HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING
SYSTEM IN FOUR-WHEEL ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT INTEGRATED
VEHICLES

A Thesis Proposal submitted to, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,

Department of Mechanical engineering, Hawassa University Institute of
Technology, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement for Bachelor of Mechanical
engineering

Name ID Number
Ezedin Mustefa……………………………………………………… Tech/1152/09
Yosef Tesfaye……………………………………………………….. Tech/0876/09
Zelalem Mulu……………………………………………………….. TTech/1897/09

Date; - June 14/2021

Hawassa/Ethiopia
Abstract
Braking systems have had tremendous transformations from lever type brakes on horse carriages
to mechanical, hydraulic, multi layered carbon ceramic disc type brakes, air brakes up to ABS
system used on land speed record braking cars. Vehicle technology has increased rapidly in
recent years, particularly in relation to braking systems and sensing systems. ASS (active safety
systems) are being researched and developed to prevent accidents and target mitigation. Now a
day’s vehicle accident become one of the most critical problem in the developing countries.
According to WHO, every day more than 3000 people die from traffic accident. In order to solve
or minimize this accident we came up with the idea of An Automatic Emergency Braking
System (AEBS) in four wheel ECU integrated vehicle whose main aim is to slow down and
potentially mitigate the severity of an impact when a collision is inevitable which is the collision
is unavoidable. And this action is done by using sensors to identify an object in the car's path and
the potential for a collision with that object then they automatically activate the braking system
by the command of the ECU. The ECU perform its job by analyzing and examining the signal
that receives from the ultrasonic sensor and sends a command to an actuator or to the brake
system. And we conduct this research by using different methods like by checking different
scientific literatures, gathering information from industry, analysis of accident data, cost benefit
analysis. The result will be that AEBS will effectively prevents accidents and reduces casualties
simultaneously.

Key words; AEBS (Automatic Emergency Braking Systems), ABS (Anti-lock Brake system),
ECU (Electronic Control Unit), Ultrasonic Sensor

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Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................................. i
List of Table..................................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................................. iv
Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem statement.................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objective.................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.1 General objective.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2 Specific objectives............................................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Significance of Research......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Delimitation of Research......................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Literature Review........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Safety Consideration in Cars.................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Strong Chassis................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Dash Board Modification.................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 Implementation of Air Bags.............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.4 Power Braking, ABS, Power starring, TRC....................................................................................... 5
2.1 Vehicle Brake System.............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Types of Brakes....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Disc Brakes....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Drum Brakes..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.4 Power Brakes.................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.5 Hydraulic Brakes............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.6 ABS (Anti-locking Braking System)............................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................................................... 15
3. Methods, Material and Procedures............................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................................ 17
4. Work Plan.................................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................. 18
5. Budget of the Project.................................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................................ 19
6. References.................................................................................................................................................... 19

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List of Table

List of Figures

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 Acronyms

WHO= World Health Organization

AEBS = Automatic Emergency Braking System
ABS = Anti-lock Brake system
ASS = active safety systems
ECU= Electronic Control Unit
TC = Traction Control
EBD = Electronic Brake Distribution
BA = Brake Assist
ESC = Electronic Stability Control
LCD = Liquid Crystal Display
DC = Direct Current
ETB = Ethiopian Birr
NB= Nota Bene (Note Well)
GC= Gregorian calendar
$=United State Dollar (USD)

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v|Page
CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEBS) is an automatic braking technology that
combines sensors and brake controls unit to prevent or mitigate collisions. Some automatic
braking systems can prevent collisions at all, but most are designed to reduce vehicle speed
before crashing into the front of the car. Because high-speed accidents are more likely to be fatal
than low-speed collisions, automatic braking systems can save lives and reduce the amount of
property damage that occurs during a crash. Some of these systems provide braking assistance to
the driver, and the others can activate the emergency braking without input from the driver.

