Contents

Preface v

——— rn Niches
Chapter 1:Trigonomotry 1-11-38
HL Different Triyonometie Hapansions fof
Worked Examples Hay 1-5
Exerelve Ha) 1-15
1.2 Exponential Forms of Circular Functions £17
1.30 Buler'x Formula 1-17
1.4 Hyperbolic Functions 14
$5 Logari ofthComp
ms lex Numbers 4-22
Worked Examples 1b) 1-23
Exercise Ith) 1-34
Answers 1-36

Chapter 2: Theory of Equations 2-1-2.42

21 Introduction 2-/
Worked Examples 2(a) 2-2
Exercise 2(a) 2-10
2.2 Transformation
of Equations 2-12
2.3 Reciprocal Equations 2-13
Worked Examples 20h) 2-15
Exercise 2(h) 2-23
2.4 Numerical Methods for Approximate Roots 2-25
Worked Examples 2(c) 2-26
Exercise 2(c) 2-31
2.5 Stability Analysis in Control Systems 2-32
2.6 Routh Stability Criterion 2-33
Worked Examples 2(d) 2-34
Exercise 2(d) 2-39
Answers 2-40
 UNIT-2
3-1-3.142
Chapter 3: Differential Calculus
3.1 Functions 3-/
Limit ofa Function 3-3
33.2
8.3 Continuity ofa Function 3-7
3-7
53.4 Differentiability ofa Function
Worked Examples 3(a) 3-8
Exercise 3(a) 3-16
3.5 Derivatives 3-19
73-6 Rules of Differentiation 3-24 on 3-26
4.7 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functi
Methods of Differentiation 3-29
3.8
Worked Examples 3(b) 3-30
Exercise 3(b) 3-45 3-47
of One Variable
3.9 Maxima and Mi nima of Functions
Worked Examples 3(c) 3-49
Exercise 3(c) 3-58
Curvature 3-59
?5.10 Curvature and Radius of
3-64
S311 Centre and Circle of Curvature
Worked Examples 3(d) 3-65
Exercise 3(d) 3-78
tvee
d En
anu lospes 3-80
_= 3.12 Evol
Worked Examples 3(e) 3-82
Exercise 3(e) 3-97
3.13. Tang nt
andeNor mal 3-98
a Worked Examples 3() 3-99
Exercise 3() 3-109
3-1/1
3.14 Successive Differentiation
Worked Examples 3(g) 3-115
Exercise 3(g) 3-133
Answers 3-135
UNIT-3

4-1-4-63
Chapter 4: Function of Several Variables
4.1 Introduction 4-/
4.2 Total Differentiation 4-/
Worked Examples 4(a) 4-4
Exercise 4(a) 4-19
43 Jacobians 4-25
4.4 Differentiation Under the Integral Sign 4-29
Worked Examples 4(b) 4-31
Exercise 4(b) 4-43
 Fanleas
Y
45 Maxine ond Minneof bane tione al fay Porwlles 4 44
Warked boanyles doy 447
Lactic da) 100
Answers 104

a UNITA

Chapter 5; Improper Integrals LAAYG

5.1 Introduction 9-4
52 Constantal Integration o-4
5.4 Techniquesof Integration 9-4
Worked Fxamples Ha) 9-4
Baervise Sta) SAS
5.4 Integnition of ational Algebraic) Punctions 914
Worked Examples 5H) 5-15
Bxercise Sth) 5-25
5.5 Integration of Inational Functions 9-74
Worked Examples 5c) 5-27
Bxercise Step 5-85
5.6 Integration by Pints 9-45
Worked Fexamples 3A) 5-44
Prercise Stdy 5-48
Answers 5-9

Chapter 6; Multiple Integrals GNA

6) Inwoduction — 6-f
6.2 Lyalustion of Double and Sriple Integsals G1
6.3 Region of Integration 6-2
Worked Examples 6a) 6-4
Exercise Olay 6-16
64 Change of Order of Integration ina Double titegsal G17
6.5 Plane Ares as Double Inteyral 6-44
Worked Examples 6(h) 6-21
Exercise 60h) 6-38
6.6 Line Intepral 6-47
6.7 Surface Integral 6-42
6.8 Volume Integral 6-44
Worked Examples Ofc) 6-45
Exercise 6(¢) 6-57
6.9 Gamma and Bets Functions 6-59
Worked Exaniples 6c) 6-63.
Exercise 6(d) 6-77
Answers 6-40
Unit
Chapter 1

