9 IER Training Make Up Water Nigeria Kompatibilitaetsmodus

Training
Ion Exchanger for demineralizing
Hans-Jürgen Wedemeyer
Technical Manager
Liquid Purification Technologies
Main industries for water treatment with IX
Fossil Power plants

Nuclear Power plants
Paper industry
Fertilizer industry
Galvanic industry
Household softening
Waste water treatment
Chemical production
Mining
Sugar industry
Semiconductor
2 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Water treatment with ion exchangers in power plants
Fossil applications
Turbine condensates
Process condensates (working steam)
Long distance heating condensates
Make up water
NPP applications
Primary loop CVCS (chemical and volume control system)
Secondary loop (turbine condensate)
Steam generator (blow down)
Spent fuel treatment
Stator cooling
Rad waste water
Make up water

Optimized design of make up water and condensate polishing units is crucial for a safe
and economic operation of a power plant
Scheme of a typical fossil condensate plant LewaPlus® software

Feed water
tank Calculation program
HP MP LP
containing several modules
Turbine able to design an optimized
s
Feed water
Super solution to treat these
pump
heater process flows
Boiler Condenser
High pressure pre
heater
Make up
water Low pressure pre Condenser pump
Raw heater
water
Condensate treatment
www.lpt.lanxess.com
4
Alkalization concepts for protection of the CP-cycle against corrosion
AVT (all volatile treatment alkalization up to pH >9 )

NH3 (Main alkalization in Europe)
Hydrazine N2H4 (Remove O2 and results in CP application to NH3)
Morpholine C4H9NO
Cyclohexamine C6 H11 NH2 and others
OT (oxygenated treatment; alkalization up to pH 8-9 + 150 ppb O2)
NH3 and O2
NT (neutral pH 7)
Only NH3 neutralization to achieve pH 7
CT /PT (treatment with alkali hydroxide or phosphate pH 7 up to 10)
CT (NaOH for food applications )
PT (Tri sodium phosphate)

Different Boiler types (High or Low pressure and temperature)
Necessary make water quality is depending on system )
Possible to remove salt from the CP cycle
Once-through boiler type: Sulzer boiler
1 SPW-pump
2 SPW-heater
3 Evaporator
6 superheater
7 to the turbine
9 Water Separator
Benson boiler Sulzer boiler Natural circulation boiler Forced circulation boiler
1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump

2 SPW-heater 2 SPW-heater 2 SPW-heater 2 SPW-heater
3 Evaporator 3 Evaporator 3 Evaporator 3 Evaporator
6 super heater 6 super heater 4 downpipes 4 downpipes
7 to the turbine 7 to the turbine 5 drum 5 drum
9 Water Separator 6 superheater 6 superheater
7 to the turbine 7 to the turbine
Highest water quality is needed Possible to remove salt from the CP cycle 8 pump

Without or a bad demineralization water feeds in process problems
Example: Carbonate precipitation in piping and turbine damages

Ion removal from water is necessary
For capacity calculation the conversion from mol/l in meq/l is necessary
Anode Cathode
Cation Anion
+ - Na+ Cl-
K+ NO3-
Common salt: NH4+ SO42-
( NaCl ) Ca2+ HCO3-
Mg2+ SiO2
Al3+ PO43-
Cl- Na+
1 mol Na+ = 23g/mol = 1eq/l 1 mol Cl- = 35g/mol = 1eq/l
1 mol Ca2+ = 40g/mol = 2eq/l 1 mol SO42- = 96g/mol = 2eq/l
Total capacity : 1 Liter Cation exchanger M+ S108 = 2,2eq/l

1 Liter Anion exchanger M+ M500 = 1,3eq/l

Specific conductivity of different solved salts
Demineralisation / Recirculation of Rinse Water

µS/cm
Conductivity of various Solutions vs Concentration Raw water ( river or well
50
water) 150-1500
HCI
H2SO4 Demineralized water 0,1-2
NaOH
45 MgCl2 Ultra pure water <0,060
40 CaCl2 Theoretical zero point 0,055
NaCl
35
Conductivity[µS/cm]
Sulfate salts
30
Conductivity NH3
25
Substance Conductivity Constant [µS/cm/(mg/l)]
HCI 10
20
H2SO4 7,3
NaOH 5,4
15
MgCl2 2,4
CaCl2 2,13
10 NaCl 1,94
MgSO4 1,84
5 CO2 CaSO4 1,73
Na2SO4 1,65
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Concentration [mg/l]

Datasheet Lewatit M+ S108H
S 108H

Composition of natural water
Salt content and impurities ( e.q.TOC) are strong depending on location
Cation Anion
Pretreatment of raw water
- Flocculation:
Total hardness (TH)
Temporary hardness - Lime dealkalization

HCO3- Total alkalinity ( possibly OH- and CO32- ) - Fe/Al salts
Ca2+ This referred to m-value ( alkalinity to methyl-orange ) - Mechanical filtration:
- Hydroanthracite
- Gravel
- Scavenger:
Mg2+ Permanent hardness - Activated carbon
Cl- - Adsorber resin
Na+
Typical water analysis (LewaPlus)
K+ NO3-
NH4+ SO42-
SiO2
possibly free CO2
Organics
Solids
LewaPlus is able to calculate existing and new demineralization plants

Demineralisation with a strong acid cation exchanger
Decationisation: one step
2+ HCO32- HCO32-
Ca2+
Ca Ca2+
SAC Mg2+
Mg2+ + Free bases water
Na+ H
Na+
Na+ Cl- H+ Cl- (Mineral acid)
+
KK+ NO3- K+ NO3-
S 108H
NH + SO42-
NH 4+ NH4+ SO42-
4
SiO2
M+ S108 H SiO2
Organics
500µS/cm 1000µS/cm

Demineralisation - removal of all anions with SBA - one step
Water coming from cation exchanger
HCO32-
Ca2+ SBA
Mg+2+ OH-
H
Na+
Cl-
H+ OH-
K+ NO3-
M 500OH
SO42-
M+M500
NH4+
SiO2
SiO2
Organics
1000µS/cm <1,0 µS/cm

Production of Ion exchangers

Gel / Macroporous
Gel type Gel type Surface
Macroporous type Macroporous type Surface

Production of Ion Exchange Resins
Monomere
SAC
( Lewatit® MonoPlus S 108 )
[ ]n
Starter
+ Functionalization
SO3H
n
styrene DVB SBA Tpye I
( Lewatit® MonoPlus M 500 )
CH3
+
N Cl-
Crosslinking agent H3C
Crosslinked polystyrene CH3
(+ Porogen gives a macroporoes structure)
Base for most IX-Materials: Crosslinked Polystyrene

