CHAPTER II.

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Lesson 1. Quadratic Functions

Lesson 2. Transform Quadratic Equation defined by y=a x2 +bx +c

into y=a ( x – h )2+ k and vice versa

Lesson 3. Graph of Quadratic Equation

Lesson 4. Effects of Changing the Values of a, h and k in the

Quadratic Equations y=a ( x – h )2+ k

Lesson 5. Equation of Quadratic Equation

OBJECTIVES

a. model real-life situations using quadratic equations

b. represent quadratic functions using (a) table of values, (b) graph,

(c) equation,

c. transforms the quadratic function defined by y=a x2 +bx +c into the

form y=a ( x – h )2+ k and vice versa,

d. graphs a quadratic function: (a) domain; (b) range; (c) intercepts;

(d) axis of symmetry; (e) vertex; (f) direction of the opening of the
parabola.

e. analyzes the effects of changing the values of a, h and k in the

equation y=a ( x – h )2+ k .of a quadratic function on its graph.

f. determines the equation of a quadratic function given: (a) a table of

values; (b) graph; (c) zeros

Lesson 1. Identifying Quadratic Functions

 Consider a rectangle whose width is (x + 2) cm and whose length is (x +
5) cm. How do you find the area of this rectangle?

The situation above is illustrated in the figure that follows.

(x + 5) cm

(x + 2) cm
You recall that the formula for the area of a rectangle is A = lw where l is
the length and w is the width. Thus, the area of the given rectangle is –

A = [(x + 5) cm] [(x + 2) cm]

A = (x + 5)(x + 2) cm2

Multiplying the binomial then simplifying, the area of the rectangle is -

A = (x2 + 5x + 2x + 10) cm2

A = (x2 + 7x + 10) cm2

If x = 3, the area of the rectangle can be obtained by substituting in the

equation above.
A = 32 + 7(3) + 10 cm2
A = 9 + 21 + 10 cm2
A = 40 cm2

Notice that in the given example, the area of the rectangle is a function of
its dimension. Thus, the area of the rectangle can also be written in functional
notation as
Area = f(x) = (x2 + 7x + 10) cm2.

Observe that the highest exponent is 2. Hence, the degree of f(x) = x 2 +

7x + 10 is 2 which is called a quadratic function.

The following are examples of quadratic functions.

1. f(x) = x2 + 7
2. f(x) = 6x2 – 4x + 3
3. y = 9 + 2x – x2
4. y = x2 – 6x - 16

5. f(t) =
t ( t−12 )
 6. y = (x + 7)2 - 9

Why do you think the examples above are called quadratic functions?

The following are not quadratic functions.

1. y = 5x + 8
2. f(x) = 5x + 2
3. f(x) = x3 – 27
x
4. y = √ x −2x +3
5. y = x(x2 + 7x - 1)

Why do you think the examples above are not quadratic functions?

Now that you know how to identify a quadratic function given an equation,
how will you identify a quadratic function from a given set of ordered pairs or a
table of values?

Example 1:

Consider the ordered pairs of values for the quadratic function f(x) = x 2 for
the integers -3 ≤ x ≤ 3.

{(-3, 9), (-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)}

The ordered pairs of values above can also be presented using a table of
ordered pairs as shown below.
.
x - -2 - 0 1 2 3
3 1
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

Observe the characteristics of a quadratic function. when ordered pairs

are given.

1 1 1 1 1 1 Differences in x

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y = f(x) 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5 Differences in y

Notice that the differences in x are equal while the differences in y are not.
Let us call the differences in y obtained above as first differences in y.

Look what happens when second differences in y is obtained.

 1 1 1 1 1 1 Differences in x

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y = f(x) 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5 First differences in y

2 2 2 2 2 Second differences in y

Observe that the second differences in y are equal. Hence, for the
quadratic function, f(x) = x2, equal differences in x produce equal second
differences in y. The method presented above is called the equal differences
method.
Example 2:

Consider the table of values for the quadratic function f(x) = 5 – 2x 2.

x -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9
y = f(x) -13 3 3 -13 -45 -93 -157

Solution:

Verify if equal differences in x will produce equal second differences in y.

