.

(4) Determine the sediment load predicted by Meyer-Peter and Mueller’s

formula.

<PROBLEM K-3T>

The following data were obtained from the Rio Grande at Section A-2, Bernalillo,
New Mexico, on 2 June 1953 [Refs., U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 462-B (Nordin
and Demster, 1963); and 462-F (Nordin and Beverage, 1965)]:

Size of bed material:

D’35 = 0.27 mm = 0.885 x 10 3ft
D’50 = 0.32 mm = 1.05 x 10'3ft
D’65 = 0.37 mm = 1.21 x 10 3ft
River width = 270 ft;
Mean depth = 2.56 ft;
Channel slope = 0.00083;
Water temperature =71 °F; and,
Kinematic viscosity = 1.04 x 10 5

(1 ) For the suspended material in the size range 0.25 mm < D < 0.50 mm, the
logarithmic plot of (d-y)/y vs. concentration shows that for a ten-fold (one
cycle) change in (d-y)/y corresponds to a change of exactly one-third of a
log cycle in C. A plot of velocity, u(y), vs. log y, where y is the distance

38
 from the bottom, yields a straight line with the velocity changing 1.20 fps
for a ten-fold change in y. Find Kármán's constant, k , and also (3=8s/8m.

(2) It is known that VF' = 1.59 for the flow at this section. Find the mean
velocity, U.

(3) The mid-depth concentration of this size fraction is 62 ppm. Find the
suspended-sediment discharge. State clearly what lower limit of the
suspended-load integral you used.

(4) By extrapolating the suspended-load formula down to y = 2D, find the

concentration in the bed layer.

(5) What is the bed-load transport rate?

(6) Outline concisely the steps you would follow in obtaining ib for the size
fraction, given that ¡b=0.4 and that the bed material diameters are log-
normally distributed. Do not carry out the calculation!

(7) What was the bed configuration? State the reasons for your conclusion.

(8) During another flow, antidunes 10 ft long were observed at this location.
The flow depth was 3.7 ft. Estimate the unit discharge for this flow
condition.

<PROBLEM K-4T>

The following data were obtained for the Rio Grande at Section D on 19 May
1954 [Ref.: U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 462-B (Nordin and Dempster, 1963)
and U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 462-F (Nordin and Beverage, 1965)].

D'35 = 0.290 mm = 0.820 x 10’3ft;

D'so = 0.332 mm = 1.018 x 10'3ft;
D'65 = 0.379 mm = 1.248 x 10'3ft;

39
 River width: =
401 ft;
Mean depth: = 1.50 ft;
Slope of energy grade line: = 0.000864;
Water temperature: = 73 °F;and,
Kinematic viscosity: = 1.05 x IO-5 ft2/s

(1) A plot of concentration vs. (d-y)/y for the suspended material in the size
range 0.25 mm < D< 0.50 mm yields a straight line which for a ten-fold (1
log cycle) change in (d-y)/y, C changes from 2.5 ppm to 14 ppm. A plot of
u(y) vs. log y, where y is the upward distance from the bottom, yields a
straight line with the velocity changing 1.0 fps for each one log-cycle
change in y. Find von Kármán's constant k and also p = es/sm.

(2) For this flow, VF' = 3.80. Find the mean velocity, U, and compare with the
measured velocity, Um = 2.35 fps.

(3) The mid-depth concentration of this size fraction is 14 ppm. Find the
suspended-sediment discharge. State clearly what lower limit you used in
the suspended-load integral.

(4) Extrapolate the suspended-load formula down to y = 2D to find the bed-

layer concentration.

(5) Find the transport rate of the bed load for this size fraction (given range of
D).

(6) Estimate what the bed configuration was for this flow. State the reasons
and show supporting data for you conclusion.

(in case you want to use these formulas)

40
<PROBLEM V-5T>

The data in the following table were observed in the Missouri River at Omaha on
two days during which the discharge was 27,000 cfs;. the slope was 0.000145;
and the bed-sediment size properties were D’35= 0.17 mm, D’50= 0.20 mm, D’65=
0.23 mm.

Date Water Mean Mean Suspended-Load

Temperature Depth Velocity Sediment Concentration

(°F) (ft) (ft/s) (ppm)

Sediment Size fraction
Coarser of 0.125 mm
than mean size
0.074 mm
20 Aug 1968 75 11.1 4.28 220 90
15 Nov 1968 40 9.7 5.15 560 200

(1) Explain those observed temperature effects that you can in terms of fluid
mechanics.

(2) Calculate the concentration of suspended sediment of mean size 0.125

mm at the level y/d = 0.05 for 20 August and 15 November 1968.

(3) On which of the two days was the bed-load discharge of 0.125 mm
sediment the greater?

<PROBLEM l-6T>

Two wide canals of the same width are to be built in the same alluvial deposit
(mean size and specific gravity of bed sediment: D50 = 8.2 x IO'4 ft and S.G. =
2.65). The second canal is to have a slope of 20% greater than the first (Si =
0.002). To retain the same sediment-transport rate in both canals, when the
depth of the first is fixed at 20 ft, what must be the depth of the second canal?
Utilize the following expression:

41
<PROBLEM l-7T>

Assume the classical DuBoys equation for bed-load sediment transport to hold:

in which the critical shear stress xc indicates beginning of sediment transport.