Trigonometry

I G O NOMETRIC EXPANSIONS
DIF F E R E N T T R
11
io ns of co s nO an d sin nO
1.1.1 Expans :
th ¢ fo ll ow in g elementary formulas
familiar with
The students are co s 20 = cos’ O- sin’ 8,
os 8, 0878- 3405 0.
sin 20 = 2 sin Bc co s 30 = 46 es of
4 sin’ 0, O(n = 2, 3) in seri
sin 39= 3sin 0- se J sin n Ga nd co s"
th es e fo rm ul as , We have expres
In
of si n @ an d cos 6. we can expand cos @and sinn 8
power s 3 al s fo,
is a po si ti ve in te ger, greaterU han low:
When n
si n @ an d co s @as exp’ Jained be
rs of
is seri es of powe
O+ isin 0)”.
Consider (cos by De Moivere’s
theorem,
tive in te ge r, a)
Since 1 is a posi =co s n B+ Fs in n@
(cos 0+ j sin 6)"
NC;
by bi no mi a il theorem, n 0+ NC ; co s” 2g. PF sin’ 0+
Also si
oy " = co s" 6 + NC, COS el gj @ + Cs cos” +g
sin’ 0
(cos 9+ is in ? cos” 2 gs in ?
p si n’ O + = (cos” 9 - nC
si n’ 8 + C s co st) 6. sin’ O- -)
cos" ? 0
s i n 0- nCs co s” O (2)
, 60 8" V g
_y + ln ale)
fasta be and (2), we ha
ve
sincetact e R. S. 's of (1) G3)
real parts on th s’ Osin’ B= +
Equating the 2 gsin ? + N C s c o
O= co s” 8 —nC, cos” have
> co sn
i 5' s of (1) and (2), We 5 5
Qe. (4)
a r y pa rt s on Sn co s” @s in ”
the i m a g i n n’
si g + n C e .
Equating oo
, cos”
> sinn @ = nC
ions
as f o r m u l a s for the expans
)
ber (3) and (4
d
d sinn @. ( 1 - ¢ os ? 6) etc. in (3) an
of cosn@ an 1 COS 29 sin’ @ =
Using theresult sin? @= of p owers of
cos 8
2. sinn@ nded in series
can be exp a
nd aT
(4), cos 7 ga
alone.
 2} Engineering Mathematics |

1.1.2 Expansion of tan 10 in Powers of tan 0

tan = sinn@
cosa

nC cos"! O sind = nC, cos”

ae @sin' @ +
s I

"
O=nCy cos” Osin? O+ nC, cos Osin" O-..,
a as
Dividing both the numerator
and denominator ator by by cos
ene!
"@, , weewe get,

fin n@ =
nC, an
= nC, tan 0+ nC, and O +
T= ny ain? @ + nC, tant @-.-
Expansions of cos @ and sin @ in Asc
ending Powers of @
When 1 is a positive inte

COS WS COs"y - M@=l) ges. 8 a(n = 1)(n = 2)(n = 3)

cos" SEE aa a ae
a ae)
COR xsin’ ye.

Putting me oO. qd)

=@ or p=— in(1), we have
x

“(2 i)
cos 8 Scos"y- AAX7 O,
”

ie. cos @ = cos" y=

) cos"~4 + (2)
Now, keeping @ finite, if we
make XO, then 1 > 0, cos
x and powers of cos. x > |
} and its powers > 1.
x
Also, the number of terms
in the R.S of (2), whi ich
Incorporating all these changes depends on n, tends o infinity
in (2), we get .
2 gt gf
coscos @ == 1 1-—2 42
n9 e UP tO co
When n isa Positive int (3)
eger,
=
Sin AX = —n cos"! es y gin. pM
n(n= 1)(n = 2
i DO 2) on we Sxsing
‘
+e. (4)
“ 3t
Putting anys Gorn 8.
= = in(2), we have
x
 iTrlgonometry
1-3

in Gs@= 7
sm O aa. x {sine 0(8- x)(0 - 2x) , {4
(sin ;
c. See + (5)
! i 31 x
Now, keeping 6 finite, : if we take limits on both sides
of (5) as x > 0 and use the
consequent changes given above, We get

ag 8 O Tey65
sin@ = Th gp uP toe (6)

Note
1. The students may remember (3) and (6) and expansion of tan
@ in
powers 8, which follows as formulas

The above expansions hold good only when @ is expressed in

Nn

radians.