Structure of different polymers for Ion Exchanger Resins
Stryrene/Divinylbenzene Acrylates (based on Acrylnitril and Acrylate, Carbons in red)
"Amidate" (weak basic, A8072) SBA ( A8071, A8074)

Production Lewatit resin
Polystyrene Polyacrylate

Common types of Ion Exchange Resins for make up water
CH2 - N(CH3)2H Cl SO3 Na+
weakly-basic-resin (WBA) Strongly-acidic-Resin (SAC)
+
CH2 – N (CH3)3 Cl- CO2 Na+
strongly-basic-resin-type 1 (SBA1) weakly-acidic-resin (WAC)

Ethanol
CH2 CH2 OH
CH2 - N(CH3)2H Cl
+ CH2 N + CH3 Cl-
CH2 – N (CH3)3 Cl-
CH3
middle-basic-resin (MBA)
strongly-basic-resin-type 2 (SBA2)

Capacity of different Ion exchanger
Examples: Total capacity Operating capacity with a typical

regeneration amount*
- Gel strongly acidic (SAC) 2 eq/L 1,2 eq/L
- weakly acidic (WAC) 4 eq/L 2,0 eq/L
- gel strongly basic (SBA Type1) 1 eq/L 0,5 eq/L

- weakly basic (WBA) 2 eq/L 1,0 eq/L
Operating capacity is depending on:

Water analysis; pH; temperature
specific and metric flow rate
resin type and quality
regeneration amount and kind of chemical
break through point (specified water quality)
Kind of

Production of Anion Exchanger ( WBA/SBA )
Different ways
H ZII-Stufe
CH2 N Polyvinyl Benzylamine
H Primary Amine
CH2 CH
Chloromethylation Leuckart Wallach Reaction.
CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH
CH2 N+ CH3 Cl
- CH2 N
DMEA
CH2 +
N CH3 Cl-
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH
CH2 CH
ZIII - Stufe
Quaternary Amine Tertiäres Amin Quaternary Amine
Lewatit MonoPlus M500 Lewatit MP62 Lewatit MonoPlus M600
Type I-Resin 8/60, 0,8 bas. Gr./Aromat Typ II-Resin
Teilquarterniert
Lewatit MP64 (6/64)
Substitution: 1,15 basische Gr./aromat. Kern (DVB/Styrol)

Further commercially available resin types
C H 2-C O -O N a
CH2 - N
C H 2-C O -O N a
I D A - R e s in
( L e w a t it T P 2 0 7 X L )
=
C H 2-P -O N a
CH2 - N ONa
H
A M P A - R e s in
(L e w a t it T P 2 6 0 )
_ SH
C=NH
CH2 - N ...
H
T h iu re a - R e s in
( L e w a tit T P 2 1 4 ) m a c ro p o ru s a d s o r b e r r e s in
( L e w a tit O C 1 0 6 4 )
C H 2 - N (C H 2-C H 2-C H 3)3C l

CH2
N CH2 - SH
T rip ro p y la m in e - R e s in CH2 - N N
( IO N A C S R 7 ) CH2
B is - P ic o ly l-A m in -H a rz T h io le -R e s in m ic ro p o u r u s c a r b o n iz e d r e s in
( L e w a t it T P 2 2 0 ) ( IO N A C S R 4 ) ( L e w a t it A F 5 )
CH3 OH H OH OH C H 3-C H 2
C H 2-N -C H 2-C - C - C - C -C H 2O H C H 3 - C H 2- C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - O O
P C H 2- N (C H 3)2 F e O (O H )
C H 3 - C H 2- C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - O OH
H OH H H
C H 3-C H 2
M e th y l- G lu c a m in e - R e s in
( L e w a tit M K 5 1 ) ir o n d o p e d w e a k ly b a s ic r e s in
L e v e x t r e l H a rz D 2 E H P A - d o p e d
( L e w a tit® F O 3 6 )
( L e w a t it O C 1 0 2 6 )

Two technologies for production of Lewatit® polymer
Heterodisperse Monodisperse

Production flow Lewatit® standard resins
Bead size distribution (Schema)

%
Suspension-Polymerisation 100
Styrene
+ DVB 50
Polymerisation
0,30 0,55 1,20
Bead size ( mm )
Functionlalization
cation exchange resin
Functionalization
Organic and Heterodisperses anion exchange resin
aqueous phase Copolymerisat
( Lewapol )
Bead size distribution between 0,3 – 1,2 mm

Production flow Lewatit® MonoPlus
Polymerisation Bead size distribuion (Schema)

%
100
50
Aqueos phase 0,40 0,50 0,60

0,55
Bead size ( mm )
Vibration plate
Functionalization
cation exchange resin
Organic phase
Functionalization
Styrene-DVB Monodispers anion exchange resin
Copolymerisat
( Lewapol )

Lewatit® Monodispersed Resins
Better monodispersity results in advantages
Through State-of-the-Art Most

Modern Production Technology
Higher Operating Capacity
% %
Faster Kinetics
100 100
Less Fine and Less Coarse

Beads
50 50
Low Pressure Drop
0,30 0,55 1,20 0,40 0,50 0,60 Higher Mechanical Stability

Size (mm) Size (mm)
Particle Size Distribution
Higher Osmotic Shock Stability
Heterodispersed Monodispersed

Better operation issues
Outlet Water Outlet Water
Regenerated Regenerated
Wide Narrow
Ion Exchange Zone Ion Exchange Zone
Exhausted
Exhausted
Inlet Water Inlet Water
Heterodispersed Monodispersed

The spectrum of particle sizes
750 µm
590µm
350µm
160 µm
37 µm

Production Bitterfeld

Quality

Fines and broken beads are a important quality parameter
0,2-0,3 mm

Stability tests
Osmotic shock Roller Test Piston test
Rolled 10 times over
40 Cycles
1 cycles = 4 steps 1000 times
1 step 750 ml NaOH Presses and relax
2 step 5000 ml Demineralisation water
3 step 750 ml HCl
with water.
4 step 5000 ml Demineralisation water Simulation of a working filter.
Each Lewatit® production lot is be proofed for stability quality !