The sediment parameter is % = 0.170/D^4 with D50 = mean sediment diameter
in mm. In laboratory tests in a rectangular channel the critical shear stress was
reached at a given slope for a sediment diameter of D50 = 1 mm at a depth of
flow of yo = 3 in., and was found to be xc = 0.033 psf. Assume the value of
Manning’s n to be 0.013 at this condition of flow. What sediment transport rate is
to be expected, if the discharge in the flume is doubled? What conditions might
jeopardize this forecast?

<PROBLEM l-8T>

The following two equations are assumed to apply to a certain length of a river
channel:

The discharge equation:

42
The sediment-transport equation:

It has been proposed to deepen the channel for navigation to twice the mean
depth of ym. It is desirable to maintain the existing sediment-transport rate by
proper adjustment of the channel geometry in width and length.

(1 ) What measures are implied by the above equations?

(2) Are these measures feasible? State the reasons for your conclusion.

<PROBLEM V-9T>

Two wide streams with water temperature of 60 °F flow over beds of identical
sands with means velocities of 3 ft/s. One stream is 3 ft deep and the other is 6
ft deep. The size properties of the bed sediments are D50 = 0.30 mm, D35 = 0.25
mm, and Ü65 = 0.35 mm.

<PROBLEM V-10T>

An engineer needs to know the sediment discharge of a river at a water

discharge equal to the mean annual discharge with an error not to exceed 20
percent. How would you advise him to get the sediment discharge?

<PROBLEM K-11T>

On 24 May 1960 the following data were obtained at Section A-2 of the Rio
Grande (U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 1498 H):

43
 V —
2.71 ft/s;
s = 0.00083; and
V = 1.13 x IO-5 ft2/s

You may assume, for the purposes of this problem only, that the bed material is
uniform with D35 = D50 = Des = 0.29 mm = 9.51 x 10~4 ft and x = 1.

(1) Calculate the depth using the Einstein-Barbarossa procedure. Note that
this does not require a trial-and-error procedure.

(2) Calculate the bed-load discharge using the Einstein bed-load function.

(3) Calculate the suspended-load discharge using the Einstein procedure.

<PROBLEM K-12T>

Design an irrigation channel to convey a water discharge of 1,000 cfs and a

sediment discharge of 500 tons/day. The slope of the channel is 0.00012. The
transported material has Dg = 0.25 mm, and og = 1.4. The water temperature is
70 °F. The banks are a fairly stiff clay. Clearly list all assumptions you make.

<PROBLEM K-13T>

An alternate design for the canal of Problem K-12T involves a "de-silting" works,
which would reduce the sediment discharge in the canal to 30% of its original
value. Design a canal for these conditions.

44
<PROBLEM K-14T>

For the data of Problem K-4T, calculate the total-load sediment discharge using:

(1) Toffaleti’s procedure

(2) Karim’s procedure

<PROBLEM K-15T>

For the data given in Problem K-4T, compute the total sediment discharge for U
= 2.35 fps using Yang’s equations (ASCE, C.T. Yang, 1973 and 1979).

<PROBLEM K-16T>

A measured flow (No. 8 of Brownlie’s compilation) in the Rio Grande

Conveyance Channel (a man-made canal in New Mexico) had the following
properties:

Q =
39.08 m3/s; V = 1.032x1 O'6 m2/s;
d = 1.51 m; D50 = 0.028 mm (bed material);
B = 2 2 .8 6 m (width); üg = 1.49 (bed material);
= 9.81 m2/s; Bed material = quartz sand;
9
Suspended-load discharge = 0.0212 m3/s; and
Suspended-load sediment volumetric concentration = 5.43 x 10*4

(1) Determine the median fall velocity of the sediment. Assume that the
particles are spherical.

(2) What is Ds4.i of the bed material?

45
(3) Determine the mid-depth concentration using the Brooks nomogram.
Assume that the size of the suspended-load sediment is the same as the
size of the bed material.

(4) Calculate the sediment concentration at the elevation y = yb = D50(u*/u*c)

[Karim’s bed-layer thickness]. Use the Rouse-Ippen-Vanoni formulation.

(5) Estimate the bed-load discharge using Karim’s procedure, and the results
of Parts (3) and (4) above.

(6) Use an "inverted Einstein procedure" to obtain another estimate of the

bed-load discharge from

qB = 11.6 Ca u,’ a (1)

Do NOT obtain O*. Treat the sediment as uniform (i.e., iB = 1).

(7) For this channel, D35 = 0.238 mm and Des = 0.322 mm. Calculate
Einstein’s R’ from the Manning-Strickler equation. Use the Einstein-
Barbarossa graph to obtain a calculated value of the mean velocity, U, for
this flow.

(8) What was the bed configuration for this flow: ripples and dunes, flat bed,
or antidunes? Justify your answer.

(9) Now a uniformly distributed inflow of uniform sediment with D = 0.28 mm

enters the flow across the water surface, and the bed starts to aggrade
(i.e., rise). The rate of sediment "rain" onto the surface is 5.15 x IO'3
kg/m2/s.