2 2 2 2 2 2 Differences in x

x -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9
y = f(x) -13 3 3 -13 -45 -93 -157

16 0 -16 -32 -48 -64 First differences in y

-16 -16 -16 -16 -16 Second differences in

y

Observe that like in f(x) = x2, the table of values for f(x) = 5 – 2x 2 showed
that equal differences in x produced equal second differences in y = f(x). This
is true for all quadratic functions.

Example 3:

Determine if the ordered pairs of numbers given in the table below

represents a quadratic function of not.

x -6 - -2 0 2 4 6 8
4
 y -7 - 1 5 9 1 17 21
3 3
Solution:

Apply the same method as seen in examples 1 and 2 and see if equal
differences in x will also produce equal second differences in y.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x -6 - -2 0 2 4 6 8
4
y -7 - 1 5 9 1 17 21
3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Notice that the differences in x produced equal first differences in y.

Thus, the ordered pairs of numbers in the given table does not represent a
quadratic function.
EXERCISE 1
Name: _________________________________ Date: ____

A. Tell whether the following functions are quadratic functions or not. Explain.

1. f(x) = x2 - 9
2. f(x) = 3x + 15
3. f(x) = 24 + 5x - x2

B. Using the equal differences method, determine which of the following

ordered pairs represent a quadratic function. Justify your answer.

1. {(-1, 11), (0, 6), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 6), (5, 11)}
2. {(-3, -35), (-2, -16), (-1, -9), (0, 0), (1, -7), (2, 0), (3,
19)
3. {(1, 5), (3, 13), (5, 29), (7, 53), (9, 85)}

4.
x -5 -2 1 4 7
y 64 91 100 91 64
5.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1
y 56 37 30 29 28

6. x -4 -2 0 2 4
y 39 24 9 -6 -21
7. x -3 -1 1 3 5
y 25 10 -5 -20 -35
8. x -10 -5 0 5 10
y -20 -85 -100 -85 -20
Lesson 2. Rewriting Quadratic Functions from f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c
to f ( x )=a ( x −h )2 +¿ k and vice versa

In lesson 1, you learned that f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c is the standard form of a

quadratic function. This function can be written in an equivalent form using the
process of completing the square. Study the steps as shown below.

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Standard form of a quadratic function

b
a( x 2 + x )+c
f(x) = a Factor out a from x2 and x terms
Complete the square by adding and
b b 2 b 2
f(x) =
[
a x + x+
a
2
2a
+c−a
2a ( )] ( ) subtracting
a
b 2
( )
2a
2 2

f(x) =
[
a x2 +
b
a
x+
b
4a 2
+ c−a
b
4a 2 ] ( ) Expand the terms added and
subtracted in the previous step
2 2 2 2
b b b 2

f(x) =
( 2
a x + x+
a 4a 2 )+c−
4a
Simplify
a
b
( )
4a 2
b
to 4a
2 2 Factor the trinomial inside the bracket
b 4ac−b
f(x) =
(
a x+
2a ) +
4a
and simplify the last two terms

2
b
¿− h and 4ac−b =k
From the result let 2a 4a . Substituting this to the
equation above will result to f(x) = a(x – h) 2 + k. Hence, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is
equivalent to f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

Examples:

Rewrite the following quadratic functions in the form f(x) = a(x- h) 2 + k.

1. f(x) = x2 - 2x - 15
2. f(x) = 2x2 - 7
3. y = 4 + x – 3x2
4. y = 4x2 + 5x

Solution 1: Using completing the square.

1. f(x) = x2 - 2x – 15
f(x) = (x2 - 2x) – 15 Factor out 15 in the x terms.
f(x) = (x2 - 2x + 1) - 15 – 1 Complete the square inside the
parenthesis by adding and
subtracting 1.
f(x) = (x - 1)2 – 16 Factor the trinomial inside the
parenthesis and simplify the last 2
terms
2. f(x) = 2x2 – 7
f(x) = 2x2 - 0x – 7 Write function in the form f(x) =
ax2 + bx + c.
0
f(x) =
(
2 x 2 − x −7
2 ) Factor outthe
Complete 2 insquare
the x terms.
by adding
0
f(x) = 2
(
x 2− x+0 −7−0
2 ) and subtracting 0.

f(x) = 2(x - 0)2 – 7 Factor the trinomial inside the

parenthesis and combine the last
two terms.