Vehicle technology has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly in relation to braking
systems and sensing systems. The widespread introduction of anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
has provided the building blocks for a wide variety of braking control systems. Additional
hardware that allows brake pressure to be increased above pedal demand as well as to be
reduced, combined with additional software control algorithms and sensors allow traction control
(TC), electronic brake force distribution (EBD), brake assist (BAS) and electronic stability
control (ESC) functions to be added.

Theoretically, a vehicle equipped with modern braking technology and adaptive cruise control
is equipped with all of the necessary hardware to allow a simple (braking only – no steering)
collision avoidance system that would be capable of detecting when a collision is likely to occur
and applying emergency braking to avoid it. Collision mitigation systems are already on the
market, providing limited braking capability.

One of the most common causes of accidents in the road is when a vehicle driver does not focus
in driving the car like using a cell phone, tired body condition, having many thoughts and others
while the vehicle in front of the car braking suddenly. The driver does not have time to brake or
slow down the vehicle so that the vehicle will collide the car in front of him/her. To reduce the
number of vehicle accidents due to these factors, it is important to develop the automatic control
system that can make braking or slowdown of the car/vehicle when the driver is not in the ready
state

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1.1 Problem statement
Mostly people prefer using cars and four wheelers for efficient transportation. Vehicle
Technology is increasing to a wide extent especially in braking systems and sensing systems.
Vehicles equipped with modern braking technology is designed with simple collision avoidance
system, which will help to detect a collision which is likely to occur and applying emergency
brake to avoid it. Such technologies will reduce the number of accidents which causes worst
damages, serious injury, and even death.
In this automatic braking system, there is a four-wheel cart in which rare wheels are being
motorized for drive wheel. FRONT wheels have been pivoted for staring mechanisms. New
friction brakes are designed for emergency braking. The brakes are operated by motorized
mechanism, which is spring-loaded. The drive of the car is remote operated. Two sensors are
used for front and rare for avoiding damage to the car at the time of parking. The sensors used
are a capacitive type which can sense both Metal and non-metal obstacles. Also, two relays are
used after the sensors which activate the braking motor when obstacles are sensed either in
forward or reverse direction.

The main aim of this project is to decrease the car accidents in Ethiopia which is very
concerning that everyone has to pay attention. In this project we would like to research the
current accident reports and the reason why the accidents are very high with respect to other
countries. And also the project will very economical and reduces the foreign currency by
manufacturing locally with low price.

In this study, we proposed a low-cost braking system called Automatic Emergency Braking
System (AEBS). The AEBS will take over the car when the human driver is not ready to brake
the car. This active braking safety system is usually installed on luxury cars. In this study, the
developed AEBS uses sensor for measuring the distance between the electric car and the
obstacle, as well as DC motor as an actuator which will pull the brake pedal. Before the
automatic braking work, the system will give a warning stage of alarm sounds and displays on
the LCD.

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1.2 Objective
1.2.1 General objective

The general objective of the thesis is to Design an automatic emergency braking system (AEBS)
in Four-Wheel for ECU integrated vehicles.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
 To develop a safety car braking system.
 To design a vehicle with less human attention to the driving by decreasing the time
of pressing the brake pedal.
 To determine the system parameters.
 To select, size the material.
 To carry out a cost analysis of developing a unit of the brake system.

1.3. Significance of Research

1. Crashes reduced to a negligible impact speed
AEBS has the potential to reduce the impact speed, and hence the severity,

 In pedestrian crashes,
 head on crashes,
 rear end crashes and
 Hit fixed object crashes.
2 Reduced car insurance premiums. Motor cover providers see AEBS-equipped vehicles as
less likely to have a crash and therefore a less risky prospect to cover. In theory, this
means cheaper car insurance for the end user.
3 A totally driverless car can be made using this technology and further extending it to
automatic steering system.
From the research “Road Traffic Accident in Ethiopia from 2007/08-2017/18
(Since Ethiopia Millennium)” By Mr. Debela Deme MSc. which we found indicates that
the road traffic accident is the major cause of death in Ethiopia.
In the past consecutive eleven year inEthiopia more than 291577 traffic accident
were registered. From those 36796, 54731, 58987, 141063 were fatality, serious injuries,
light injuries and property damage respectively. The table below depict that the yearly

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 road traffic accident and growth rate of road traffic accident in Ethiopia in the past eleven
year since Ethiopia millennium from 2007/08 to 2017/18.