(a) Derive an expression for the new distribution of sediment

concentration.

(b) How much is the suspended-sediment discharge increased

by this "sediment rain"?

(c) How fast does the bed aggrade (build up)? Let porosity =
0.3.

46
<PROBLEM K-17T>

The following data were measured at Section A-2 of the Rio Grande on 27 May
1958:

Q cfs (water discharge);

1 0 ,0 0 0
B 270 ft (channel width);
d 4.80 ft (mean flow depth);
D 50 0.30 mm;
D35 0.24 mm;
s 0.00080; and,
rc 1,500 ft (centerline radius of a long bend)

(1 ) Calculate f/f or f/ff for this flow.

(2) What was the bed configuration for this flow? Give the basis for your
answer.

(3) What was the wave length of the bed forms (if any) identified in Part (2)
above?

(4) What were the local depths and velocities of flow at distances of 20 ft
from the concave bank and from the convex bank?

(5) Using a simple formulation (not e.g., the Einstein or Toffaleti procedure)
of your choice, calculate the total sediment discharge of the river for the
given conditions. Disregard curvature effects for this calculation. (The
measured transport rate was 80,000 to 85,000 tons/day.)

(6) What is the largest bed material this flow could transport at each of the
locations identified in Part (4), above?

(7) Is u/u." for this flow consistent with the Einstein-Barbarossa bar-resistance
graph? If not, what is the reason?

47
<PROBLEM K-18T>

One of the Pakistan LINK canals has the following operating characteristics (No.
10 of Brownlie’s compilation, page 128B or page 176):

Q = 72.6 m3/s;
S = 1.16 x10-4;
C = 142 ppm (total-load sediment concentration); and,
D50 = 0.15 mm

Assume f/fo = 4.5

where

and utilize

to design a canal (i.e., determine the width, depth, and velocity) for this flow.

[Hint]: Assume an initial value of channel width, guided by regime theory or other
ideas. Then analyze the flow in a channel of that width, and adjust width,
by iteration until a solution is arrived at.

<PROBLEM N-19T>

The following flow and bed-sediment data were collected by the IIHR river crew
in Pool 20 of the Mississippi River (Keokuk, Iowa - Canton, Missouri) in May
1976. The specific gravity of the bed sediment can be assumed to be 2.65.

48
(1) Estimate the sediment discharge for each section using the Inglis-Lacey
formula.

(2) Estimate the sediment discharge for each section using the Engelund-
Hansen formula

(3) Estimate the sediment discharge for each section using the Einstein-
Brown formula.

Section Water Kinematic Flow Mean Energy Median

No. Temperature Viscosity Depth Velocity Slope Particle
Diameter
T V d V S Ds
(°F) (ft2/s) (ft) (ft/s) (ft/ft) (ft)
1 54 1.40x10‘5 18.6 3.19 7.00x10‘ 5 2.26x1 O'3
2 61 1.20x1 O'5 13.7 2.75 5.69x10‘ 5 2.00x1 O'3
3 62 1.18x1 O'5 11.9 2.86 5.61x1 O'5 2.13x1 O'3
4 63 1.16x1 O'5 12.0 2.58 6.63x10‘ 5 2.07x1 O'3
5 65 1.13x1 O'5 16.6 2.81 5.35x1 O'5 1.25x10"3
6 65 1.13x1 O'5 14.1 2.57 5.61x1 O'5 1.64x1 O'3
7 67 1.10x1 O'5 12.1 2.58 5.53x10"5 1.77x1 O'3
8 65 1.13x1 O'5 10.2 1.98 3.84x1 O'5 1.48x1 O'3

<PROBLEM N-20T>

Flow and sediment discharges were measured by the IIHR river crew at Section
1-2 near Fox Island in Pool 20 of the Mississippi River on 7 May 1976. Bed-
material samples from five different verticals along the cross section were sieve-
analyzed as a composite sample. The result of the sieve analysis is shown
below.

49
 Fraction Sediment Size Geometric Mean Size Size Fraction
I.D. Dsi P¡
i (mm) (ft) (%)
32
1 7.42X10-2 2.5
16
16
2 3.71x10-2 7.2
8
8
3 1.86x10-2 6.1
4
4
4 9.28x10-3 6.5
2
2
5 4.64x10-3 12.9
1
1.000
6 2.32x10-3 33.1
0.500
0.500
7 1.16x10-3 29.5
0.250
0.250
8 5.80x10'4 2.0
0.125
0.125
9 2.89x10‘4 0.2
0.062

The measured hydraulic and sediment parameters of interest are as follows:

Water discharge: Q 136,500 cfs;

Mean flow velocity: V 3.19 ft/s;
Water-surface slope: S 7.000x 10-5 ft/ft;
Channel width: W 2,297 ft;
Hydraulic radius: R 18.6 ft;
Water temperature: T 54 °F (v = 1.32x10-5 ft2/s);
D50 = 2.26 x 1O'3 ft;
D65 = 3.28 x 10-3 ft;
Dg = 3.87 x 10'3 ft; and
tfg = 3.00

50
(1) Apply the Toffaleti formulas to estimate the suspended- and bed-load
discharges for this section.