3. y = 4 + x - 3x2
y = -3x2 + x + 4 Rewrite the equation in the
form y = ax2 + bx + c.

y = -3
( x − 13 x)
2

+4 Factor out -3 in the x terms

2 2 Complete the square by adding
2 1

y=
−3 x − x+ −
3 [1
6 ( ) ]+4−(−3)(− 61 ) ( )
−3 −
1
2

and subtracting 6
1 1 1
y=
(
−3 x − x+
3 36 )
2
+ 4−(−3 )
36 ( ) Square the added number.
2 Factor the trinomial inside the
1 1
−3( x− ) +4− (− ) parenthesis and reduce the
y= 6 12 fraction to the lowest term.
1 49 2
−3( x− ) +
f(x) = 6 12 Add the last two terms

4. y = 4x2 + 5x Given

y=4
( x + 54 x)
2

Factor out 4 in the x terms

2 2
Complete the square by adding
5 5 5
y=4
4 [
x2+ x +
8 ( )] ( ) −4
8
and subtracting
4−
5
( )
8
2
 y=4
( x + 54 x +2564 )−4 (2564 )
2

Square the added number

2 Factor the trinomial inside the

y=4
( x + 58 ) −2516 parenthesis and reduce the
fraction to the lowest term
TRY THIS Rewrite the following quadratic functions to f(x) = a(x – h) 2 +k.
1. f(x) = 2x2 - 12x + 33
2. f(x) = x2 + 8x

Now, how will you transform a quadratic function in the form f(x) = a(x – h) 2 + k to
the standard form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c?

To do this, simply follow the given steps.

1. Expand the square of the binomial indicated in the function.

2. Multiply the result by the value of a.
3. Combine the similar terms.
Now, study the examples below.

Examples:

Transform the following equation to standard form.

1. f(x) = (x – 3)2 – 7
2. f(x) = -2[x – (-5)]2 + 50
3. y = 5(x + 4)2 – 3
3
−
4. y = 4 ( x−2 )2 +9

Solutions:

1. f(x) = (x – 3)2 + 7
f(x) = x2 – 6x + 9 + 7 Square the binomial
f(x) = x2 – 6x + 16 Combine the similar terms

2. f(x) = -2[x – (-5)]2 + 50

f(x) = -2(x + 5)2 + 50 Simplify the term inside the parenthesis
f(x) = -2(x2 + 10x + 25) + 50 Square the binomial
f(x) = -2x2 - 20x -50 + 50 Multiply the result by -2
f(x) = -x2 - 20x Combine the similar terms

3. y = 5(x + 4)2 – 3
y = 5(x2 + 8x + 16) – 3 Square the binomial
y = 5x2 + 40x + 80 – 3 Multiply the result by 5
y = 5x2 + 40x + 77 Combine the similar terms
 3
−
4. y = 4 ( x−2 )2 +9
3
−
y= 4 ( x 2−4 x +4 ) +9 Square the binomial
3 3
− 2 −
y= 4 x +3 x−3+9 Multiply the result by 4
3
−
y= 4 x 2 +3 x+6 Combine the similar terms

TRY THIS Transform the following quadratic function to f(x) = ax 2 + bx +

1. (x) = 3(x – 2)2 + 5

2. f(x) = -7(x + 1)2 – 3

EXERCISE 2
Name: ___________________________ Date: __________

A. Rewrite the following quadratic functions to f(x) = a(x – h) 2 +k.

1. f(x) = 5x2 – 6 2. f(x) = 3x2 + 24x + 43

2
4 x −5x+7
3. f(x) = 2

B. Transform the following quadratic function to f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c.

1. f(x) = -5(x - 3)2 + 2 2. f(x) = (x + 5)2 – 12

Lesson 3. Graph of Quadratic Function
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. You can graph using your
previous knowledge about the characteristics of the graph of a quadratic function
such as vertex, axis of symmetry and the direction of the opening.