Table 1. Road Traffic Accident in Ethiopia

1.4. Delimitation of Research

 The scope of this project was very wide and it was not possible, within the time we have
and the available resources, to consider all aspects of all systems in detail,
 In our country many of the vehicles are not automated, which is one of the obstacle to
study or to conduct the research,
 It was not possible to validate any of the findings using simulation or testing because
there is no access of information since its commercial and it requires high cost.
 Most of these systems involve very new technology and are either in research,
development or early production phases.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Review
2.1 Safety Consideration in Cars
There are various safety consideration involve to make passenger comfortable while traveling,
and it has been modified as generation of automobile goes by. Here are some area the
modification has been take place:

2.1.1 Strong Chassis

In old days the chassis were made of wooden floor and not good enough to sustain the load. But
now days the chassis is made of alloy of lightweight aluminum and strong cast iron to give
chassis immense strength such that it with stand load and sustain in accident.

2.1.2 Dash Board Modification

The Dash board is modified and simplified in recent days such that it can be used friendly.
Ergonomics (the relation between man & machine) of dash board include various sensors and
meters to make it comfortable.

2.1.3 Implementation of Air Bags

Airbags (passive restraints) have saved many lives and reduced injuries in vehicle crashes, there
are accidents where they have been the cause of injury and/or death. Knowledge of the history of
airbag systems and how they work is important in understanding if they are a factor in an
occupant’s injury or death. An overview of these subjects is presented in this paper. In addition,
potential airbag defects are defined.

2.1.4 Power Braking, ABS, Power starring, TRC

Today many path braking technologies and brake components such as brake boosters, brake
cylinders, brake hydraulic valve, brake lines, etc., lend a braking system high efficacy. They are
also the key behind advanced braking systems such as the anti-lock braking system. The
following are some braking systems and their components.

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2.1 Vehicle Brake System
The main function of brake system is to decelerate a vehicle including stopping. Brakes are an
energy absorbing mechanism that converts vehicle movement into heat while stopping the
rotation of wheels. A typical vehicle braking system is shown in figure1.1

Figure 1 typical braking system

2.2 Types of Brakes

2.2.1 Disc Brakes
Disc brakes make use of friction generated between the disc attached to a heel and the wheel
itself, to slow or stop an automobile. Disc brakes comprise brake pads that serve as friction
material and are fixed onto a device called a brake caliper. When the brake pedal is pushed by a
driver the brake pads are mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically
forced against both sides of the disc mounted on wheels thus regulating the speed of the vehicle
or slowing down the vehicle.

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 Figure 2 parts of simple disk brake system

Figure 3 full disk brake assembly

2.2.2 Drum Brakes
Louis Renault is credited for inventing the modern drum brakes in 1902 to regulate speed by
causing friction between the wheels and a set of shoes or pads that push against the inside
surface of a rotating drum. The drum is attached to the rotating wheels. Typically, drum brakes
are classified as either leading/trailing or twin leading. Out of the two types, the twin leading
drum brakes are more effective Drum brakes have been in use since the earliest days of the
automobile; some very early vehicles used a constricting external band around a rotating drum to
slow and hold the vehicle in place. As self-propelled vehicles achieved faster speeds, increased
braking was needed. This forced manufacturers to move from the external band brake to the
internal expansion brake, called a drum brake. Drum brakes are simple in operation and can, by
using leverage, apply more braking force than what is supplied by the driver. Drum brakes
continue to be used today, though in many cars and light-duty trucks disc brakes have replaced
rear drum brakes. Drum brakes, like disc brakes discussed. All share similarities in design and