(2) The measured suspended- and bed-load discharges were Qs = 77,100

tons/day and Qb = 1,940 tons/day, respectively. By comparing your
results with the measured discharges, discuss how accurate predictions
the Toffaleti formulas can provide.

(3) Apply the Schoklitsch formula to estimate bed-load discharge for this
section.

(4) Apply the Engelund-Freds^e formula to estimate the suspended- and bed­
load discharges for this section.

Note: Fall velocity can be calculated using the Rubey formula for each sediment
size:

where

<PROBLEM N-21T>

The following field data were collected by the U.S.G.S. at Butte City in the
Sacramento River on 16 December 1977:

Water temperature: T = 10°C (v = 1.41 x 105 ft2/s);

Water discharge: Q = 22,600 cfs;
Cross-section area: A = 6,090 ft2;
Mean flow velocity: V = 3.71 ft/s;
Water-surface width: W = 490 ft;
Mean flow depth: d = 12.4 ft;
Hydraulic radius: R = 12.3 ft;
Water-surface slope: S = 2.25 x 10-4ft/ft;
Mean suspended-sediment concentration: C = 967 ppm;

51
 D35 = 1.02 x 10-3 ft;
D50
= 1.54 x 10-3ft;
^65 = 4.43 x IO3 ft; and,
Ys = 2.65

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dsix104 (ft) 742 371 186 92.8 46.4 23.2 11.6 5.8 2.89 1.46

Pi (%) 17.5 6.7 5.7 3.5 3.5 10.9 26.9 23.6 1.6 0.1

(1) Apply the Ackers and White formula to compute the total-load discharge
and compare the result with the measured Qs.

(2) Apply Einstein’s bed-load function to calculate bed-load and suspended-

load discharges. How does your Qs compare with the measured Qs?

<PROBLEM N-22T>

One of the lectures you have had in this course was related to “The Great Flood
of ’93.” On the basis of the knowledge gained through that special presentation,
answer the following questions:

(1) What were the major causes for the flood? List at least five contributing
factors (please do not attempt to describe each in detail).

(2) What were the major long-term impacts of the flood in terms of sediment
yields during the flood?

(3) What did the Interagency Committee on Floodplain Management

recommend to President Bill Clinton with regard to flood plain
management of the Upper Mississippi River and the Missouri River
basins? Describe concisely in less than 100 words.

(4) Look at the Iowa River flow through the window, and estimate the
suspended-sediment concentration and the water discharge; hence,
calculate the suspended-sediment discharge (in tons/day). Doesn’t
regular exercise in each sediment transport class to predict these
parameters help you?

52
<PROBLEM N-23T>

While inspecting the flood damage in City Park in Iowa City immediately after the
Flood of ’93, the park was found to be covered by large-scale sand dunes
composed of rather uniform medium-size sand. Water marks on trees showed
that flow depth over the dunes was about 5 ft. As shown in the following sketch,
the park is located in the inside bend of the Iowa River.

(1 ) Explain how such sand dunes were formed in the floodplain in the park.

(2) A beautiful scour hole, similar to scour holes around bridge piers, was
detected around a 4-ft diameter oak tree which was buried partially by a 3-
ft high dune.. The maximum scour depth was measured to be about 18
in. Estimate the mean flow velocity which produced this scour hole.

53
<PROBLEM N-24T>

The following data were collected from the Wapsipinicon River by the U.S.G.S.
on 21 March 1979 at DeWitt, Iowa:

Energy slope: S =3.22x1 O'3; Flow depth: D =7.2 ft;

Mean velocity: V = 5.47 ft/s; Water temp: T = 8.5°C;
Channel width: W = 310 ft: Median diameter: d50= 0.78 mm;
di6= 0.36 mm; ds4= 1.9 mm;
Bed-load discharge: Qb = 1,370 tons/day; and,
Suspended-load discharge: Qs =17,700 tons/day

(1) Using Engelund and Freds^e’s formula, estimate both the bed-load and
suspended-load discharges.

(2) Compare your results with the measured values and discuss primary
causes of discrepancies if there were any.

Use the effective fall velocity (w = Zp¡w¡/Zpi) which can be calculated from the
following bed-material size distribution (p¡=size fraction and wpfall velocity for i-th
size range): [Note] Use Rubey’s formula to calculate fall velocity, w¡.

Size Fraction Range Sediment Particle Size Size Fraction

i d¡ (mm) Pi (%)
16
1 0.39
8
8
2 3.09
4
4
3 10.81
2
2
4 21.63
1
1.000
5 34.53
0.500
0.500
6 23.15
0.250
0.250
7 6.40
0.125

54
<PROBLEM N-25T>

The following field data were collected from the Missouri River near Council
Bluffs, Iowa by the IIHR river crew on 30 November 1982 during a diagnostic
study of Iowa Generation’s Council Bluffs Station Unit 3 water-intake shoaling
problems:

Distance Flow Mean Depth-averaged D 3 5 D5o ag

from left depth flow suspended-
bank velocity sediment
concentration
z D V C
(ft) (ft) (ft/s) (ppm) (mm) (mm)
49 10.9 4.74 261 0.380 0.480 2.04
105 19.4 4.56 370 0.580 0.650 1.59
230 24.5 6.50 760 — — —

295 14.4 5.62 987 0.202 0.218 1.31

361 15.3 4.00 546 — — — -

443 12.2 5.40 847 0.195 0.216 1.31

525 12.6 5,40 738 — - - - —

623 9.9 1.76 397 0.217 0.242 1.42

689 1,8 0.83 — — — —

Note: Water temperature = 4 °C; energy slope = 1 ft/mile; and channel width =
719 ft.