1.1.4 Expansion of tan @ in Powers of 9

Note: Though the expansion of tan @ is also an infinite series of powers of @, it is
tedious to derive and remember the coefficients of higher powers of @, Hence we will
obtain the expansion up to the terms involving @, which is sufficient for practical
applications.

9 83 8" 93
tan @ = oie =—i!_3t
cos =fe 6
21 4! I
| R
~|S,
fn

——
——

wil
ale

&|B
I

2;
—
a

+
1

+
WV

+64 [i -—+ 4 + a using binomial expansion.

@ @ 1, (4 ‘) 18 4
[o ~ 4.
F + Jirt—
e al
+ r—ane + ean

=o+(t4
1
tlesf2
1)\,3 5
—-1
1
+ 1 } |e 5 4...
4
o+(t+2a (2 2 120
st er a) eeBs nee
O45 55
Expansions of cos” 6 and sin” 6
7 i

1.1.4
The students are familiar with the following formulas:
1
sin? @ = xa —cos2 6); cos’ 8 == (1 +cos2 8);
 oN

Engineering Mathematics |

1
sin’ @ = 7G sin @-sin3@); cos? @ = 4 (3 sin 8 + cos 34)
Ifn is a positive integer > 3 also, we can expand sin" @ and cos” @ in series of sines
or cosines of multiples of @ as explained below:

Let Sead I vo
x =cos 6+isin 6. Then — =cos @-isin @
x
n ee
Also, x" =cosn@+isinn@ and —l = cos nO—-i saesin nd,
x
where 7 is a positive integer, by De Moivre’s theorem
n 1
x"+ — =2cosn@ ql)
af

and nl ad
w“- —x" =2isinn@ (2)
which are true for all positive integral values of n > 1.
From (1),
1
2cos @=x+ —
x
1 n

s 2" cos” @= (: + )
x
nagr
SNC vet | + NCgx n-2__1
XS
x ~ xo

nC, Cyag _9 x Pe ay FNC,

tnC,_y x:-x al +n, a:

-2 1
=fxt¢x" +n€,| 2? +— yt?
|4n0,| 2 2-*4-1_] +...
xt

[Using the result nC,_, = nc, and grouping the terms equidistant from the beginning
and from the end]
i.e. 2" cos" @ =2[cos nO+ nC, -cos(n — 2)8+ nC,-cos (n — 4)0 +--+]

cos’ @ = [eos nO +nC, -cos(n-2)0 +++]

na

Similarly, starting from the fact (2i sin @)" = [: = ) and proceeding as above,
we can get the expansion of sin” 6. x
The expansion of sin” @ will be a series of sines or cosines of multiples of 0,
according as n is odd or even.
 Trigonometry a 77

Worked Examples | 1a) |

Example I.1 Expand cos 84 in a series of powers of (i) sin 9 only and Gi) cos 8
only.
cos 84= cos” @—-8C, cos’ sin? 6+ 8C, cos’ 8 sin*@- BC, cos” 6
sin°+8C, sin’ 6 (M)
= (1 ~sin? 64 ~ 28(1 — sin? 6) sin? 6+ 70(1 - sin” 6)" sin*
8 — 28(1 - sin? 0) sin® 0+ sin? @
(1-4 sin? 6+ 6 sin’ 6-4 sin® 6 + sin’ 6) - 28 sin? Ox
(1-3 sin? 6 +3 sin’ @— sin® @) +70 sin’ O(1 -2 sin’ A+
sin’ @) - 28 sin® (1 — sin? @) + sin® 0.
1 — (4 + 28) sin? 6+ (6 + 84 + 70) sin’ O- (4 + 84 + 140
+ 23)
sin 0+ (1 +28 + 70 +28 + 1) sin’ 6.
Thus, cos8 = 1-32 sin? 64 160 sin’ 6-256 sin’ 0+ 128 sin 84 (2)
Since R.S. of (1) is symmetric in sin @ and cos 0, we can get the expansion of cos 84
in terms of cos @ from (2) by changing sin @ into cos 6.
Thus, cos*@ = 1 — 32 cos?@ + 160 cos*@ — 256 cos°@ + 128 cos”@
Example 1.2
Prove that

