Laboratory Safety: A Review

Ace Ronald C. Sarabia, RMT, MHPEd

Aprilyn F. Francisco, RMT
Maria Bea C. Lao, RMT, MSMT
Marx P. Catalan, RMT, MSMT
 Laboratory Safety: A Review
Student learning outcomes
✓ Explain the process of Risk Management
✓ Classify microorganisms into Risk Groups and Biosafety levels
✓ Identify safe and unsafe laboratory safety practices
✓ Describe the importance of infection control
Risk Management Process
Identification of
Risks

Review and Risk ✓ Basis for classifying

Update Risk RISK Assessment
Plan microorganisms into risk
MANAGEMENT groups and biosafety
PROCESS
levels

Risk
Implementation Mitigation
and Monitoring Plan
Risk Management Process
Classification of Infectious Microorganisms by Risk
Groups

RISK GROUP 1 - No or low individual or

community risk. Unlikely to cause disease

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Classification of Infectious Microorganisms by Risk
Groups

RISK GROUP 2 - Moderate individual risk.

Low community risk. With treatments
available

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Classification of Infectious Microorganisms by Risk
Groups

RISK GROUP 3 - High individual risk.

Low community risk. Effective and
preventive treatments are available.

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Classification of Infectious Microorganisms by Risk
Groups

RISK GROUP 4 - High individual and

High community risk. Effective and
preventive treatments are NOT
USUALLY available.

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

✓ Laboratory type – Basic

teaching, research
RISK GROUP 1 (BIOSAFETY
LEVEL 1) ✓Laboratory practices – GMT

✓Safety Equipment– None,

Open Bench
Source: WHO Biosafety Manual
Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

RISK GROUP 1 (BIOSAFETY

LEVEL 1)

Open Bench

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

✓ Laboratory type –primary

health services, diagnostic services,
research
RISK GROUP 2 (BIOSAFETY
LEVEL 2) ✓Laboratory practices – GMT,
protective clothing, biohazard sign

✓Safety Equipment– Open

bench plus BSC for potential
aerosols
Source: WHO Biosafety Manual
Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

RISK GROUP 2 (BIOSAFETY

LEVEL 2)

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

✓ Laboratory type – special

diagnostic services, research
RISK GROUP 3
(CONTAINMENT BIOSAFETY ✓Laboratory practices – as
level 2 plus special clothing,
LEVEL 3) controlled access, directional airflow

✓Safety Equipment– BSC and

other primary devices for all activities
Source: WHO Biosafety Manual
Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

RISK GROUP 3
(CONTAINMENT BIOSAFETY
LEVEL 3)

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

✓ Laboratory type – dangerous

pathogens units
RISK GROUP 4 (BIOSAFETY
LEVEL 4, MAXIMUM ✓Laboratory practices –as
CONTAINMENT) level 3 plus airlock entry, shower exit,
special waste disposal

✓Safety Equipment– Class III

BSC or positive pressure suits with
Class II BSCs, double ended
Source: WHO Biosafety Manual
autoclave
Biosafety Levels, Practices, and Equipment

RISK GROUP 4 (BIOSAFETY

LEVEL 4, MAXIMUM
CONTAINMENT)

Source: WHO Biosafety Manual

Personal Protection
What is wrong with these pictures?
What is wrong with these pictures?
Define…

Biosafety and Biosecurity

Chain of infection
Laboratory safety measures

Safe handling of specimens in

the laboratory
Laboratory safety measures
Microbial Control, Sterilization, and Disinfection
Laboratory Safety: A Review
Ace Ronald C. Sarabia, RMT, MHPEd
Aprilyn F. Francisco, RMT
Maria Bea C. Lao, RMT, MSMT
Marx P. Catalan, RMT, MSMT
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Body’s Transport System

Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2 – Phlebotomy 2019-2020 version

 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Consists of organs and
tissues that transports
essential materials to body
cells and remove their
waste products
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• aka CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
HOW THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM WORKS

• Hormones from glands

help regulate cell activity.
• Oxygen from the lungs
combines with nutrients
to provide energy.
• Nutrients from the
digestive system provide
food for the cells.
 HOW THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM WORKS

• Germ fighters (antibodies)

from different parts of the
body help to fight infection
and disease.
• Wastes are carried to the
liver and kidneys for removal
from the body.
• Carbon Dioxide, a waste
gas, is carried away and
delivered to the lungs, which
remove it from the body.
 PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• Heart: your heart pumps • Pulmonary Circulation: the
blood through two major flow blood from the heart to
pathways. the lungs and back to the
heart.
• Blood Vessels • Systemic Circulation: is the
flow of blood to all the body
tissues except the lungs.
• Blood
 THE HEART

CONSISTS OF FOUR CHAMBERS IN WHICH BLOOD FLOWS.