(1 ) Is the left bank convex?

(2) Calculate total water discharge, Q, and total suspended-load discharge,
Qs-
(3) What are the mean flow depth, dm, mean flow velocity, Vm, and hydraulic
radius, R for this section?
(4) Estimate the total-load discharge, Qt, using the Ackers and White
formula.
(5) Estimate the hydraulic radius using Brownlie’s method and compare the
result with the field-data based value obtained above.

55
<PROBLEM N-26T>

The one-dimensional shallow-water equations of motion and mass conservation

are given by

where u is the mean longitudinal flow velocity, h is the flow depth, cb is the
friction coefficient, and e is the local bed elevation. The equation of the mass
conservation of the bed is given by

Using nondimensional constants, u’=u/U, h’=h/H, e’=e/H, x’=x/L, t-t/T , and

qb-qt/Qb, obtain a set of dimensionless equations which are given as follows:

56
where

<PROBLEM N-27T>

Equation (4) in Problem N-26T has characteristic curves which are the solutions
of the ordinary differential equations,

(1 ) Show that the secular equation of |A - s£?| is given by

(2) Show that the characteristics (1) are given by the following equations if
q i’=q2’=0:

(celerity of surface wave propagation

over a rigid bed) (3)

57
<PROBLEM N-28T>

Now let us expand Problem N-27T to the case of nonzero sediment-transport

rate. With the assumption that M « 1, let us expand s¡ in powers of M:

where subscript, i, is used to number the roots, which gives the order of the
approximation. By substituting this series into equation (2) of Problem N-27T,
obtain the following characteristics which give celerities of disturbance in an
erodible bed channel.

Note that u - h -1 and Qb=qb for the undisturbed, steady and uniform flow.

<PROBLEM N-29T>

Let us consider a steady flow u’ = h’ = e’ = constant which is perturbed in such a

way that the new flow variables are u’+5u\ h’+5h\ and e’+5e’. If the original
equations of the undisturbed flow are subtracted from the equations of the
perturbed flow in equation (4) of Problem N-26T, a system of partial differential
equations in terms of disturbances 5u’, 8h’, and 5e’ is obtained. Show that it is
written in the matrix form:

58
 K6V'= O (1)

where

where

[Hints]: 1. Neglect terms 0(5u’2) , ....., and higher order terms.

2. After subtraction, set u - h -1 and Qb=qb for the steady uniform flow.

<PROBLEM N-30T>

Since equation (1) in Problem N-29T is a linear system, it can be reduced to a

single equation by setting |K|=0,

where <|) stands for 5u’, 5h’, and 5e’.

(1 ) Drive equation (1 ) above.

(2) Let us consider a neutral disturbance of the form

59
where k = 2nH (wave number), / = wave length, v = wave celerity, and <|>* =
amplitude of <j>.

Substitute equation (2) into equation (1) and obtain the following relationships:

[Hint]: Take k'1 as the characteristic length so that 7= 1/(kuT) and J=So/(kh).

<PROBLEM N-31T>

Assume that the continuity equation for the one-dimensional sediment-laden flow
is given by

where
Q = flow rate of water-sediment mixture;
B = water-surface width = function of y = B(y);
y = flow depth; and,
q = lateral water inflow

(3) Using Preissman’s implicit finite difference scheme, discretize equation

(1), and rearrange the equation into the following form:

AAyj + BAQj + OAyj+1 + DAQj+1+ H —0 (2)

In determining A, B ,....., H, you can neglect second-order terms.

60
(4) Assuming that the upstream and downstream boundary conditions are
respectively given by

Qi = f(yi) (upstream boundary condition) (3)

Q n = g(yN) (downstream boundary condition) (4)

Determine Ei and E2 in terms of f(yi); and AyN in terms of g(yN), EN, and
Fn.

[Hint]: Assume that AQj = EjAyj +Fj

<PROBLEM N-32T>

Assume that the following linear relationship holds between Ayj and AQj for any x
= jAx for a particular time step:

AQj = EjAyj + Fj (1)

where Ej and Fj = coefficients; y = water-surface elevation; and Q = water

discharge.

Now consider the river reach with a storage basin, as sketched below, and obtain
Ej+i and Fj+1 in terms of Ej, Fj, At, yjn, yj+i n, Qjn, Qj+i n, and Ab, where Ab = Ab(yb) =
water-surface area of the basin.

[Hint]: Assume that the water-surface elevation at the storage basin, yb, is equal
to that at the river section.