Higher osmotic shock stability
Ion exchange resins swell/shrink due to ionic form

change during operation Heterodispersed
Resistance to the internal force within resin bead is

critical to avoid bead breakage
Accelerating evaluation alternately with caustic and

acid
Monodispersed
(2) DI Water (3) 6% HCl
40
Cycles
(1) 4% NaOH (4) DI Water
Higher Osmotic Shock Stability

Possible reasons for resin stability decreasing
Oxidation attacks (Radicals)

M+ S108 Na+ to H+ form max. 10%
High flow rates (Exhaustion)
CNP 80 H+ to Na+ form max. 60% / H+ to Ca2+ form max 2%
High pressure loss (Blocked nozzles; fines)
M+ M500 Cl- to OH- form max. 20%
Mechanical stress (External regeneration)
M+ MP64 Free base to Cl- max. 24%
Osmotic shock (Regeneration; Exhaustion)
Resin swelling (Regeneration; Exhaustion)
% 200
160% swelling
150
100
50
0
M+ S108 Na M+ S108 H CNP 80 H CNP 80 Na CNP 80 Ca M+ MP 68 M+ MP M+ MP M+ M 500 Cl M+ M500 OH
free base/ Cl 68 free 68 Cl/Cl
base/ OH

High stability leads to a long shelf life
Higher life time
Less operating cost
No operational problems
% WPB*
* Whole perfect beads

SAC Oxidation stability
Volume increasing after treatment with H2O2
Radical attack
Competitor SAC M+ S108

50 ml to 86 ml 50 ml to 65 ml

High stability (Original and Osmotic shock)
Why is that so important?
Heterodispers material after 300 cycles
Broken beads build a lot of finest particle
Problems :
• Capacity loss through lost material
• Low throughput with less production capacity
• High pressure loss through clog nozzles.
• Arising resin damage
• Further resin damage through high pressures Monodisperse resin Antwerpen street 2 after 900 cycles
• Transfer from SAC material into the anion vessel.
• High conductivity behind Anion filters
• High salt loading to the following mixed bed
• Sodium leakage
• High TOC leakage through oxidize finest resin particle

Demineralization plant Antwerpen
Monodispers shows higher life time
120
100
Whole perfect beads %
80
60
40 Whole Perfect Beads (M+ S 108)
20
Whole perfect beads (Standard SAC)

0
1 32 47 69 112 150 207 255 309 400 450 503 560 605 706 776 997 1100
Cycles

Building of Polystyrene Sulfuric acid (PSS)
Leaching
Leaching SAC
SAC

PSS leaching measured at 225 nm
S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2
Red-color-test

PSS leaching SAC
Resin from some producers showed a bad quality
Stor age tr ial (Leaching) SAC IX H For m
4
Co mpe ti t or 1 DVB 8%
Co mpe ti t or 1 DVB 10 %
Co mpe ti t or 2 DVB 8%
3,5 Co mpe ti t or 2 DVB 10 %
M+ S 1 08 H DV B 8 %
M+ S 2 00 KR D VB 10 %
3 Co mpe ti t or 3 DVB 8%
2,5
Extinktion 225 nm
1,5
0,5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Storage time in weeks

SBA Fouling possibility
Bad resin quality

Iron + temperature attack the SAC and results to high molecular Polystyrene sulfuric acid
SAC leaching

SBA capacity for PSS is limited - Removing the PSS from the SBA is very difficult
Influence PSS leakage SAC

12
10
PSS peaks after SBA resin

Coductivity [µS/cm]
6 PSS peaks after Mixed bed resin
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Exhaustion [min]

Quality
Every produced resin batch will be checked
Test catalog

Different Applications

Composition of natural water
Cation Anion
Pretreatment of raw water
- Flocculation:
Total hardness (TH)
Temporary hardness - Lime dealkalization

HCO3- Total alkalinity ( possibly OH- and CO32- ) - Fe/Al salts
Ca2+ This referred to m-value ( alkalinity to methyl-orange ) - Mechanical filtration:
- Hydroanthracite
- Gravel
- Scavenger:
Mg2+ Permanent hardness - Activated carbon
Cl- - Adsorber resin
Na+
Typical water analysis (LewaPlus)
K+ NO3-
NH4+ SO42-
SiO2
possibly free CO2
Organics
Solids
LewaPlus is able to calculate existing and new demineralization plants

Softening
Removing of total hardness
2+ HCO32- S 1567 HCO32-

Ca2+
Ca Ca2+
Mg 2+2+
Mg Mg2+
Na +
Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Cl- Cl-
+
KK+ NO3- K+ NO3-
NH + SO42-
NH 4+ NH4+ SO42-
4
SiO2 SiO2
Organics Organics

Softening
Removing of total hardness

Dealkalisation with a weak acid cation exchanger
Exchange of alkaline
CO2
alkalinity earth against H+
H2CO3 ->
HCO32- HH+ O + CO
HCO +
Ca2+ 2 2 3
Total hardness
HCO32-
Ca2+
Permanent hardness Mg2+
Mg2+
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-

WAC
K+ NO3- K+ NO3-
NH4+ NH4+
SO42- H+ SO42-
SiO2 SiO2
Organics Organics
CNP80

Decarbonisation with a pitcher for drinking water
Removing of temporary hardness and some organics
WAC

Demineralisation with a strong acid cation exchanger
Decationisation: one step
2+ HCO32- HCO32-
Ca2+
Ca Ca2+
SAC Mg2+
Mg2+ + Free bases water
Na+ H
Na+
Na+ Cl- H+ Cl-
+
KK+ NO3- K+ NO3-
NH + SO42-
NH 4+ NH4+ SO42-
4
SiO2
M+ S108 H SiO2
Organics Organics

Demineralisation with a weak and a strong acid cation exchanger
Decationisation: two steps
CO2
HCO32- HH
H++2CO3 ->
HCO 2- H2CO3 ->
Ca2+ H O + CO 3
2 2 H2O + CO2
Ca2+
Mg2+ WAC SAC H+
Cl-
Mg2+
Na+ Cl- H+ Na+ Cl- H+
K+ NO3- K+ NO3- NO3-
NH4+ NH4+
SO42- SO42- SO42-
SiO2 SiO2 SiO2

CNP80 WS M+ S108 H
Organics Organics Organics
Suspended Solids Suspended Solids
Suspended Solids

Demineralisation - removal of strong anions - one step
WBA
HCO32-
free base
Cl-
H+
NO3-
SO42-
HCO32-
M+MP68
SiO2 SiO2
Organics Organics

Demineralisation - removal of all anions with SBA - one step
HCO
HCO 3
2-
SBA
-
3
OH- <50 ppb SiO2

Cl-
Cl-
H+
NO33--
NO
2-
SO4 2-
SO4
<1,0 µS/cm
M+M500
SiO
SiO22
SiO2
Organics Organics
1 ppm NaOH results in 5µS/cm