Steps in graphing quadratic functions:

1. find the coordinates of the vertex

2. determine the axis of symmetry
3. determine the direction of the opening of the graph
4. make the table of values (choose symmetric values with respect to the
value of h)

Examples: Construct a table of values and graph the following functions:

1. f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 2

Vertex = (-1, -2)

Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Direction of opening: upward

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 - 2 f(x)
1 (1 + 1)2 - 2 2
0 (0 + 1)2 - 2 -1
-1 (-1 + 1)2 - 2 -2
-2 (-2+ 1)2 - 2 -1
-3 (-3 + 1)2 - 2 2

2 f(x) = -(x – 2) 2 + 3

vertex = (2, 3)
axis of symmetry: x = 2
direction of opening: Downward

Table of values
x -(x – 2)2 + 3 f(x)
4 -(4 – 2)2 +3 -1
3 -(3 – 2)2 +3 -2
2 -(2 – 2)2 +3 3
1 -(1 – 2)2 +3 2
0 -(0 - 2)2 +3 -1
TRY THIS

Draw the graph of each of the following functions by following the steps
mentioned in the given examples
1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 3

Vertex: ________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of opening: _________

Table of values
x (x + 2)2 - 3 f(x)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

2. f(x) = -(x –2)2 + 4

vertex: ________
Axis of symmetry: ________
Direction of opening: ________

Table of values
x -(x - 2)2 + 4 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1
EXERCISE 3
Name: ____________________________ Date: ________

A. Draw the graph of each of the following functions by following the steps
mentioned in the given examples
1. f(x) = 3(x + 1)2 + 3

vertex:: ________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of the opening: ______

Table of values
x 3(x + 1)2 + 3 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1

2. f(x) = (x - 1)2 + 3

vertex: _________
Axis of symmetry: _________
Direction of opening: __________

Table of values
x (x - 1)2 + 3 f(x)
3
2
1
0
-1
Lesson 3.1 Properties of the Graph of a Quadratic Function

The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. It is the set of all

points on the Cartesian Coordinate Plane that satisfies the function defined by
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c or the vertex form f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k where (h, k) is the vertex.
.
Look at the two graphs. What do you
3
notice about the parabolas? In what way are they
2
similar? In what way are they different? Y
1
10
0
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 9
8
-2
7
-3
6
-4
5
-5
4
-6
3
-7
2
-8
1
-9
0
-10
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4

-2
Y
-3
f(x) = x2 y = -x2
3
3 2
2 1
1 0

-4 -3 -2
0
-1
-2
-3
-1 0 1 2 3 4
X -4 -3 -2
-1
-2
-3
-4
-1 0 1 2 3 4

-4 -5
-5 -6
-6 -7
-7 -8
-8 -9
-9 -10
-10

The following properties of the parabolas should be observed.

1. The graph of y = x2 opens upward while the graph of y = -x 2 opens

downward.
 The direction of opening is indicated by the sign of a in the equation. Note
that in y = x2, a is positive or a > 0 while in y = -x2, a is negative or a < 0.

2. The two graphs have turning points. The turning point is called a vertex.
The vertex maybe the minimum point or the maximum point of the
parabola depending on the direction of opening of the graph.

The vertex of y = x 2 is at (0, 0) also denoted by V(0, 0). It is the lowest or

minimum point on the graph. It is the minimum point if the parabola opens
upward

The vertex of y = -x2 is also at V(0,0) but it is the highest or maximum point
on the graph. It is the maximum point if the parabola opens downward.

3. Drawing a vertical line through the vertices of each graph divide both
graphs into two congruent or symmetrical parts such that one part is a
mirror image of the other. We call this line axis of symmetry. Thus, the
axis of symmetry of both graphs is the y-axis or the line x = 0.

3
10 Y Y
29
y = x2
18 y = -x2
3

07
2
1
Vertex
X
3
0
2
-1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2
-2
-1 0 1 2 3 4 0

-16
-3
-1
-4
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Axis of
-3
-6
-4

-25
-7
-5
-8
-6

Symmetry
-9
-7
-10
-8

-34
-9
-10

3
-4

2 Axis of
-5
1
Symmetry
-6 Vertex
0
-7 X
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4
-8
-2
-9
-3
-10

Example 2:

Draw the graph of f(x) = 2(x - 1)2 – 3 and give the properties the function.

Solution:

Step 1: Construct a table of values for x and f(x). For this particular example, let
us use for x the values { -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}.

