FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF LAFIA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

ASSIGNMENT
ON

COURSE CODE: CSC 413

COURSE TITLE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

PREPARED
BY
MUHAMMED USMAN

MATRIC NO.: 2031720007

QUESTION
1: Application Area of AI.
2: Supervised and Unsupervised learning.

(Q1) APPLICATION AREA OF AI

I. INTRODUCTION
It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the research of
management science and operational research areas. Intelligence is commonly considered as
the ability to collect knowledge and reason about knowledge to solve complex problems. In the
near Future intelligent machines will replace human capabilities in many areas. Artificial
intelligence is the study and developments of intelligent machines and software that can
reason, learn, gather knowledge, communicate, manipulate and perceive the objects. John
McCarthy coined the term in 1956 as branch of computer science concerned with making
computers behave like a humans. It is the study of the computation that makes it possible to
perceive reason and act. Artificial intelligence is different from psychology because it emphasis
on computation and is different from computer science because of its emphasis on perception,
reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more useful. It works with the help of
artificial neurons (artificial neural network) and scientific theorems (if then statements

. AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A. Language understanding: The ability to "understand" and respond to the natural language.
To translate from spoken language to a written form and to translate from one natural
language to another natural language. 1.1 Speech Understanding 1.2 Semantic Information
Processing (Computational Linguistics) 1.3 Question Answering 1.4 Information Retrieval 1.5
Language Translation

B. Learning and adaptive systems: The ability to adapt behavior based on previous experience,
and to develop general rules concerning the world based on such experience. 2.1 Cybernetics
2.2 Concept Formation C. Problem solving: Ability to formulate a problem in a suitable
representation, to plan for its solution and to know when new information is needed and how
to obtain it. 3.1 Inference (Resolution-Based Theorem Proving, Plausible Inference and
Inductive Inference) 3.2 Interactive Problem Solving 3.3 Automatic Program Writing 3.4
Heuristic Search D. Perception (visual): The ability to analyze scene by relating it to an internal
model which represents the perceiving organism's "knowledge of the world." The result of this
analysis is a structured set of relationships between entities in the scene. 4.1 Pattern
Recognition 4.2 Scene Analysis E. Modeling: The ability to develop an internal representation
and set of transformation rules which can be used to predict the behavior and relationship
between some set of real-world objects or entities. 5.1 The Representation Problem for
Problem Solving Systems 5.2 Modeling Natural Systems (Economic, Sociological, Ecological,
Biological etc.) 5.3 robot World Modeling (Perceptual and Functional Representations) F.
Robots: A combination of most or all of the above abilities

THE APPLICATION AREA OF AI

1: Learning- learning means to aquire new things, we devide learning role learning, learning by
trial and error, Generalization learning.

2: Reasoning-means to infer facts from given facts , to reason is to draw inference appropriate
to the situation on hand (1) Deductive inference and inductive inference.

3: Problem Solving: Means to move towards the goals problem-solving method involves

* Special purpose problem solving

* General purpose problem solving

4: Language Understanding- Means to understand natural language measuring.

(Q2) Supervised and Unsupervised Learning: Difference

Julianna Delua, SME, IBM Analytics, Data Science/Machine Learning

In this article, we’ll explore the basics of two data science approaches: supervised and
unsupervised. Find out which approach is right for your situation.

The world is getting “smarter” every day, and to keep up with consumer expectations,
companies are increasingly using machine learning algorithms to make things easier. You can
see them in use in end-user devices (through face recognition for unlocking smartphones) or for
detecting credit card fraud (like triggering alerts for unusual purchases).

Within artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, there are two basic approaches:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning. The main difference is one uses labeled data to
help predict outcomes, while the other does not. However, there are some nuances between
the two approaches, and key areas in which one outperforms the other. This post will clarify the
differences so you can choose the best approach for your situation.

What is supervised learning?

Supervised learning is a machine learning approach that’s defined by its use of labeled datasets.
These datasets are designed to train or “supervise” algorithms into classifying data or predicting
outcomes accurately. Using labeled inputs and outputs, the model can measure its accuracy
and learn over time.

Supervised learning can be separated into two types of problems when data mining:
classification and regression:

Classification problems use an algorithm to accurately assign test data into specific categories,
such as separating apples from oranges. Or, in the real world, supervised learning algorithms
can be used to classify spam in a separate folder from your inbox. Linear classifiers, support
vector machines, decision trees and random forest are all common types of classification
algorithms.

Regression is another type of supervised learning method that uses an algorithm to understand
the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Regression models are helpful
for predicting numerical values based on different data points, such as sales revenue
projections for a given business. Some popular regression algorithms are linear regression,
logistic regression and polynomial regression.

What is unsupervised learning?