sin 70,5 _ 56 sin@ + 112 sin’ 64 sin®O,

sin@
cos70 é 4 2
Hence, deduce that = 64 cos’@- 112 cos’0+ 56 cos"@-7.
cos

sin 70 = 7C, cos’ sin- 7C; cos‘ sin’ @ + 7C; cos”@ sin°@- 7C; sin’6.
sin70
= 7 cos°@— 35 cos*@ sin?6+ 21 cos?@ sin* @- sin°@
sin
= 7(1 — sin26)? — 35 sin?6 (1 - sin?) + 21 sin‘@ (1 - sin’) — sin°@.
+ sin*6)
= 711 ~3 sin20 +3 sin’0- sin°8) — 35 sin’6(1 —2 sin’
+21 sin*@(1 — sin’@) - sin®@
+ 35 +21 +1) sin°@
+ (21 +70 +21) sin’@-(7
= 7—(21 +35) sin?
+ 112 sin’@— 64 sin°@
= 7-56 sin2@ (1)

In (1), change @ into . -6.

sin(7% ~70]

al
Then, A 2) 4 sosint( E0125! (%-4)-64sin' (2-0)

—cos76
= 7-56 cos?6+ 112 cos*@— 64 cos°@
cos@
 Pie] Engineering Mathematics |

ure = 64 cos®d — 112 cos"O + 56 cos20 —7.

cos0
Example 1,3
Ix = 2 cos 6, prove that

are a(0-
x? 204 1’,
1+ cos@

2 70
1+ cos70 | 20D 2
1+cos@ eee 8
2

cos
76
_ 2
6
cos
2
2
20S 70
- (=) » where a=8 (1)
Now cos 70 = cos’@—- TC, cos°e sin’ar 7C, cos*@ sin*or— 7C,,co
s o sin® or,
. cos7a
= cose:— 21 cosa sin’a + 35 cosa sin’ —7 sin°e,
"cos o
= cos°a—21 cos‘a (1 -cos’@) 35 cos?a (1 -7 cos*@)"
~710 -cos’ay?
= cosa —21 cos4o(1 — cos?) + 35 cos*a(1 — 2 cos?or+ cos*@)
-70 -3 cos’ +3 costa— cos® On)
=(1+2!) + 35 +7) cos® &- (21 + 70 +21) cos4 & + (35 +
21) cos? a-7
= 64 cos°o— 112 costa, + 56 cos’a—7
(2)
"3
Given that2.cos@=x or cos =~ x

i.e. 2eos? =I =5

‘ 7 i( *)| 2]
i.e. cosa = —|14+—]]e ag=—
2 2 2
!
=—(
aex+2 ) (3)3
Using (3) in (2), we get
cos 70
= SA eet 9h tx E6042) +561 or42)-7
COS
= (x? + 6x + 12x + 8)-7(7 +4x4+4)+ 14(r4+2)-7
ax -P 2x4] (4)
 Trigonometry 1-7

Using (4) in (1), we get

1+cos
mia C0878, =(—x?-2r4 1?
1+cosé
(demple L4
Obtain the expansion of 5!2 18 in a series of powers of cos 20 and hence find the
sin@
ti 1 ; 2
equation whose roots are cos ——, cos ——,t cos —
6
7 7 7
From worked example (2) above, we have
sin 70 a i 6
=7-56 sin’@+ 112 sin’ 6-64 sin’@
sin@
= 7—28(1 — cos 26) + 28(1 — cos 26)"- 8(1 - cos 26)°
= 8 cos?20
+ 4 cos? 20-4 cos 20-1 qd)
n
Now, sin7@ =0, when 6=0, tpt i>
sin 70 2
= =0, when Ona 2 22"
sin @ 7 7 7
From (1), we see that the roots of 8 cos? 20+ 4 cos” 20-4 cos 20-1 = 0 are

ge aoe nee (2)

