SAT MATH SECTION: CHEAT SHEET

FORMULAS, RULES, AND DEFINITIONS

Note: important formulas included at beginning of every test not included below

ALGEBRA:

ZERO PRODUCT PROPERTY: If 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0, then 𝑎𝑎 = 0, 𝑏𝑏 = 0, or 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 = 0.

SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS:
When you solve down a system of equations, one of three outcomes is possible as you run the
algebra and create a final, simplified equation:
One solution Zero solutions Infinite solutions
If you get a single x or y If you get a statement that is If you get two values that
value, (i.e. x=5 or y=2) you never true (i.e. 5=9 or 0=4), always equal each other (i.e.
have one solution you have no solutions. 3x=3x or 5=5), you have
infinite solutions.
Comparing equations: You can alternatively put EVERY equation in slope intercept form that
is part of your system of linear equations. Then look at each of the y=mx+b forms and
compare the two slopes (i.e. the “m’s”) and y-intercepts (the “b’s”).
One solution Zero solutions Infinite solutions
Different slopes (intercepts Same slopes (parallel lines), Same slope, same intercept
don’t matter) different y-intercepts i.e. identical equations

FOIL AND FACTORING:

• A monomial is a single product such as 4 x ,7x 3 , or 8n 2 .
• A binomial has two elements added together such as 4 x + 3 or 5n 3 + 3n .
• A polynomial has multiple elements added together such as 5n 3 + 3n 2 + 7n + 2 or
5n 3 + 3n 2 + 7n + 2 or 5x 2 + 2 x + 4 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 4.
• Difference of Squares: The product of the difference ( a − b ) and the sum ( a + b ) is equal
to 𝑎𝑎 squared minus 𝑏𝑏 squared, (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑏 2
• Square of a Sum: (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 2
• Square of a Difference: (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)2 = 𝑎𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 2

y 2 − y1
SLOPE FORMULA: For points ( x 1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) , m = .
x 2 − x1
SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏
Where 𝑚𝑚 is the slope of the line, and 𝑏𝑏 is the y-intercept of the line at point (0, 𝑏𝑏).

MIDPOINT FORMULA: The midpoint of two coordinate points (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) is:
 ( x 1 + x 2 ) ( y1 + y 2 ) 
 , 
 2 2 

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
 (𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 )
� , �
2 2

DISTANCE FORMULA: Given two points, (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ), the distance between them is:
d= ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 𝑑𝑑 = �(𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2

SPEED AND RATES DISTANCE FORMULA: 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

WORK FORMULA: 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
COMBINED WORK FORMULA: 𝑤𝑤 = (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 )𝑡𝑡

QUADRATICS AND POLYNOMIALS: Important- know how to find the vertex of ANY parabola!

2
• VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC: the vertex form of a parabola is: f ( x ) = a ( x − h ) + k
o The vertex of the parabola in this form is (ℎ, 𝑘𝑘)
o When 𝑎𝑎 is positive, the parabola opens upwards, and the minimum is (ℎ, 𝑘𝑘).
o When 𝑎𝑎 is negative, the parabola opens downwards, and the minimum is (ℎ, 𝑘𝑘).
o Alternate form for parabolas with horizontal axis (RARE, unlikely to appear) 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘)2 + ℎ, positive 𝑎𝑎 opens right-ward, negative 𝑎𝑎 opens leftward

• FACTORED FORM: The factored form of a polynomial usually takes the form:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑛𝑛)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚)
o When 𝑎𝑎 is positive, the parabola opens upwards.
o When 𝑎𝑎 is negative, the parabola opens downwards.
o The graph crosses the x-axis at each point when a factored piece equals zero (the
zeros). For example, at x=n, x-n equals 0, so the graph crosses through the point
(n, 0) on the x-axis.

In the case of a quadratic, which will typically have two roots (i.e. two factored pieces
that include an x), the midpoint of 2 zeros is the x-value of the vertex. In the example
above, the zeros are at x=n and x=m. So the x value of its vertex is the average of n and
m.

• STANDARD FORM: the standard form of the parabola has the general form: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
b
o − is the x-value of the vertex. The y-value of the vertex can be found by
2a
plugging in this value for 𝑥𝑥 and solving for 𝑦𝑦 (or 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)). Memorize this!
o Assuming a vertically oriented parabola, the vertex is always either the
maximum or the minimum of the graph. (remember max/min is always the y-
value!)
o When 𝑎𝑎 is positive, the parabola opens upwards.