Demineralisation - removal of anions - two steps
HCO32-
WBA SBA
HCO32-
free base OH- <50 ppb SiO2

Cl-
H+ Cl -
NO3- H+
H2ONO3-
SO42- HCO32- SO42-
<1,0
+
H
µS/cm
HCO 3
2-
SiO2 SiO2
M+MP68 M+M500 SiO2
Organics Organics Organics

Overview Make up watertreatment
approx. 800-1200µS/cm approx. 1,0 µS/cm < 1,0µS/cm < 0,1 µS/cm
pH 7-8 pH 4-5 pH 2-3 pH > 4 pH 6-8 pH 7-8
Freie OH- OH
Na – H– H–
approx. 500µS/cm Form
Form Form Form Base
H
Raw water
HCO3-
CO2 CO2 CO2
S1567 CNP80 M+ S108 M+ MP68 M+ M500 M+ M500 MB

M+S108 H
Na+
Cl- Ca2+ Cl-
Cl- MB
Mg2+
NO3- NO3-
H+
NO3-
SiO2 < 50 ppb*
TOC < 100 ppb*
MB
SiO2 < 10 ppb*
Na+ TOC < 100 ppb*
SO42- SO42- SO42-
SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2

Organic Organic Organic Organic
Softening Decarbonisation Decationisation Demineralisation Polishing
Degasser
> 40% HCO3
56 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer * Depending from feed concentration and train performance
Condition of carbon acid depending on the pH value
100
90
80
70
60
H2CO3/ H2O+ CO2 HCO3- CO32-
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pHMethy lorange
= 4,3 pHPhenolphtalein
=8,2

Different Applications
Selective ion removal

IX in Direct Waste Water Filtration (Examples)
pollutant origin resin type
NH4+/NO3- fertilizer production Lewatit® K2629/S4428

Cu printed circuit board production Lewatit® TP207
Cu mining waste waters Lewatit® TP207
Co, Mn Phtalic Acid Production Lewatit® TP207
Cu, Zn cooling water blow-downs Lewatit® TP207
Hg chloro alkali electrolysis Lewatit® MP64/TP214
Pb battery manufacturing shops Lewatit®TP207
Au, Pd, Pt gold smith-/jeweler
work shops waste water……. Lewatit® MP64/TP 214
heavy metals,
chlorinated Lewatit® OC1064
hydrocarbons, “pump and treat” groundwater Lewatit® AF5
MTBE, treatment ………………………. Lewatit® K6362
cyanides ,
chromates
discharge limits safely held

raw materials recovered
Functional Group: Selective (Chelating) Lewatit® Resins
TP 207/ TP 208 TP 260 TP 220 TP 214
Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) Aminomethylphosphonic Bispicolylamine (BiPic) Thiourea

acid (AMPA)
H2 H2
H2 H2 H2 H2 C
C NH
C C C(O)O Na C C O N N H2
N N P H2C H2SO4 C
H O Na N N SH
H2C O Na H
C(O)O Na
Copper removal from Calcium and Nickel removal from Cadmium removal from
Ni/Co concentrates magnesium removal from cobalt concentrates nickel/cobalt
lithium chloride/hydroxide electrolytes
Copper recovery Copper recovery at low
Antimony/bismuth pH Palladium recovery
Waste water
removal from copper from waste water
treatement
electrolytes
Lithium concentrate
softening

Functional Group: Selective Lewatit® Resins
Solvent impregnated Resins (SIR) VP OC 1026 TP 272

Functional group is not attached to the
D2EHPA (SIR) Cyanex® 272* (SIR)
polymer by chemical bonding
Extractant is entrained in the polymer matrix O
during polymerization O
P O
OH
O P
OH
Zinc removal from Cobalt removal from

cobalt concentrates nickel sulpahte
solutions
* Product of Cytec Industries Inc., Woodland Park, NJ (USA)

Different Operation Systems

Best chemical utilization with low water demand and
highest performance only possible with a WS system
Co flow Upcore Floating bed(WS)

Co flow System
Ineffective way for demineralization

Fluidized-Process ( WS-Process )
Low budget
Flow rate 10 cbm/h
Low space
SiO2 and TOC remove
Normal temperature

Fluidized-Process ( WS-Process )
Counter-Current Downflow Regeneration
Settling/Decompaction
Regeneration/Rinse
Loading

Leakage compare Co flow (GLS) against Counter current (CC)
µS/cm

Make up water production
Compound WS-Process ( VWS-Process )
Conductivity < 0,08 µS/cm

Target (“VGB “ The German EPRI) Silica < 10 ppb
Sodium < 5 ppb
DOC < 100 ppb ( 200 ppb)
The Fluidized Bed system was the first system developed by Bayer using the upflow technique.
Several of thousand units with diameter ranging from 400 mm to 4000mm
are in operation throughout the world.

High conductivity behind SBA from Sodium leakage
Free board is too wide: min. 20 mm max. 50 mm

Turbulences in final polisher layer
Loading speed does not produce a fixed bed
Regeneration speed is too low (channeling )
Regeneration contact time is wrong (20-30 min)
Chemical or Feed water distribution is not sufficient
Not optimized resin bed depth (optim. 800 mm)
Use of too high chemical concentrations

Demineralization plants

UP.CO.RE. (Reverse WS)
Waste water Waste water

Best chemical utilization with low water demand and
highest performance only possible with a WS system
Disadvantages of Co flow Systems: Disadvantages of UP.CO.RE Process: Advantages of Fluidized Bed Process ( WS-System ):
High specific regenerate consumption Increased waste volume Narrower and thus cheaper units, smaller footprint
High service water consumption Risk of reclassification Max. chemical capacity because of high filling level
High ion leakage during regeneration (freeboard!) Lower service water consumption
Lower operating capacity Insufficient regeneration No channeling
(depending breakthrough point) Higher water demand for Reduced specific chemical demand and therefore
Extended regeneration cycle rinsing/displacement less waste water production
Low efficiency of vessel volume Higher regenerate consumption Less valves in comparison to down flow systems
Backwash: destruction of polishing zone Water quality not comparable Low leakage, low conductivity
with up flow service
Co flow Upcore Counter current (WS)