7 if 7 7
If we put cos 20= x, (2) means that the roots of 8x° + 4x° — 4x — 1 =O are
2
cos [: 2) cos(: *), cos(: %),
7 7 7
Thus the equation whose roots are
cosclay cos ae cos Sa is 8x° + 4x” - 4-1 =0.
7

(siete LS
xpand tan 76 in powers of tan @ and hence find the equation whose roots are tan

Beijos 1525 x20

nC, tan @— nC; tan? 6 + nC; tan? 9 +++
tann@ = 7 7
1-nC, tan” 6 +nC, tan” @----
Putting n = 7, we get
79 = un @-7C, tan? 6 +7C, tan* @-7C, tan’ 8
t
a 1-7C, tan? 6+7C, tant 6 -7C, tan® @
mn 2n 3m 4n Sn On
Now tan 76
= 0, when @=0, pe eet

7C, tan @-7C; tan? 6+7C; tan? @-7C, tan’ @=0 has the roots

= k 7FS
6=—; k=0,1,2,:6 Q)
=
Cay Engineering Mathematics |

Putting tan 9 = x, we see that (1) means that 7C, x - 103x° + 1C5x° ~ 1C, x’ =9
has roots tan i k=1,2, +6.
Removing the factorx which corresponds to the root tan 0 = 0, the equation whose

roots are tan BE7 wl 1 2, 2,°7 +++6, 6, is

7C\ -7C; x? 7C5x*-7C, x° =0

Le. 7-357 +21 x4-x°=0
or x6 -21 x44 35x°-7=0
Akample 1.6
Expand 2 cos* @— cos’ @ in ascending powers of @ as far as the term involving 9°,
—

2cos?0-cos*@= 1 +cos 26- (>cos@+--cos

30
3] e 64 # |) 40? 1664 se |
1-=}1-+ +2 -=_|4+]1-— + —_- +

2 24 720 ae 24 720

1)1 98 2 —gie* B66],

729 ae
omisng higher powers of 6.
2 4
= (1-34. 1-5)4) 4% 2\4(3-443)4) 4224\ (34 416-2]4
6
+ (3-6 2)
720 \4 4

pt? 2 94 195

“Le lh L7
If sin@ ws 19493
, prove that @ is equal to 1° nearly.
6 19494 P 4
‘ 19493 sin@
Since is nearly equal to 1 and since — 1, as 8 0, we conclude that
19494
@is very small and hence higher powers of @ may be neglected.

Now. sin@ _ 19493

, 6 19494
3 5
g- 2-4
ie 3! St] _ 19493
~ @ 19494
 Trlgonometry fT

ie, l
Oo” =
t9dua
6 i904 : omitting
iti inher powers
higher of 0.
ors of

iv —_——
6 19494
6 ) \ |
Le O = —— or 0 =— radian
3249
, 1. 180
Le O= (ax ”) ey recs
7 OS
= 1.0052 degrees or 1° nearly.

Example 18
(i) Solve the equatin cos (*——\ =0. 88

(i) Solve the equation tann (Zs a) 001

(i) cos (£- v= 0.88

)

Since cos . — «= 0,866 and since 0.88 is nearly equal to 0.866, we conclude
)

4 u i
that (2 = 5 is nearly equal to é or.x is nearly equal to zero
6 ‘ 6
Hence, height powers ofx may be omitted,

eos( - ‘] = (0.88
6

ie. cos x cos... + sin J sins 0.88

6
2 3
ic SB tala dts ) 0.88
2 2 2

ie. 2 ge =-0.88, omitting higher powers of x.

ie. x = 176-V3
= 0.028 radian (nearly)
= 1° 36’ (nearly)

(ii) an(%+}=1.001
4
pos =

Since tan ; is nearly equal to 1.001, we conclude that (2 # :] is nearly equal