• Blood enters the R atrium and passes through

the right ventricle.
• The R ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs
where it becomes oxygenated.
• The oxygenated blood is brought back to the
heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the
L atrium.
• From the L atrium blood flows to the L
ventricle.
• The L ventricle pumps blood to the aorta
which distributes the oxygenated blood
throughout the rest of the body.
 BLOOD VESSELS
• Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that
begins and ends at the heart
• The three major types of vessels are arteries,
capillaries, and veins
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood toward the heart
• Capillaries contact tissue cells and directly serve
cellular needs
 BLOOD VESSELS

OVER 80,000 MILES OF BLOOD VESSELS TRANSPORT YOUR BLOOD THROUGHOUT YOUR
BODY. THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS.

• Arteries: Blood vessels • Capillaries: Tiny tubes

that carry blood away that carry blood from
from the heart to other the arteries to the body’s
parts of the body. cells, and then back to
• Veins: Blood vessels that the veins.
carry blood from the
body back to the heart.
ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARIES
 GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF
BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries and veins are composed of three tunics –
tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
• Lumen – central blood-containing space surrounded
by tunics
• Capillaries are composed of endothelium with sparse
basal lamina
GENERALIZED
STRUCTURE
OF BLOOD
VESSELS

Figure 19.1b
Tunica interna (tunica intima)
TUNICS
• Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all
vessels
• In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial
connective tissue basement membrane is
present
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated
by sympathetic nervous system
• Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels
 TUNICS
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)
• Collagen fibers that protect and
reinforce vessels
• Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum
 ELASTIC (CONDUCTING) ARTERIES
Thick-walled arteries - near the heart; the aorta and its
major branches
• Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of blood
• Contain elastin in all three tunics
• Withstand and smooth out large blood pressure
fluctuations
• Allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the
body
 MUSCULAR (DISTRIBUTING)
ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES
Muscular arteries – distal to elastic arteries; deliver
blood to body organs
• Have thick tunica media with more smooth
muscle and less elastic tissue
• Active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles – smallest arteries; lead to capillary
beds
• Control flow into capillary beds via
vasodilation and constriction
 CAPILLARIES
Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels
• Walls consisting of a thin tunica interna,
one cell thick
• Allow only a single RBC to pass at a time
There are three structural types of
capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and
sinusoids
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

Figure 19.3a
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

Figure 19.3b
SINUSOIDS

Figure 19.3c
CAPILLARY BEDS

Figure 19.4a
CAPILLARY BEDS

Figure 19.4b
 BLOOD: A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS IN A LARGE
AMOUNT OF LIQUID CALLED PLASMA.

• Plasma: is about 92%

water. It transports blood
solids, nutrients,
hormones, and other
materials.
• Red Blood Cells: carry
oxygen to cells and
carbon dioxide away
from them.
BLOOD: A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS IN A LARGE
AMOUNT OF LIQUID CALLED PLASMA.

• White Blood Cells: help fight

disease and infection by
attacking germs that enter
the body.
• Platelets: help blood form a
clot at the site of a wound. A
clot seals a cut and prevents
excessive blood loss.
 PULMONARY CIRCULATION

• Pulmonary circulation
transports oxygen-poor
blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs
where blood picks up a
new oxygen supply.
Then it returns oxygen
rich blood to the left
atrium.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• Systemic circulation
provides a functional
blood supply to all body
tissue.
• It carries oxygen and
nutrients to the cells.
• It picks up carbon
dioxide and waste
products.
 BLOOD PRESSURE

AS BLOOD IS MOVED THROUGH YOUR BODY, IT EXERTS PRESSURE AGAINST THE WALLS OF BLOOD
VESSELS.

• Systolic Pressure: as your

heart contracts to push
blood into your arteries, your
blood pressure is at its
highest point.

• Diastolic Pressure: As your

heart relaxes to refill, blood
pressure is at its lowest point.
 PROBLEMS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Hypertension: is a condition in which blood pressure is

consistently higher than normal, which can lead to
heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.
• Stroke usually results from blood clots that block
vessels in the brain, or from the rupture of a blood
vessel.
• Heart Attack is a blockage of the flow of blood to
the heart.
 PROBLEMS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Anemia is an abnormally low level of hemoglobin, a

protein that binds to oxygen in red blood cells.
• Leukemia is a disease in which extra white blood
cells are produced.
• Hemophilia is a disease in which the blood plasma
does not contain substances that help the blood to
clot.
 CRITICAL THINKING
• Compare and contrast. What
are systemic circulation and
pulmonary circulation?
• Which one carries newly
oxygenated blood?