Chemical and water demand from different processes
Chemical and water demand for a production of 1000 m³ demineralized water with different systems
Co Flow Co Flow WS WS Upcore Upcore
Calculated conditions
Single Compound Single Compound Single Compound
Flow rate: 50 cbm/h HCl kg 345 kg 200 kg 265 kg 200 kg 291 kg 200 kg
Cycle Time: 20h HCl eq 9.583 eq 5.556 eq 7.361 eq 5.556 eq 8.083 eq 5.556 eq
Salt content: 5,0 meq/l % theory 192% 111% 147% 111% 162% 111%
(incl. 5 ppm SiO2) Waste water 30,17 m³ 33,26 m³ 24,48 m³ 16,42 m³ 28,84 m³ 21,70 m³
Using degasser (after

degasser 0,2 meq/l) NaOH kg 586 kg 156 kg 320 kg 128 kg 350 kg 130 kg
NaOH eq 14.650 eq 3.900 eq 8.000 eq 3.200 eq 8.750 eq 3.250 eq
% theory 543%* 144%* 296%* 119%* 324%* 120%*
Waste water 66,30 m³ 37,66 m³ 48,71 m³ 26,03 m³ 55,22 m³ 33,44 m³
Total waste
96,47 m³ 70,92 m³ 73,19 m³ 42,45 m³ 84,06 m³ 55,14 m³
water
Upcore needs approx. 30% more water demand as WS because of packed bed building

Liftbed-Process
Counter current process with the possibility for backwashing
Exhaustion mode Regeneration mode
Regenerant / Regenerant /
Treated water Treated water
Rinse water Rinse water
Upper strainer plate Upper strainer plate

60-80 nozzles/m² 60-80 nozzles/m²
Sight glasses Sight glasses

Inert resin Inert resin
Lewatit S108 MonoPlus S108

67% Backwash out 67% Backwash out
Lift valve Lift valve

Lewatit S108
33%
Backwash out Backwash out
MonoPlus S108
33%
Lower strainer plate Lower strainer plate
60-80 nozzles/m² 60-80 nozzles/m²
2000 mm 2000 mm
Raw water Waste water Raw water Waste water

Lewatit IN 42, IN 50 (Inert Material)
• Lewatit IN 42 with 1,5 mm edge lengh • Lewatit IN 50 with 2,5-5,0 mm edge lengh
• Density: 0,8 g/ml • Density: 0,9 g/ml
• Kaltabschlag • Warmabschlag ( like with Dow and Purolite imprecise! )
• PP • PE
• IN42 is the fourth generation fo specialised inert filtration • Less temperature and mechanical stability
• Buffer aid for all Lanxess-Upstream-Sysrtems • Buffer for UPCORE systems
• Material elasticity, mechanical and temperature stability

Mixed bed application

Make up water production
Compound WS-Process ( VWS-Process )
Conductivity < 0,08 µS/cm

Target (“VGB “ The German EPRI) Silica < 10 ppb
Sodium < 5 ppb
DOC < 100 ppb ( 200 ppb)
The Fluidized Bed system was the first system developed by Bayer using the upflow technique.
Several of thousand units with diameter ranging from 400 mm to 4000mm
are in operation throughout the world.

Mixbed
Separation / Regeneration / Mixing

Lewatit® monodispersed Resins
Clear separation for regenerable mixed beds
For regenerable mixed beds, it is necessary to

separate cation and anion resins clearly
Clearly different terminal settling velocity for cation
and anion resin, respectively
2,5% Lewatit® Lewatit®

Differntial Volume, Vol.%/µm
M+ M500 OH M+ S108H
2,0%
1,5%
1,0%
0,5%
0,0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
Terminal Settling Velocity, cm /s

Lewatit® heterodispersed resins in a mixed bed
Due the particle distribution and true density, some

of cation and anion beads settle together
0,4%
Differntial Volume, Vol.%/µm
0,3%
0,2% Cation & Anion Beads

Settling Together
0,1%
0,0%
0 3 6 9 12
Terminal Settling Velocity, cm2/s Heterodisperse mixed bed

Mixed bed which includes monodisperse Lewatit ® resins
High quality and best performance through perfect separation ( Less cross regeneration SAC!)
M+ S 108 H

Mixbed of MonoPlus SP112 KR and MP800 KR
High visibility of separation
Separation
zone
No need for a third component in the mixed bed with Lewatit

Case 2: Bad performance Mixed Bed resin
Worse separated mixed bed
Bad separation because of too many fine beads

Perfect separated mixed bed No sufficient colour difference between SAC und SBA
SAC resin volume is calculated wrong (Drainage)
SAC is loaded with NaOH
PSS is fouling the SBA resin (bad SAC quality)
Mechanical stress because of too strong mixing
Too low backwash flow rate

Good performance during complete exhaustion time is only possible with the right ratio
of SAC and SBA in the mixed bed
r MOhm Silica ppb
20 60
- SiO2 = 50 ppb has nearly the same breakthrough time as R =1M Ωcm
18
+ 50
16
14
resistivity [MOhm*cm]
40
12
Silica [ppb]
10 30
8
20
6
4
10
2
+
0 0
0 50 100 150 200
time [min]

Mixed bed with higher SAC content or CO2 contamination
100
Salt content = 5,3 meq/l
10 Carbonat hardness = 2,5 meq/l 90
Conductivity = ca. 500µS/cm 80
8
70
LF [µS/cm]
pH value
60
6
50
40
4
CO2 and acid building 30
2 20
10
0 0
0,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00 200,00
Exhaustion (BV)

Multistep fine polishing
Alternative for the classic mixed bed process
Advantages of Multistep Process
No auxiliaries required (air) Strongly acidic cation

Lewatit®
MonoPlus S 200 KR
Low regenerant consumption
Less waste water
Regenerant
Less neutralization chemicals /Rinse water
Strongly basic anion
Lewatit®
Low capital costs MonoPlus M 500
No sensitive to fluctuations in ionic load Strongly acidic cation Strongly basic anion
Lewatit® Lewatit®
MonoPlus S 108 MonoPlus M 500
Ease to automate
Strongly acidic cation
Lewatit®
Logistic advantages (same resin types used Weakly acidic cation Weakly basic anion
MonoPlus S 108
like in demi plant) Lewatit®

CNP 80 WS
Lewatit®
MonoPlus MP 68
Exhausted ion exchanger can be

regenerated separately
DEGASSER
RAW
Space-saving WATER

Multistep-Process smart polishing posibility
2 x 80 m³/h

Condensate polishing
SAC deep bed / mixed bed Mixed bed

Mixed bed polisher behind a RO system
Multistep-Process
Inlet after RO approx. 5- 30µS/cm Conductivity < 0,08 µS/cm

Silica < 10 ppb
Sodium < 5 ppb

Organic removal

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) – a cocktail of different compounds from a variety of
sources
microorganisms
plants
excrement
by metabolism of: animals algae
Humins (Tannins)
Humin acids human being fungi
Fulvic acids
Building Blocks
Low molecular neutral organic compounds NOM TOC
Low molecular organic acids
Biopolymers Groundwater 0,5 to 1,5 mg/L
River water up to 10 mg/L
Polysaccharides
Eutrophic lakes up to 10 mg/L
Water from wetlands up to 50 mg/L
NOM is not a clearly defined chemical substance

It is a cocktail of many different compounds
The composition strongly depends on the biologic background of the water
NOM can be measured and characterized by classification and measurement of sum-parameters
1 mg/l TOC corresponds to 5,25 mg/l KMNO4

Counter current (WS) system feed requirements

Fouling feeds to TOC release and capacity decreasing

Macroporous SBA resins for optimizing organic removal
For removing of higher organic amounts macroporouse resins are an advantage.