Unsupervised learning uses machine learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabeled data
sets. These algorithms discover hidden patterns in data without the need for human
intervention (hence, they are “unsupervised”).

Unsupervised learning models are used for three main tasks: clustering, association and
dimensionality reduction:

Clustering is a data mining technique for grouping unlabeled data based on their similarities or
differences. For example, K-means clustering algorithms assign similar data points into groups,
where the K value represents the size of the grouping and granularity. This technique is helpful
for market segmentation, image compression, etc.
Association is another type of unsupervised learning method that uses different rules to find
relationships between variables in a given dataset. These methods are frequently used for
market basket analysis and recommendation engines, along the lines of “Customers Who
Bought This Item Also Bought” recommendations.

Dimensionality reduction is a learning technique used when the number of features (or
dimensions) in a given dataset is too high. It reduces the number of data inputs to a
manageable size while also preserving the data integrity. Often, this technique is used in the
preprocessing data stage, such as when autoencoders remove noise from visual data to
improve picture quality.

The main difference between supervised and unsupervised learning: Labeled data

The main distinction between the two approaches is the use of labeled datasets. To put it
simply, supervised learning uses labeled input and output data, while an unsupervised learning
algorithm does not.

In supervised learning, the algorithm “learns” from the training dataset by iteratively making
predictions on the data and adjusting for the correct answer. While supervised learning models
tend to be more accurate than unsupervised learning models, they require upfront human
intervention to label the data appropriately. For example, a supervised learning model can
predict how long your commute will be based on the time of day, weather conditions and so
on. But first, you’ll have to train it to know that rainy weather extends the driving time.

Unsupervised learning models, in contrast, work on their own to discover the inherent
structure of unlabeled data. Note that they still require some human intervention for validating
output variables. For example, an unsupervised learning model can identify that online
shoppers often purchase groups of products at the same time. However, a data analyst would
need to validate that it makes sense for a recommendation engine to group baby clothes with
an order of diapers, applesauce and sippy cups.

Other key differences between supervised and unsupervised learning

Goals: In supervised learning, the goal is to predict outcomes for new data. You know up front
the type of results to expect. With an unsupervised learning algorithm, the goal is to get
insights from large volumes of new data. The machine learning itself determines what is
different or interesting from the dataset.
Applications: Supervised learning models are ideal for spam detection, sentiment analysis,
weather forecasting and pricing predictions, among other things. In contrast, unsupervised
learning is a great fit for anomaly detection, recommendation engines, customer personas and
medical imaging.

Complexity: Supervised learning is a simple method for machine learning, typically calculated
through the use of programs like R or Python. In unsupervised learning, you need powerful
tools for working with large amounts of unclassified data. Unsupervised learning models are
computationally complex because they need a large training set to produce intended
outcomes.

Drawbacks: Supervised learning models can be time-consuming to train, and the labels for
input and output variables require expertise. Meanwhile, unsupervised learning methods can
have wildly inaccurate results unless you have human intervention to validate the output
variables.

Supervised vs. unsupervised learning: Which is best for you?

Choosing the right approach for your situation depends on how your data scientists assess the
structure and volume of your data, as well as the use case. To make your decision, be sure to do
the following:

Evaluate your input data: Is it labeled or unlabeled data? Do you have experts that can support
additional labeling?

Define your goals: Do you have a recurring, well-defined problem to solve? Or will the
algorithm need to predict new problems?

Review your options for algorithms: Are there algorithms with the same dimensionality you
need (number of features, attributes or characteristics)? Can they support your data volume
and structure?

Classifying big data can be a real challenge in supervised learning, but the results are highly
accurate and trustworthy. In contrast, unsupervised learning can handle large volumes of data
in real time. But, there’s a lack of transparency into how data is clustered and a higher risk of
inaccurate results. This is where semi-supervised learning comes in.

Semi-supervised learning: The best of both worlds

Can’t decide on whether to use supervised or unsupervised learning? Semi-supervised learning

is a happy medium, where you use a training dataset with both labeled and unlabeled data. It’s
particularly useful when it’s difficult to extract relevant features from data — and when you
have a high volume of data.

Semi-supervised learning is ideal for medical images, where a small amount of training data can
lead to a significant improvement in accuracy. For example, a radiologist can label a small
subset of CT scans for tumors or diseases so the machine can more accurately predict which
patients might require more medical attention.

Learn more about supervised and unsupervised learning

Machine learning models are a powerful way to gain the data insights that improve our world.
To learn more about the specific algorithms used with supervised and unsupervised learning,
we encourage you to delve into the Learn Hub articles on these techniques. We also
recommend checking out the blog post that goes a step further, with a detailed look at deep
learning and neural networks.