Substitute these values in f(x) = 2(x - 1)2 – 3.

 f(-1) = 2(-1 - 1)2 - 3 = 2(-2)2 - 3 = 2(4) - 7 = 8 - 3 = 5
f(0) = 2(0 - 1)2 - 3 = 2(-1)2 - 3 = 2(1) - 3 = 2 - 3 = -1
f(1) = 2(1 - 1)2 - 3 = 2(0)2 - 3 = 2(0) - 3 = 0 - 3 = -3
f(2) = 2(2 - 1)2 - 3 = 2(1)2 - 3 = 2(1) - 3 = 2 - 3 = -1
f(3) = 2(3 - 1)2 - 3 = 2(2)2 - 3 = 2(4) - 3 = 8 - 3 = 5

The results in a table.

x - 0 1 2 3
1
2
f(x) = 2(x – 1) - 3 5 - -3 - 5
1 1

Step 2: Plot and connect the points on the Cartesian Plane.

6 Y
The following properties of the quadratic function can
5 be observed from the parabola.

4 The functions is f(x) = 2(x – 1) 2 – 3 in the form f(x) =

a(x – h)2 + k
3

Here, a = 2, h = 1 and k = -3.

2

1 1. The parabola opens upward because a > 0.

X0 2. The vertex (h, k) is (1, -3), the lowest point of the

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 graph.
-1

3. The axis of symmetry is x = 1, the value of h in

-2
the vertex.
-3
4. The minimum value is y = -3 which is the value of
-4 k in the vertex.
Hence, for any quadratic function, its vertex is at the point V(h, k) where
2
−b 4ac−b
k=
h= 2 a and 4a . You have learned this in the previous lesson.

Example 3:

Determine the direction of opening, vertex, axis of symmetry, and minimum

or maximum point of the quadratic function defined by y = -2x 2 +12x – 5.

Solution: In the given equation, a = -2, b = 12, and c = -5.

 a. Opening: downward since a is negative or a < 0.
b. Vertex:

Since the function is not in the vertex form f(x) = a(x – h) 2 + k, we cannot
easily determine the vertex (h, k).

Use the formula for h and k:

−b -12 −12
h= = = = 3
2a 2(−2) −4

4ac-b2 4 (−2 )(−5 ) -12 2 40-144 -104

k = = = = = 13
4a 4 (-2 ) -8 −8

Hence, the vertex is (3, 13);

c. The axis of symmetry is x = 2

d. The maximum value is y = 13 since the parabola opens downward.

TRY THIS
A. Give the sign of the leading coefficient, the coordinates of the vertex,
the axis of symmetry, and the highest/lowest value of the quadratic function
represented by the given parabolas.
12 7 Y Y
1.
11 6
2.
10
5
9
4
8
3
7
6 2

5 1
4 0
-4 -3 -2 3-1
-1
0 1 2 3 4 X
2
-2
1
-3
0
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 0-4 1 2 3 4 X
-2
6 Y Y
5
4 2

3 1
2
0
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -2
-1
-2 -3
-3
-4
-4
-5

3. 4.

X
 EXERCISE 3.1

Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________

11 4 1. 2.
10 3
9
2
8
7 1
6 0
-2 5
-1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 -2
3
-3
2
1 -4
0 -5
-1 -60 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -1
-2 -7

B. Determine the direction of opening of the parabola, the vertex, the axis of symmetry and minimum or
maximum value of the following quadratic functions.

1. f(x) = -(x +2)2 – 1

2. f(x) = - x2 + 9
 3
2
3. f(x) = 2 (x− 4 ) + 7

Lesson 4.1. Analyze the Effect of the Changes in “a” in the

Graph of the Function f(x) = ax2

The value of a in f(x) = ax2 has an effects on the graph of a quadratic function. It determines the
width of the parabola with respect to the axis of symmetry. If 0 < a < 1, the graph is wider and tends
to flatten out. If > 1, the graph is narrower and steeper.

Consider the following functions and f(x) = x2 as reference function.