61
<PROBLEM N-33T>

The transverse variation of the vertically-integrated lateral suspended-sediment

flux is balanced by a net erosion rate, i.e.,

Starting from this equation, obtain the governing equation for z = (CJt^c),

where

62
Note: Refer to Gary Parker’s paper (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1978, Voi. 89,
Part 1, pp. 109-125)

<PROBLEMS N-34T>

The following data were obtained at Section C-6 of the Niobrara River on 3
August 1951 (Colby and Hembree, 1955):

Cross-section profile
(v: distance from the riaht bank and D: flow deDth)
y (ft) 0 6 14 16 22 24 30 32 40 42 48 50 54
D (ft) 0 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.6

y (ft) 60 64 70 76 82 89 95 110 124 132 134

_D_(ftL_ 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8 0

Bed-material size distribution

Size (mm) 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.000 2.000 4.000

% finer 2 37 71 92 96 98

River width = 134 ft; mean flow depth = 1.52 ft; water temperature = 23 °C; flow
area = 138 ft2; mean velocity = 2.53 ft/s; water discharge = 349 ft3/s; and water-
surface slope = 1.402x1 O'3.

63
(1) Plot the cross section and the cumulative sediment particle size
distribution, and determine approximately the center depth, Dc, L (bank
region), and D5o.
(2) Assuming that the channel is in equilibrium (i.e., Dc = Ec), calculate FL and
qBL. Is your K value (FL/qBL) close to 24/7? You can assume that DS=D50.

(3) Evaluate y for this case and see how small this parameter is - justification
of the asymptotic expansion in terms of y.

Note: Refer to Gary Parker’s paper (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1978, Voi. 89,
Part 1, pp. 109-125)

<PROBLEM N-35T>

In one-dimensional shallow-water analysis, the governing equations for a

movable-bed channel with varying width may be given in the following form:

where

64
 v = mean flow velocity; D = flow depth; z = bed elevation; u* = shear
velocity; R = hydraulic radius (= D); A = cross-section area; Q = water
discharge; W = channel width; z0 = bank elevation; qs = sediment
discharge per unit width; and K = coefficient.

Introduce nondimensional parameters, v’=v/U; d-D /H ; z-z/H ; W’=W/H; x-x/L;

t-t/T ; and qs-qs/Qs), and obtain a set of dimensionless equations in the
following form:

You can use the following parameters when determining matrices A, B, and C:

<PROBLEM N-36T>

A one-dimensional analysis of the diffusion equation,

gives the following solution:

65
where

(1) Calculate <; for different values of rj (10'3 ~ 1) four different sets of £, (i.e.,
0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00), and plot the results on an r\-^ plane with a
parameter Assume that y is equal to 0.22 (So = 2.1x1 O'3; and =
9.5x10 3).

(2) Estimate values of r| for the following set of field data and obtain a
relationship between r| and t.

Date Surveyed Distance, x (m) Bed Elevation, z (m)

March 1961 (t = 0)
March 1962 1,500 5.4
March 1963 1,500 6.0
March 1964 6,000 36.6
October 1964 3,000 14.3
September 1966 4,500 26.3

Note: i = 6 km and S( = 9.5x1 O'3

(3) Is it possible to determine a bed-load discharge formula which is similar to

the Kalinske-Brown type formula if enough field data on x, z, and t were
given? If your answer is yes, describe what other parameters have to be
measured in the field.

66
<PROBLEM N-37T>

The following data were obtained by the IIHR river crew at Section 1-2 in Pool 20
of the Mississippi River on 7 May 1976:

V = 3.19 ft/s; u- = 0.205 ft/s; T = 54 °F; Ys/y = 2.65; ds = 2.26x1 O'3 ft; D =
18.6 ft

(1) Using Engelund-Hansen’s formula, estimate the total-load discharge per

unit width, qb.

(2) For navigation purposes, a 5-ft deep, 250-ft wide (base) trapezoidal
channel was provided on the bottom of the Mississippi River by a dredging
operation. The side slope of the channel was 1V:2H. Using Freds(j>e’s
formula (ASCE Proc., Voi. 104, No. HY2, 1978), estimate the bed profiles
for t = 1 hr, 10 hrs, 1 day, and 10 days, and plot the results in one graph
for comparison. Assume that the dynamic friction angle is 27°, and
porosity of the bed material is 0.45.

(3) Suppose that the cross section of Section 1-2 is in a stable condition
under the given hydraulic conditions. Estimate the flow depth at the
center region using Parker’s result (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1978, Voi.
89, Part 1, pp.109-125).

67
 VII. SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN PIPES

<PROBLEM V-1SP>

The literature on transportation of sediments in pipes defines the following

regimes of flow:

(a) Heterogeneous flow is one in which all the sediments in the system
are in suspension but the concentration is not uniform.

(b) Homogeneous flow is one in which all the sediment in the system is
in suspension and the concentration is uniform.

Discuss the following:

(1) Is it possible to have a sediment-laden flow with all the sediment in

suspension, i.e., with no bed load?

(2) Under what conditions can we have a uniform concentration of suspended

sediment?

(3) Giver your interpretation of the terms "heterogeneous flow" and

"homogeneous flow"

<PROBLEM K-2SP>

A sediment-laden flow is transported up an inclined pipe, as shown below.