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operation. On cars and light-duty trucks, the hydraulic drum brake system has not changed very
much since hydraulics replaced mechanical brake linkages in the 1930s. The same basic
components are still used, and they perform the same functions regardless of the vehicle Drum
Brake Systems and Operation Drum brakes have had to adapt from purely mechanical
applications, as with the Ford Model T, to modern hydraulic and electronically controlled
systems. Modern systems use longer-lasting friction linings, but the overall design and operation
has not changed. Advantages and Disadvantages Drum brakes, like, use a set of brake shoes that
expand outward against the inside of the rotating brake drum. Hydraulic pressure acts on the
pistons in the wheel cylinder, which then presses the shoes outward. When the brake pedal is
released, return springs pull the shoes back to their rest position. An advantage of drum brakes
compared to disc brakes is that when the brakes are applied, the force of the rotating drum can be
used to force the forward (primary) shoe as a lever against the rear (secondary) shoe, increasing
the amount of brake application force. This allows the drum brake to achieve greater stopping
force than is supplied just by the driver pushing on the brake pedal. Because of this advantage,
vehicles with four-wheel drum brakes do not require a power-assisted brake system like those
using disc brakes do. The disadvantages of drum brakes include mechanical brake fade as the
drum expands from heat generation, poor heat dissipation compared to disc brakes, dust buildup
within the drum that often causes brake noise, and the need for a self-adjusting system to
maintain shoe-to-drum clearance and correct brake pedal height.

Figure 4 drum brake assembly

2.2.3 Hand Brakes

Hand brakes are latching brakes and are normally used to keep an automobile stationary, when
not being driven. Also known as e-brake, emergency brake, park brake, parking brake or slide
stick, the brakes are often configured on the floor and between front passenger and the driver.
However, they can even be configured as a lever at the bottom of the dashboard, or as a foot-
operated pedal. The brake comprises a cable that connects the braking system at one end and a
lever on the other. The driver operates the hand-lever (or a pedal) to actuate or release the brake.

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 Figure 5 hand-operated lever
2.2.4 Parking Brake System

The parking brake, also called the emergency or e-brake, is a mechanical brake used primarily to
lock the brakes when the vehicle is parked. In the event of hydraulic brake failure, the parking
brake can be used to slow and stop the vehicle, albeit over a much longer distance. To help
maintain its operation, the parking brake should be used on all vehicles, though it is often only
used on vehicles with manual transmissions. Customers who have vehicles with automatic
transmissions should also be using the parking brake, at least periodically, to make sure that it
remains functional. Additionally, whenever a vehicle with an automatic transmission is parked
on a grade, the parking brake should be set before the vehicle is placed in Park. If the vehicle is
placed into Park and then rolls slightly into place against the parking pawl in the transmission, it
can be difficult to shift the transmission out of Park. When the parking brake is used first, it
holds the vehicle in place without adding stress to the parking pawl in the transmission
Components In the majority of vehicles, either a hand-operated lever or a foot-operated pedal
sets the parking brake. This too is now changing, as manufacturers are moving toward
electrically applied parking brake systems. Several manufacturers have introduced electrically
operated parking brake mechanisms in the rear brake calipers and electric motors to pull the
brake cables. The caliper operates very similarly to a traditional integral rear parking brake
Caliper except the piston is driven by an electric motor to lock the wheels when the parking
brake is engaged. Most hand-operated levers are located in the

Figure 6 parking brake

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center console between the front seats, though a few vehicles place the handle on the dash.
Regardless of location, when the handle is pulled, it also pulls on one or two parking brake
cables. Some vehicles, such as in Figure 12-22, use a front cable that connects to the parking
brake handle and in the rear, to an equalizer or Y-shaped connector that connects the front and
rear cables. The rear brake cables are routed into the backing plate and to the parking brake lever
in the drum brake assembly.