In the main the WBA (M+MP68) is responsible for TOC removing, but to increase the performance it is possible to install
a styrene macroporouse SBA (M+ MP800) or a acrylic gel Type (A8071)
This combination is able to remove approx. 3g TOC per cycle / liter resin (calculated with the installed WBA amount).
For this performance higher NaOH amounts for regeneration are necessary
Purified
water
Acrylic-resins give some advantage for aliphatic TOC removal (A8071; A8072; A8073)

Performance of TOC removal in a WS system
measured with online Sievers TOC measurement
SBA Regeneration 115 % of theory
TOC loading /cycle 0,73 g/liter WBA
First Second
chamber M+ chamber M+ after M+ MP
Feed water Feed water MP68 MP68 800
µs/cm TOC ppm TOC ppb TOC ppb TOC ppb

01.07.2014 521 1,9 253 94 70
09.07.2014 521 1,9 713 265 88
23.07.2014 525 1,9 176 112 98
04.08.2014 542 2,3 383 180 110
19.08.2014 542 2,44 345 113 85
18.11.2014 522 2,11 298 179 105
09.07.2014 521 1,9 713 265 88
08.09.2014 528 2,22 154 106 97
After WBA/ SBA treatment > 95% TOC is removed

Organic removal optimized anion compound bed
< 0,08 µS/cm

< 10 ppb SiO2
< 0,2 ppm DOC

Gel / Macroporous
Gel type Gel type Surface
Macroporous type Macroporous type Surface

Approx. IX capacity/tolerance for natural organic matter (NOM)
Acrylic resins have normally a higher TOC capacity!
Lanxess *Approx. max. *Approx. max.

recommend organic load as organic load as *Max. fouling
Resin type Example
max. g KMNO4/liter g TOC/liter index N
operating temp. resin resin
SBA styrenic type 1 gel M+M500 50 2 0,4 3

SBA styrenic type 2 gel M +M600 30 3 0,6 6
SBA styrenic type 1 macro M+MP800 50 4 0,8 6
SBA acrylic type 1 gel A8071 30 8 1,5 15
SBA acrylic type 1 macro A8074 50 15 3,0 20
MBA acrylic A8073 30 10 2,0 16
MBA styrene MP68 30 12 2,2 12
WBA styrene MP62 60 16 3,0 16
WBA acrylic A8072 60 25 5,0 20
* Organic matter (OM) capacity is also depending from TDS concentration of the feed water and from the kind of filter composition. Combination of styrene and acrylic resins can give
higher TOC removing values.

Scavenger in case of to high TOC inlet concentrations
Scavenger Requirements
Regeneration with alk. NaCl solution.
TOC capacity up to 35 kg organic Throughput 50 m³/h
as KMnO4/cbm resin Organic loading 35,1 g KMnO4 /m³
Organic loading 0,035 kg KMnO4 /m³
Specific flow rate 10,0 BV ( l raw water / l resin ) ca.10- 20 BV
Resin quantity 5,00 m³
Resin type M+ MP68
Specific organic loading 31,59 kg KMnO4 / m³ resin / cycle max.25-35
kg/m³/Cycle
Treated water per cycle 4500,00 m³ / cycle
Cycle time 90,00 h
Specific regenerant 2,00 BV ( m³ regenerant / m³ resin )
quantity
Regenerant 10,00 m³ regenerant
NaCl (100%) 1000,00 kg ( as 10 % solution )
NaOH (100%) 200,00 kg ( as 2 % solution )
Diluting water (approx.): 35,00 m³
Filter geometry
Filter diameter 1800 mm

Unit surface area 2,49 m²
Linear flow rate 20,06 m/h 20-30 m/h
Bed depth 2,01 m Mind. 1000 mm!

Approx. IX tolerance for natural organic matter (NOM)
Lanxess recommend *Approx. max. organic *Approx. max. organic

*Max. fouling
Resin type Example max. load as load as
index N
operating temp. g KMNO4/liter resin g TOC/liter resin
SBA styrenic type 1 gel M+M500 50 2 0,4 3

SBA styrenic type 2 gel M +M600 30 3 0,6 6
SBA acrylic type 1 gel A8071 30 8 1,5 15
SBA acrylic type 1 macro A8074 50 15 3,0 20
MBA acrylic A8073 30 10 2,0 16
MBA styrene MP68 30 12 2,2 12
WBA styrene MP62 60 16 3,0 16
WBA acrylic A8072 60 25 5,0 20
• Organic matter (OM) capacity is also depending from TDS concentration of the feed water and from the kind of filter composition.
• Combination of styrene and acrylic resins can give higher TOC removing values.

Regeneration
Conversion

Conversion chemicals and requirements
Types of regenerant Typical conz. % Softening WAC SAC WBA SBA

NaCl 10
KCl 10
HCl 4-6
H2SO4 0,8-6
NaOH 4-6
KOH 4-6
NaHCO3 5-8
NH3 5-8

Conversion of different SBA
95
Regeneration level %
85
75
65
MP500 NaOH 4%
55
M500 NaOH 4%
45 M800 NaOH 4%
M600 NaOH 4%
35
25
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
g NaOH(100%) / Liter resin

Demineralization WS Compound bed

Regeneration of a SBA compound bed filter
Regeneration chemical for WBA/SBA

compound filter
HCl approx. 4-6%
H2SO4 0,8-6% progressive regeneration
Regeneration speed
3,5 – 7 m/h
Target chemical contact time
20-30 m/h

Regeneration of a SBA compound bed filter
Regeneration chemical for WBA/SBA

compound filter
NaOH approx. 4%
NaOH 2-4% progressive regeneration
Regeneration speed
3,5 – 7 m/h
Target chemical contact time
20-30 m/h