68
The inside diameter of the pipe is 1.0 ft; the transported sand has a diameter of
0.20 mm; the water temperature is 20 °C; and m = 0.1. The mean velocity of the
mixture is 10 ft/s, and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is 0.025.

(1) Find the maximum sediment transport rate that can be achieved without
bed deposition (i.e., keeping 0b = 0). For deposited material, C = 1,850
gm/l (grams of sediment per liter of mixture). Do not neglect the
settlement of the material along the pipe.

(2) Calculate the water discharge.

<PROBLEM K-3SP>

Water with a temperature of 80 °F flows through a horizontal circular 8-inch

diameter pipe at a rate of 3.50 cfs (water discharge).

(1) Estimate the maximum discharge of sand (Dg = 0.15 mm) that can be
conveyed without significant bed deposition (i.e., with 0b = 0).

(2) Using Durand’s curve, estimate the energy gradient of the flow.

<PROBLEM K-4SP>

Uniform sand with a sedimentation diameter of 0.08 mm is transported in a

horizontal circular pipe with a diameter of 9 inches. The mean velocity of the
flow is 12 ft/s, and the sediment concentration at the invert of the pipe is 0.10 by
volume. There is no deposition in the pipe invert. The following values apply:

69
 m = 0.10;
K = 0.25;
f -
0.035; and,
T — 20 °C

Find the sediment discharge in the pipe.

<PROBLEM K-5SP>

The attached figure shows a scheme that has been proposed for measurement
of sediment concentration in slurry lines. The mixture is pumped through a pipe
loop with two vertical legs, and the pressure drops, (A p )^ in the ascending leg
and (Ap)3_4 in the descending leg, are measured and compared. The sediment
concentration is determined from the difference between those two pressure
drops.

(1) For the situation shown in the sketch, which will be greater, (Ap)-|_2 or
(Ap)3-4? Justify your answer.

70
(2) Find the difference between (A p )^ and (Ap)3_4 for the following
conditions:

L = 30 ft;
D = 0.5 ft (inside pipe diameter);
f = 0.04;
Qs/Qw = 0.15;
V = 15 ft/s (mean velocity of mixture);
Fluid = water; and,
Sediment = sand

Assume the flow is fully developed at all sections between the piezometers.

<PROBLEM K-6SP>

An analysis yields the following relation for the distribution of suspended

sediment in a circular horizontal pipe, flowing full, without deposition of material
in the pipe:

where, in addition to the quantities shown in the sketch on the attached figure, w
= particle fall velocity; m = constant; Co = centerline concentration; and u. = 0.363
ft/s. The data shown in the attached sketch were obtained in an experiment with
0.16 mm sand in water at 80 °F.

(1 ) Find m, using the slope of the data presented in the attached graph.

(3) Find Qs and Qw. Assume k = 0.35 and B = 5.5Co = 6,020 ppm; f =
0.0159; r0 = 2 in.; and 0b = 0 for the data shown in the graph.

71
72
 Special Function Table

HYPERBOLIC BESSEL FUNCTIONS

ijx )= n jjix )
X
0.0
________
1.0000
m h (x)
0.0000
________ m
0.0000
________
0.1 1.0025 0.0501 0.0012
0.2 1.0100 0.1005 0.0050
0.4 1.0404 0.2040 0.0203
0.6 1.0921 0.3137 0.0464
0.8 1.1665 0.4329 0.0843
1.0 1.2661 0.5652 0.1358
1.2 1.3937 0.7147 0.2026
1.4 1.5534 0.8861 0.2876
1.6 1.7500 1.0848 0.3940
1.8 1.9895 1.3172 0.5260
2.0 2.2796 1.5906 0.6890
2.2 2.6292 1.9141 0.8891
2.4 3.0492 2.2981 1.1342
2.6 3.5532 2.7554 1.4338
2.8 4.1574 3.3011 1.7994
3.0 4.8808 3.9534 2.2452
3.2 5.7472 4.7343 2.7884
3.4 6.7848 5.6701 3.4495
3.6 8.0278 6.7926 4.2538
3.8 9.5169 8.1405 5.2323
4.0 11.302 9.7594 6.4224
4.2 13.443 11.705 7.8683
4.4 16.010 14.046 9.6259
4.6 19.093 16.863 11.761
4.8 22.794 20.253 14.355
5.0 27.240 24.335 17.505
5.2 32.584 29.254 21.332
5.4 39.010 35.181 25.980
5.6 46.738 42.327 31.621
5.8 56.039 50.945 38.472
6.0 67.235 61.341 46.788
6.2 80.717 73.886 56.882
6.4 96.963 89.025 69.143
6.6 116.54 107.31 84.021
6.8 140.14 129.38 102.08
7.0 168.59 156.04 124.01
7.2 202.92 188.25 150.63
7.4 244.34 227.17 182.94
7.6 294.33 274.22 222.17
7.8 354.68 331.10 269.79
8.0 427.57 399.87 327.60

73
<PROBLEM K-7SP>

The Consolidation Company’s coal slurry pipeline in Ohio has the following
operating characteristics:

Material: coal;
Length: 108 miles;
Capacity: 1.30 x 106 ton/year
Particle size: 0.14 mm;
a9 1 .2 (assumed);
Specific gravity: 1.40; and,
Operating factor*: 90% (assumed)
(* % of time pipeline is operating)

Using the curves and equations presented in your reading assignment in ASCE
Sedimentation Manual No. 54, design a slurry line to meet the above
requirements. The design parameters should include, but not be limited to,

Pipeline inside diameter;

Water discharge;
Solid concentration;
Velocity; and,
Pumping power requirements

There must be no sediment deposition in the pipe invert. The flow is to be

heterogeneous, and the design must be efficient. Clearly describe the procedure
you use.