1. y = 2x2

Vertex: (0,0)
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of graph: Upward

Table of values
x 2x2 f(x) y = 2x2
2 2(2)2 8
1 2(1)2 2
0 2(0)2 0 y = x2
-1 2(-1)2 2
-2 2(-2)2 8 y = ½ x2

2. f(x) = 1/2x2
vertex: (0,0)
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of the graph:
Upward

Table of values
x ½(x) 2 f(x)
2 ½(2) 2 2
1 ½(1) 2 ½
0 ½(0) 2 0
-1 ½(-1) 2 ½
-2 ½(-2) 2 2

You will notice that the graph of f(x) = 2x 2 is narrower compared to the graph of f(x) = x 2.
While, the graph of f(x) = ½x2 is wider compared to the graph of f(x) = x2.
TRY THIS

For each set of functions, tell which graph is narrower or wider.

1. f(x) = 2x2 2. f(x) = 5x2

f(x) = 3x2 f(x) = 4x2

EXERCISE 4.1

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________

A. For each set of functions, tell which graph is narrower or wider.

1. f(x) = -3x2

f(x) = -1 x2
3

2. f(x) = -x2

f(x) = -3x2

3. f(x) = 2x2

f(x) = 4x2

4. f(x) = -5x2

f(x = -2x2

5. f(x) = 2 x2
3

f(x) = 1 x2
2
Lesson 4.2 Analyze the Effect on the Changes in h in the
Graph of the Function f(x) = a(x-h) 2

The graph of the function f(x) = a(x-h) 2 is the same as the graph of
f(x) = ax2, except that its vertex is translated horizontally to the right of the origin when h > 0.

The graph of the function f(x) = a(x - h) 2 is the same as the graph of f(x) = ax 2 except the
vertex is translated to the left of the origin when h < 0.

Example:

1. y = (x + 1)2 y = (x+1)2

vertex : (-1, 0) y = x2
Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Opening: Upward y = (x – 1)2

Table of values
x (x + 1)2 f(x)
1 (1+ 1)2 4
0 (0 + 1)2 1
-1 (-1 + 1)2 0
-2 (-2+ 1)2 1
-3 (-3+ 1)2 4

2. y = (x - 1)2 Table of values

x (x - 1)2 f(x)
-1 (-1- 1)2 4
vertex : (1, 0) 0 (0 - 1)2 1
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
1 (1 - 1)2 0
Opening of the graph: Upward
2 (2 - 1)2 1
3 (3 - 1)2 4

The graph of y = (x + 1) 2 moves to the left of the origin while the graph of y = (x – 1) 2 moves to
the right of the origin.
TRY THIS
Given are the following functions. Tell the directions of each graph, if it translates to the right or to the
left of the reference graph f(x) = x2.

1. f(x) = (x + 4)2
2. f(x) = (x – 4)2
3. f(x) = ( x – 2)2

EXERCISE 4.2

Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________

A. Given are the following functions. Tell the directions of each graph, if it translates to the
right or to the left of the reference graph f(x) = x 2.

1. f(x) = (x + 2)2

2. f(x) = (x + 5)2

3. f(x) = 2(x – 5)2

4. f(x) = 3(x – 4)2

Lesson 4.3 Analyze the Effect on the Changes in “k” in the
Graph of the Function f(x) = ax 2 + k

Using the graph of f(x) = x2 as the reference, the value of k translates the graph vertically,
upward if k > 0 or downward if k < 0.

Examples: y = x2 + 3

1. f(x) = x2 + 2

vertex : ( 0, 2 ) y = x2 + 2
axis of symmetry: x= 0
Opening of the graph: Upwards y = x2

Table of values
x x2 + 2 f(x)
2 (2)2 + 2 6
1 (1)2 + 2 3
0 (0)2 + 2 2
-1 (-1) 2 + 2 3
-2 (-2) 2 + 2 6

2. f(x) = x2 + 3 Table of values

x x2 + 3 f(x)
vertex : ( 0, 3) 2 (2) 2 + 3 7
axis of symmetry: x = 0 1 (1) 2 + 3 4
opening of the graph: upwards 0 (0) 2 + 3 3
-1 (-1) 2 + 3 4
TRY THIS -2 (-2) 2 + 3 7

Tell the direction of each graph, if it translate upwards or downwards . Consider the graph of
f(x) = x2 as your reference graph.

1. y = x2 + 6
2. y = x2 – 4
3. y = (x – 3)2
4. y = (x + 2)2
5. y = (x – 2)2
EXERCISE 4.3

Name: ______________________________________ Date: _________________

A. Tell the direction of each graph, if it translate upwards or downwards . Consider the graph of
f(x) = x2 as your reference graph.