Regeneration M+ M500 SBA Typ 1
Regeneration NaOH g/ Liter Resin

Regeneration M+S 108
Conversion M+ S 108
100,0 2,5
90,0
80,0 2
Total capacity eq/l

Conversion %
70,0
60,0 1,5
50,0
40,0 1
30,0
20,0 0,5
10,0
0,0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
g 100% HCl / l resin

Lewatit ® MonoPlus MP 68
Ionic form as shipped:
CH2 N(CH3)2
+
CH2 N(CH3)3 [Cl-] pH < 4 H+
CH2 N(CH3)2
+ NaOH
Cl-
Conversion
CH2 N(CH )
3 2 +
Exhausted
+
CH2 N(CH3)3 [OH ] - CH2 N(CH3)3 [Cl-]
pH < 8
Regeneration: WBA resins require 115 to 140 % // SBA resins require approx. 300%

Regeneration amount
Single application WAC WBA SAC GLS SAC WS SBA GLS SBA WS SBA Type2 WS SBA Type2 GLS
NaOH % theorie 105-115 115-140 250-300 140-220 125-150 140-200
NaHCO3 % theorie 160-200

HCl % theorie 200-250 125 -150
H2SO4 % theorie .250-300 150-200

Compound application WAC / SAC WBA/SBA WBA/SBA
NaOH % theorie 110-120 > 120 (high SiO2*)
HCl % theorie 105-110
H2SO4 % theorie 130

*
If the SiO2 loading reached 8-15 g/l automatically a progressive additional caustic quantity will be calculate. CH3CO
HCl H2SO4 HNO3 H3PO4 OH H2CO3
The calculation is done with 10 times of the equivalent of NaOH. pKS1 -6 -3 -1,32 2,13 4,75 6,52
pKS2 1,92 7,2 10,4
Example: 9 g/l SiO2 = 0,15 eq/l x 10 = 1,5 eq/l NaOH = 60 g/l NaOH
pKS3 12,36
or 6,67 g NaOH 100 % per g SiO2/l resin per cycle
S108 CNP80
Max. silica load o f 15g/l = 100 g NaOH 100% per l resin. pKS ca.0,7 4,5-5,0

Minimum water requirements for different kind of regeneration
Softening Cation exchanger Cation exchanger
Step Counter Current Co flow
Backwashing Feed water Feed water
Compaction Soft water
Dilution Soft water Feed water
Displacement Soft water Feed water
Final rinse Feed water Feed water
Demineralzation Cation exchanger Anion exchanger Cation exchanger Anion exchanger
Step Counter Current Counter Current Co flow Co flow
Backwashing Feed water Decationised Feed water Decationised
Compaction Demi or decationised water Demi
Dilution Demi or decationised water Demi Feed water Demi or decationised water
Displacement Demi or decationised water Demi Feed water Demi or decationised water
Final rinse Feed water Demi Feed water Decationised
111 New LEWAPLUSTM calculation program - Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

DEMi plant calculation

Parameter for resin choice for “Make up water”
Feedwater quality Applications Specifications Operator

Water analysis Counter current VGB guideline for water steam cycle Invest volume
Salt content Co Flow 0,2 µS/cm Space
Carbonate Hardness Upcore TOC/DOC < 200 ppb Economy claim
TOC content and kind Liftbed < 5 ppb Sodium Waste water situation
SiO2 content Rinse bed < 20 ppb SiO2 Chemicals
Temperature Mixed bed Water consumption
Flow rate Multistep
Suspended matter

LewaPlus calculation program
Choose type of new project DEMI Check
Feed
CP
Purified
water
Condensate
polishing
Plant parameter OK?

Overview Lanxess resin types for demineralization
“Make up water”
Filter Arrangement „WS“ Application & Polisher

“Make up” WAC Lanxess
CNP 80 WS (80 GLS)
“Make up” SAC Lanxess

M+ S 107 NS
M+ S 108 (H)
SAC M+ SP 112 (H)
Regenerant
/Rinse water
“Make up” WBA Lanxess
Lewatit
SBA MB M+ MP 68
MonoPlus M 800 SBA A 8072
Lewatit A 8073
SAC SBA SAC MB
MonoPlus S 100
MP 62
Ø 1600 mm
A 365
WAC WBA SAC “Make up” SBA Lanxess
M+ M 500 (OH)
M+ MP800 (OH)
DEGASSER
A 8071
RAW
WATER M+ M 600
“Make up” MB Lanxess
M+ S 108 H
M+ SP 112 H
M+M 500 MB,OH
M+ MP 800, OH

Softening

Softening
2+ HCO32- S 1567 HCO32-

Ca2+
Ca Ca2+
Mg 2+2+
Mg Mg2+
Na +
Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Cl- Cl-
+
KK+ NO3- K+ NO3-
NH + SO42-
NH 4+ NH4+ SO42-
4
SiO2 SiO2
Organics Organics

Lewatit MonoPlus S107 NS
Ionic form as shipped:
SO3 - Na+
Strongly acidic cation exchange resin:

Features
• Gel
• Monodisperse • Low chemical demand
• Functional group: sulfonic acid • High chemical and mechanical stability

• Low fine and coarse bead content

Conversion table
Units Units of Hardness
meq/l °dH °f °e ppm CaCO3 mmol/l
28 mg CaO 10 mg CaO 10 mg CaCO3 1 grain CaCO3 1 part CaCO3 100 mg

or pro 1000 ml pro 1000 ml per gallon p er million CaCO3
50 mg CaCO3 Water Water 14,3 mg CaCO3 1 mg CaCO3 pro 1000 ml
pro 1000 ml pro 1000 ml pro 1000 ml Water
Water Water Water
1 meq/l 1,0 2,8 5,0 3,5 50,0 0,50
1 °dH 0,357 1,0 1,78 1,25 17,8 0,18
1 °f 0,2 0,56 1,0 0,7 10,0 0,10
1 °e 0,286 0,8 1,43 1,0 14,3 0,14
1 ppm 0,02 0,056 0,1 0,07 1,0 0,01
1 mmol /l 2,00 5,60 10,00 7,02 100 1,0

Without solvent produced SAC resins
Lewatit S 1567
Wettbewerber D Wettbewerber P
Operating capacity softening „Co Flow“ and „Counter Flow“
20mg Ca2+/l Wasser are 1 meq, means 1 liter IX is able treat 1100 Liter water (Regeneration 100g NaCl/ liter resin)
Breakthrough: 10% of Feedwater conductivity

Hardness: 12,8 °dH
Conversion with 10% NaCl
1,9
1,7
1,5
Co Flow
Counter flow
1,3
eq/L
Operating caopacity
1,1
0,9
0,7
0,5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
NaCl 100% g / Liter resin