Foot-operated parking brakes operate similar to the hand-operated type. When the pedal is
depressed, the front cable is pulled forward. This type may use two or three cables, as in the
hand-operated system. The parking brake cables are generally one of two types: a length of
exposed steel cable made of many strands of steel wire or a steel cable covered in a protective
outer sheath. Exposed cables are often used to connect the parking brake handle to the rear
cables or to connect cables together under the vehicle. The outer sheath is used to attach the
cable to the body and backing plate and to protect the inner steel cable from rust and corrosion.
By bolting the outer sheath to the body, the outside of the cable can be held rigid and the inner
steel cable can be pulled to apply the parking brake. The parking brake cable may have an
adjustment bolt to allow for loosening or tightening the cables as needed. Some parking brakes
are self-adjusting and any slack is taken up in the pedal or handle assembly. In the drum brake
assembly, the cable attaches to the parking brake lever. The lever is attached to one of the brake
shoes with a pin or a hook. The parking brake strut or self-adjuster screw is placed over the lever.
Operation when a hand-operated parking brake is pulled, a latch moves along a gear. Once the
brake is set, the driver releases the handle and the latch Locks into place on a notch in the gear.
To release the brake, the lever must be raised slightly and the release button pressed. This allows
the latch to release from the gear and remain retracted so that it does not lock into another gear
position. Foot-operated parking brakes are set the same way as hand-operated systems, but
instead of using a release button, a handle is used to release the latch. An example of a foot-
operated assembly. On some vehicles, to release the parking brake you press the parking brake
pedal down and it disengages. Many foot-operated systems now use automatic brake releases.
These systems release when the vehicle is shifted out of Park. Vehicles with electric parking
brakes simply have a Parking Brake button on the dash. The driver presses the button, and the
brake applies. To release the parking brake, the driver presses the parking brake button. Some
vehicles will automatically release the parking brake once the vehicle starts driving.

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 Figure 7 parking brake lever and other
2.2.4 Power Brakes
A braking system employing power braking uses the engine's power and/or the power of
batteries to assist the driver in braking. Although conventional brakes generate enough force to
regulate the speed of an automobile, power brakes further enhance this power by supplementing
it from other sources (i.e. engine/batteries), thus causing highly efficient braking. Examples: air
suspended brakes, vacuum suspended brakes, hydraulic booster and electro-hydraulic boost
brakes.

Figure 8 power brake system

2.2.5 Hydraulic Brakes
Hydraulic brakes consists of a braking mechanism that uses brake fluid, to apply the braking
force from the controlling unit (viz. brake pedal) to the actual brake mechanism. They are based
on a multiple piston system, wherein the brake pedal when pushed, produces an equivalent force
on each of the output pistons, thus multiplying the force and cause efficient braking.

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2.2.6 ABS (Anti-locking Braking System)
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) is a braking system that ensures full control of the steering heel
by preventing the vehicle from locking the wheels in sudden braking situations in all road
conditions and at all speeds. ABS system is developed to prevent the locking of the wheels on
motor land vehicles. In the case of ABS braking, the change in the number of revolutions of each
wheel is controlled by an electronic control unit which is called Brake Control Module (BCM or
EBCM).While driving, it may need to urgently press the brake pedal because of the various
obstacles that appear in front of the car. In such cases, both the clutch and the brake or only
brake pedal must be pressed at the same time very strongly in order to stop the car. Otherwise,
the car might hit the object, or it could lead to an accident that will cause a huge damage.

When the brake pedal is suddenly pressed, the wheels of vehicles that do not have an ABS
system lose their connection with the steering wheel and are locked. Therefore, in this case the
wheels cannot sense the commands from the steering wheel. These locked wheels reduce the
vehicle's maneuverability to zero. However, vehicles with an ABS system do not lock the wheels
in sudden braking situations. The driver can easily get rid of the car in a simple maneuver by
turning the steering wheel lights lightly while the car is skidding.