1. y = x2 – 1

2. y = x2 + 5

3. y = x2 + 8

4. y = (x +3)2

5. y = (x – 1)2
 Lesson 4.4. Analyze the Effects of the Changes in a in the
Graph of the Function f(x) = a(x-h) 2 + k.

Using your previous knowledge regarding the characteristics and different forms of quadratic
functions lets you analyze how the graph of f(x) = ax2 is affected by both h and k. This would
require translation of the graph from both the x and y axis.

Example 1

If a = -2, h = -1 and k = -2 the quadratic function becomes

y = -2(x + 1) 2 – 2.
Vertex: (-1, -2)
Axis of symmetry: x = -1
Opening of the graph: Downward

Table of values
X -2(x + 1)2 -2 f(x)
1 -2(1 + 1)2 -2 -10
0 -2(0 + 1)2 -2 -4
-1 -2(-1 + 1)2 -2 -2
-2 -2(-2 + 1)2 -2 -4
-3 -2(-3 + 1)2-2 -10

Example 2:

Write the equation of parabola if the graph of y = 2x 2 is shifted 4 units to the left and 1 unit
downward.

Answer The equation is y = 2(x + 4)2 –1.

TRY THIS

A. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions. Complete the table of values (choose
points symmetric to the value of h) and other characteristics such as vertex, axis of symmetry
and direction of the graph.

1. y = -(x –2)2 + 1
2. y = 2(x + 2)2 –3

B. Write the equation for each parabola described.

 1. The graph of y = x2 shifted 5 units upward.
2. The graph of y = x2 shifted 3 units downward
3. The graph of y = 2x2 shifted 2 units above the origin
4. The graph of y = x2 shifted 4 units to the right of the origin
5. The graph of y = 3x2 shifted 2 units to the left of the origin
6. The graph of y = 2x2 shifted 3 units to the left and 5 units upward

EXERCISE 4.4
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: __________

A. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions. Complete the table of values (choose points
symmetric to the value of h) and other characteristics such as vertex, axis of symmetry and direction
of the graph.

1. y = (x – 1)2 + 2

2. y = (x + 1)2 –2

3. y = ( x + 1)2 – 2

B. Write the equation for each parabola described

4. The graph of y = 3x2 shifted 3 units to the right and 2 units downward

5. the graph of y = x2 shifted 3 units to the left and 4 units downward

 Lesson 5.1. Deriving a Quadratic Function, Given the Zeros Function
Recall that the zeros of a quadratic function are also the roots of the corresponding quadratic
equation. If the zeros of a quadratic function y are x 1 and x2, then x – x1 and x – x2 are factors of the
quadratic expression. Thus, the corresponding quadratic equation is

(x – x1)(x – x2) = 0

and the quadratic function is

y = (x – x1)(x – x2)

Examples Derive the quadratic function, given the zeros of the function:

1. -2, 3

Let y be the quadratic function. If -2 and 3 are the zeros of y, then x – (-2) and x – 3 are
factors of y. Hence, y = [x – (-2)](x – 3)
y = (x + 2)(x – 3)
y = x2 – x – 6
TRY THIS
Derive the quadratic function, given the zeros of the function:
1. 4, 6
2. -3, 7

1
 ,1
2. 2

x    
1 1

Let f(x) be the quadratic function. If 2 and 1 are the zeros of f(x), then  2  and x –
1 are factors of f(x). The corresponding quadratic equation is
  1 
 x    2  
(x – 1) = 0
x  1

 2  (x – 1) = 0

(2x + 1)(x – 1) = 0
2x2 – x – 1 = 0.
 Hence, the quadratic function is f(x) = 2x2 – x – 1.

TRY THIS
Derive the quadratic function, given the zeros of the function:
1. 1, 3
2. -3, 4

EXERCISE 5.1

Name: __________________________________________Date: _______

A. Derive the quadratic function, given the zeros of the function:

1. -8, 5

1

2. 2 ,4

3. 2, -2

4. 3, 2
Lesson 5.2. Deriving a Quadratic Function, Given the Table of Values

If the table of values representing the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c is given, then these
values should satisfy y = ax2 + bx + c.