74
<PROBLEM K-8SP>

Slurry-transport pipelines with an equilateral triangle cross-section, as shown,

have been proposed for practical use. A very reasonable assumption is that the
sediment concentration is given by

(1) Propose a reasonable velocity distribution (i.e., give the equations of u(z)
for the three subsections shown in the sketch, using the "law of the wall",
which states that the velocity at any point is determined by the distance z
to the nearest wall, as well as by u*, etc. Note that the same velocity
distribution may be applied to all three subsections.

(2) Set up the integrals which give the sediment discharge. Do NOT carry out
the integration(s)!!

(3) What might be the advantage of using a pipe of this form?

(4) What are the practical disadvantage of this pipe shape?

In subsection ^,z^ = y
In subsection 2, z2 = f(y) — to be determined by trigonometry
In subsection 3, z3 = g(y) — to be determined by trigonometry

75
 Vili. WIND-DRIVEN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

<PROBLEM K-1 A>

(1) Calculate the trajectory of a wind-transported sediment particle 0.25 mm

in diameter assuming that it is projected vertically upward from the bed
with an initial vertical velocity of w¡ = 0.8u*. Assume further that the
velocity profile is given by

where n = 10 and the reference velocity is Uq= 10 m/s at yo = 1 m.

(2) Generalize Nunner’s law

to calculate the shear velocity,

Assume that a steady-state Cd is applicable in calculating the force

exerted on the particle by the wind. Plot the calculated trajectory to scale.

<PROBLEM K-2A>

Calculate the total momentum exchanged between the air and the particle in
Problem K-1 A.

76
<PROBLEM K-3A>

Wind blows over a desert sand bed. The sand is quartz with a uniform diameter
of 0.25 mm.

(1 ) Calculate the bed shear velocity at which particle transport begins.

(2) Prepare a curve of sediment-transport rate per unit width vs. wind velocity
measured 1 m above the bed, for velocities up to 30 m/s

77
 IX. RIVER MEANDERING

<PROBLEM K-1M>

A curve in the river described in Problem K-1T has a centerline radius of 4,000 ft.
For this flow:

(1 ) Calculate the mean transverse bed slope.

(2) Calculate and plot the convex bed slope.

(3) Calculate the lateral distribution of unit discharge, V(r)d(r), and compare
Jvd-dr (integrated numerically) with the discharge given. Assume f is
constant across the channel.

(4) Calculate the meander wave length.

Note: Use Dg in all calculations.

<PROBLEM K-2M>

For the data given in Problem K-1T, calculate the following for a long river bend
with rc = 1,500 ft.

(1 ) The depths near the concave and the convex banks.

(2) The velocities near the concave and the convex banks. Please base your
calculations on the given value of D’50, and assume the following values:
0 = 0.06 and p = 0.45

78
<PROBLEM K-3M>

A bend in a river has width B and centerline radius rc > B/2. The vertical
distribution of streamwise velocity is given by

which corresponds to constant eddy viscosity. The bed material has density ps
and uniform diameter D. Derive an equation for the lateral (radial) bed slope, St,
in terms of us (surface velocity) and the other pertinent variables. Assume that
the radial slope is sufficiently small that the section may be treated as
rectangular in certain respects, and assume that the bend radius is constant (i.e.,
the centerline of the channel is circular).

<PROBLEM K-4M>

A curved river with semi-circular cross section of radius r0 has a constant

channel centerline radius R. Calculate the average radial-plane shear stress, xr.

<PROBLEM K-5M>

On 2 May 1978 the following data were obtained for the Sacramento River near
Chico, California:

Water discharge Q 7,780 cfs;

Centerline radius of curvature rc 1,500 ft;
Channel width B 535 ft;
Flow depth (average) d 9.0 ft;
Median sediment size D50 0.14 mm; and,
Bed friction factor fb 0.08

Calculate the average transverse bed slope of the stream, and the maximum
and minimum depths across the channel.

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<PROBLEM N-6M>

The net radial momentum flux, M r , through the small control volume in the polar-
coordinate system of bend flow consists of the streamwise difference in radial
momentum passing through the upstream and downstream faces, and the radial
difference in radial momentum passing through the inside and outside faces, and
is given by

Show that

where
v = linear secondary flow velocity in the R direction = 2V[(z-zb)/h-1/2];
u = local streamwise velocity based on a power-law relationship =
us[(z- zb)/h](,/n>= U(n+1)/n)[(z-zb)/h](1/n|;
zs = water-surface elevation; and,
zb = bed elevation

80