Hardness leakage WS (counter current system)
Hardness leakage WS system Conversion with

0,5
reg. 40g/L NaCl 10%
0,45
Break through point
0,4 reg. 50g/L NaCl 10%
hardeness meq/l
0,35
reg. 70g/L NaCl 10%
0,3
0,25 reg. 90g/L NaCl 10%
0,2 reg. 110g/L NaCl 10%
0,15
0,1 reg. 130g/L NaCl 10%
0,05 reg. 150g/L NaCl 10%

0
10 60 110 160 210 260
Leverkusen tap water (12°d)

Hardness leakage Co Flow system
Conversion with
0,5
Breakthrough point reg. 40g/L NaCl 10%
0,45
0,4 reg. 50g/L NaCl 10%
0,35
reg. 70g/L NaCl 10%
m 0,3
e
q 0,25 reg. 90g/L NaCl 10%
/
l 0,2
reg.110g/L NaCl 10%
0,15
0,1 reg. 130g/L NaCl 10%
0,05
reg. 150g/L NaCl 10%
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Leverkusen tap water (12°d)

Operating capacity Softening „Co Current“ and „Counter Current“
Operating capacity Lewatit S 1567 (S 1568)
1,9
1,7
1,5
1,3
eq/l
1,1
0,9 Co Current
Counter Current
0,7
0,5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
g/ NaCl

Disinfection

Maximum free chlorine levels (ppm) for SAC resins
Resistance is also depending on pH value !
Feed temperature °C M+ S 108 M+ S 200 M+ S215 M+ SP112
3-10 0,3 0,4 0,5 1,2
10-15 0,2 0,3 0,4 1,0
15-20 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,6
20-30 <0,1 0,1 0,15 0,5
>30 No <0,05 <0,1 <0,5
Crosslinking % 8 10 16 12
Presence of heavy metals increase the catalytic effect and can be accelerate the destroying of the polymer matrix
pH value is also very important , in case of low pH value the degradation can be much faster!

Disinfection of HClO is increasing through acid pH value
Sodiumhypochlorit NaOCl
Dissociation of HClO depending on pH value and temperature

Chlorine dioxid is working without decreasing up to pH 10

Degradation of SBA Type 1

Special cleaning of fouled anionic resin with alkaline brine solution
Preparation of the alk. NaCl cleaning solution: 3BV 10% NaCl solution + 2% NaOH
Styrenic resin: Heat up to 70 °C
Acrylic and Typ 2 resin: max. 25°C
Injection of approx. 2 BV of the cleaning solution, air scour if necessary
Exposure up to 3h
Eluate of a treated WBA
Discharge the liquid phase with the last BV cleaning solution TOC content approx. 750 ppm
Rinse with demineralized water direction neutral pH value
Regeneration with double amount of caustic

Further cleaning possibilities to remove organic impurities
Cleaning procedure is depending on vessel type (corrosion)
Acrylic resins and Typ 2 resins temperature of max. 25°C for cleaning is recommended
Air bubbling
Backwashing
3 BV 6-15 % HCl 15% (20-70°C)

3 BV 4-10% NaOH (20-70°C)
3 BV 10% NaCl (20-70°C)
3 BV 2% NaOH / 10% NaCl (20-70°C)
Tenside treatment ( e.g. Korolat 100N)
Combination of these cleaning procedures increases the effectiveness

Disinfection of Cation Exchange Resins

Disinfection of Anion Exchange Resins

MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION PROTECTION (Shut down)
During longer shut down times we recommend replacing the water with a 10% NaCl solution (Exhausted resin).
Start with a sufficient backwashing of the resins.
After back washing we recommend to replace the water in the vessel of the exhausted resin with a 10% NaCl solution.
Possible steps before replacing with 10% NaCl
• In case of strong organic impurities of the resin (WBA/SBA) we recommend additional a pretreatment with a alkali brine
cleaning procedure.
• In case of strong silica loading of the SBA (after exhaustion) we recommend additional a double NaOH regeneration
and rinsing with a following NaCl exhaustion.
• In case of Iron contamination (WAC SAC) we recommend a treatment with 3 BV 15% HCl with a following demineralized
water rinsing.

Thanks for your attention!

9 IER Training Make Up Water Nigeria Kompatibilitaetsmodus

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

9 IER Training Make Up Water Nigeria Kompatibilitaetsmodus

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

9 IER Training Make Up Water Nigeria Kompatibilitaetsmodus

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Training

Ion Exchanger for demineralizing

Fossil Power plants

2 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

3 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Scheme of a typical fossil condensate plant LewaPlus® software

AVT (all volatile treatment alkalization up to pH >9 )

5 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump 1 SPW-pump

6 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

7 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Total capacity : 1 Liter Cation exchanger M+ S108 = 2,2eq/l

8 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Demineralisation / Recirculation of Rinse Water

9 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

10 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Temporary hardness - Lime dealkalization

LewaPlus is able to calculate existing and new demineralization plants

12 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Water coming from cation exchanger

13 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

14 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Gel type Gel type Surface

Macroporous type Macroporous type Surface

15 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

(+ Porogen gives a macroporoes structure)

Base for most IX-Materials: Crosslinked Polystyrene

16 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Stryrene/Divinylbenzene Acrylates (based on Acrylnitril and Acrylate, Carbons in red)

"Amidate" (weak basic, A8072) SBA ( A8071, A8074)

17 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

18 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

CH2 - N(CH3)2H Cl SO3 Na+

weakly-basic-resin (WBA) Strongly-acidic-Resin (SAC)

strongly-basic-resin-type 1 (SBA1) weakly-acidic-resin (WAC)

19 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Examples: Total capacity Operating capacity with a typical

- gel strongly basic (SBA Type1) 1 eq/L 0,5 eq/L

Operating capacity is depending on:

20 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Chloromethylation Leuckart Wallach Reaction.

CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

21 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

C H 2 - N (C H 2-C H 2-C H 3)3C l

22 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

23 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Bead size distribution (Schema)

Bead size distribution between 0,3 – 1,2 mm

Polymerisation Bead size distribuion (Schema)

Aqueos phase 0,40 0,50 0,60

25 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Through State-of-the-Art Most

Higher Operating Capacity

Less Fine and Less Coarse

Low Pressure Drop

0,30 0,55 1,20 0,40 0,50 0,60 Higher Mechanical Stability

26 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer

Outlet Water Outlet Water

Inlet Water Inlet Water

27 Lewatit Training Hans–Jürgen Wedemeyer