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
 o When 𝑎𝑎 is negative, the parabola opens downwards.
b
o The sum of the two roots is − (not necessary to know, but occasionally helpful)
a
c
o The product of the two roots is (not necessary to know, but occasionally
a
helpful)

−b ± b 2 − 4 ac
• QUADRATIC FORMULA: x = Memorize this. Also, we recommend you
2a
program it into your calculator. (See TI 84 programs for download in the online course)

• FINDING SOLUTIONS USING THE DISCRIMINANT: Given that f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , the

discriminant is defined as 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (the piece under the root in the quadratic
equation):
o When this value is positive, there are two real roots
o When this value is 0, there is one real root
o When this value is negative, there are no real roots but two imaginary roots

RADICAL AND EXPONENT RULES:

EXPONENT RULES RADICAL RULES

Zero Power Rule: a 0 = 1 c b
b
Fractional exponent conversion: a =a c
1 Product of radicals: c
a c b = c ab
Negative exponent rule: a −b = a
ab
c
Power of a power: ( a b ) = a bc
c
Product of powers: ( ab ) = a b +c
c
Power of a product: ( ab ) = a c b c
b
ab  a 
Power of a quotient: = 
cb  c 
ab
Quotient of powers: c = a b −c
a

THE DEFINITION OF A LOGARITHM:

= means that c b a
log c a b=
COMMON LOGARITHMS: log x = log10 x
NATURAL LOGARITHMS: ln x = log e x
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA: For all positive numbers a , b , and c, where 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1 and 𝑐𝑐 ≠ 1:
log c a
log b a =
log c b

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
CIRCLE THEOREMS:
2 2
• Circle Equation: ( x − h ) + ( y − k ) =r 2 with center point at (ℎ, 𝑘𝑘)

Angle to Arc Length Equations: Central angles are proportional to the arc length they intercept,
so you can create a proportion that equates part over whole equal to part over whole:
central angle measure arc length
   =
total measure of angle in a circle total circumference

DEGREES VERSION OF EQUATION:

• More specifically, this means if a circle has a central angle a, radius r, and arc length L:

a L
   =
360 2π r

RADIANS VERSION OF EQUATION:

• For any arc on a circle with a central angle (in radians) of 𝜃𝜃, where 𝑟𝑟 is the radius of the
circle, the length 𝐿𝐿 of the arc is given by:

θ L
= which simplifies to a short handy equation that’s a good idea to memorize: L = θ r .
2π 2π r

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
 Angle to Sector Area Equations: Central angles are proportional to the area of the sector they
include, so you can create a proportion that equates part over whole equal to part over whole:

central angle measure sector area

   =
total measure of angle in a circle total circle area

DEGREES VERSION OF EQUATION:

• For any sector on a circle with a central angle (in degrees) of 𝑎𝑎, where 𝑟𝑟 is the radius of
the circle, and the area is 𝐴𝐴:
𝑎𝑎° 𝐴𝐴
360°
= �𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 � .

RADIANS VERSION OF EQUATION:

• For any sector in a circle with a central angle (in radians) of 𝜃𝜃, where 𝑟𝑟 is the radius of
the circle, and the area 𝐴𝐴 of that circle:
θ A
=
2π π r 2

This simplifies to a shorter equation, which may merit memorizing:

1 2
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜃𝜃𝑟𝑟
2

• Inscribed Angle Theorem: States that an angle (portrayed as 𝑏𝑏 below) inscribed in a

circle is equal to half of the central angle (portrayed as 𝑎𝑎 below) that subtends the same
arc. Both scenarios below show the central angle theorem:

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
 • Trigonometry:

𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
SOHCAHTOA: For any angle 𝜃𝜃 in a right triangle, sin 𝜃𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , cos 𝜃𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
and tan 𝜃𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦.

Passport to Advanced Math:

• Function Notation:
• (𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥) means 𝑓𝑓(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥))
• (𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) mean 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ∗ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
• �𝑔𝑔� (𝑥𝑥) means
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)

Problem Solving and Data Analysis:

• General Statistics:

• Average: Sum of terms divided by number of terms

• Median: The numerical middle value of a set of terms

• Mode: The most common term in a set of terms

• Graphs/Plots:

• Line of Best Fit: A line that best represents the data on a scatterplot. It can be used to
estimate the value of points not on the plot itself.

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
GRAPH BEHAVIOR:
Types of graphs:

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021
 • Horizontal Shift: For ALL functions, if you replace all instances of x in a function with
" ( x − h ) " you’ll find that the graph moves “h” units to the right.
• Vertical Shift: If you replace all instances of y in a function with " ( y − k ) " you’ll find that
the graph moves “k” units upward.

END BEHAVIOR:

Degree: Even Degree: Even

Leading Coefficient: positive Leading Coefficient: negative
End Behavior: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) approaches +∞ at both End Behavior: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) approaches −∞ at both
ends of the graph (upward facing) ends of the graph (downward facing)
Domain: all reals Domain: all reals
Range: all reals ≥ maximum Range: all reals ≤ maximum
Example: y = x 2 Example: y = −2 x 6 + 3x 5 + 4 x

Degree: odd Degree: odd

Leading Coefficient: positive Leading Coefficient: negative

End Behavior: At graph left, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → −∞. At End Behavior: At graph left, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → +∞ . At
graph right, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → +∞ (upward sloping) graph right, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → −∞ (downward sloping)
Domain: all reals Domain: all reals
Range: all reals Range: all reals
Example: f ( x ) = x 3 Example: f ( x ) = −3x 5 − 2 x

Start your free trial at SupertutorTV.com. Find us on YouTube /supertutorTV Copyright Supertutor Media Inc. 2021