Examples:

Derive a quadratic function, given the table of values

1.
x -3 0 2
y -3 0 4

Since (-3, -3), (0, 0), and (2, 4) are points on the graph of y, then they satisfy y = ax 2 + bx + c.
That is,

Using (-3, -3)

y = ax2 + bx + c
-3 = a(-3)2 + b(-3) + c  -3 = 9a – 3b + c Eq. 1
0 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c  0=c Eq. 2
2
4 = a(2) + b(2) + c  4 = 4a + 2b + c Eq. 3

Substituting Eq. 2 to Eq. 1 and Eq. 3,

-3 = 9a – 3b + 0  3a – b = -1 Eq. 4
4 = 4a + 2b + 0  2a + b = 2 Eq. 5

Solving Eq. 4 and Eq. 5 by elimination,

3a – b = -1
2a + b = 2
5a =1
1
a= 5
1
Substituting a = 5 to Eq. 5,
 1
 
2 5 + b = 2
8
b= 5
1 8
Hence, the quadratic function is y = 5 x2 + 5 x

2.
x 0 1 2
y -3 -1 -3

Since (0, -3), (1, -1) and (2, -3) are points on the graph of y, then they satisfy y = ax 2 + bx + c.
That is,

Using (0, -3)

y = ax2 + bx + c
-3 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c  -3 = c Eq. 1
-1 = a(1)2 + b(1) + c  -1 = a + b + c Eq. 2
-3 = a(2)2 + b(2) + c  -3 = 4a + 2b + c Eq. 3

Substituting Eq. 1 to Eq. 2 and Eq. 3,

-1 = a + b – 3  a+b=2 Eq. 4
-3 = 4a + 2b – 3  4a + 2b = 0 Eq. 5

Solving Eq. 4 and Eq. 5 by substitution,

a = -b + 2
4(-b + 2) + 2b = 0
-4b + 8 + 2b = 0
-2b = -8
b=4

Substituting b = 4 to Eq. 4,
a+4=2
a = -2

Hence, the quadratic function is y = -2x2 + 4x – 3

TRY THIS

Derive the quadratic function, given the zeros of the function.

 Set A
1.
x - 0 2
2
y 0 2 12
2.
x -2 0 1
y - -16 -15
12

EXERCISE 5.2

Name:____________________________________________ Date: ___________

3.
x - -2 0
5
y 0 0 10

4.
x - 0 2
1
y - -1 -1
4
5.
x -1 0 1
y 1 0 3

Lesson 5.3 Deriving a Quadratic Function, Given the Graph

If the graph representing the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c is given, identify at least three
points on the graph. Use these points to solve the quadratic function.

Examples:

Identify the three points on the graph and derive a quadratic function.
1. Y

X 0●

● ●

Three of the points on the graph are (4, -2), (5, 0) and (6, -2). They satisfy y = ax 2 + bx + c.
That is,

Using (4, -2)

y = ax2 + bx + c
-2 = a(4)2 + b(4) + c  -2 = 16a + 4b + c Eq. 1
0 = a(5)2 + b(5) + c  0 = 25a + 5b + c Eq. 2
-2 = a(6)2 + b(6) + c  -2 = 36a + 6b + c Eq. 3

Eliminating c in Eq. 1 to Eq. 2 by subtraction,

-2 = 16a + 4b + c
0 = 25a + 5b + c
 -2 = -9a – b
b = -9a + 2 Eq. 4

Eliminating c in Eq. 2 to Eq. 3 by subtraction,

0 = 25a + 5b + c
-2 = 36a + 6b + c
2 = -11a – b
b = -11a – 2 Eq. 5

Solving Eq. 4 and Eq. 5 simultaneously,

-9a + 2 = -11a – 2
2a = - 4
a = -2

Substituting a = -2 in Eq. 4,

b = -9(-2) + 2
b = 20

Substituting a = -2 and b = 20 in Eq. 1

-2 = 16(-2) + 4(20) + c
c = -50

The value of a = -2, b = 20 and c = -50

Hence, the quadratic function is y = -2x2 + 20x – 50

TRY THIS
Identify the coordinates of the given points in the graph and derive a quadratic function.

Set A
1. Y
●

X ●

2. Y

● ●
 X

EXERCISE 5.3

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ___________

Y
1.

● ●

X ●

2.

●
X ●
●