ABS is a system that does not lose the connection of the wheels with the steering wheel when the
brake pedal is pressed. It stops the wheels by sending a command to the wheels with very short
intervals, and after a very short time it sends the command again to deactivate squeezed brake
calipers. This sequence state is repeated twenty times in a second. The aim is; when a car at high
speed it cannot suddenly stops, it cannot stay where it is due to moment of inertia. So, it
continues to slide forward suddenly. At this time, passengers inside the vehicle can even jump
out of the wind shield. However, ABS slows the wheels and stops the car in a controlled way.

Main components of ABS are:

 Hydraulic Control Unit

Figure 9 hydraulic control unit

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 Wheel Speed Sensor

Figure 10 wheel speed sensor

 Deceleration Sensor

Figure 11 deceleration sensor

 Valves

Figure 12 valves

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  Hydraulic Pump

Figure 13 hydraulic pump

 ABS Control Module

Figure 14 control module

Types of ABS

 Four-wheel ABS and Rear-wheel ABS

 Four-channel Four-sensor ABS
 Three-channel Three-sensor ABS
 Two-channel ABS
 One-channel One-sensor ABS

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Methods, Material and Procedures

The scope of this project allowed for no test or simulation of the actual performance of current
generation automatic emergency braking systems (AEBS). The project has aimed to assess
systems based on:

 Review of recently done journals;

 Gathering information from industry;

 Analysis of accident data;

 Cost benefit analysis.

An extensive review of literature was carried out. This included marketing and promotional
information from industries were developing as well as scientific papers on the technical
behavior and development of such systems and technical standards, regulations and guidelines
and research papers on the effectiveness of systems.
The project has been carried out in an open manner with industry and different websites
involvement at several stages. Information were gathered about the technical characteristics and
performance of AEBS systems that were either in production or under development.

The key way/ element of thesis is that the design of automatic emergency braking system for
four wheel. To this effect we provide the necessary input data, different project that related to our
topic study carefully that is literature review are studied investigating policy. The survey was
conducted through reading to identify the correct system in modern world.

Primary Data

As the name indicated that primary means that first, that is data collected for the first time,
collected through formal interviews/questioner/, observation in the current braking system that
we use and the advanced mechanisms of the system. In primary data collection system the
followings are the main customers will be interviews were conducted.

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  Automotive shops and industries
 Local garages
 Experienced maintenance personnel
 Ministry of transportation
 Traffic police

Secondary Data

Secondary data has been collected and analyzed was mainly collected through literature review
through detail study/research. This, study the design of automatic emergency braking system in
modern world. The study of problems and implications of secondary data are the following.

 Internet
 Books
 Research papers
 Web pages, policy documents
 Report journals to the study of the thesis.
 Videos concerning the research

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. Work Plan
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Activity
Data Gathering

Literature Survey

Research methodology plan

Analysis of the Data

Evaluation of the Data

Conclusion and Recommendation

Thesis Writing

Table 2. Work Plan

N.B; - Week 1 starts from June 14/2021 up to

Week 10 ends in August 23/2021 G.C

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CHAPTER FIVE

5. Budget of the Project

No Task Name Unit Quantity Unit rate Total cost Remark
(ETB) (ETB)
1 Communication (Mobile ETB - - 500-1500
phone card, internet)
2 Purchasing of writing ETB - - 250 - 500
materials (pen, paper,
exercise books)
3 Transportation cost ETB - - 500- 1000
4 Printing and Documentations ETB - - 250 -500
5 Sub Total ETB - - 1500-3500
6 Miscellaneous cost (15%) ETB - - 225-525
7 Grand Total ETB - - 1725-4025

Table 3. Budget of the Project

No Component Unit Quantity Unit rate Total cost Remark
(ETB) (ETB)
1 Ultrasonic sensor(sainsmart 3 445.21 1335.63
HC-SR04)
2 Automotive cross-link wire or meter 10 205.71 2057.1
automotive primary wire
3 Signal processor integrated 1 20000 20000
with ECU
4 Ballast Resistor(self-variable) 6 261.4 1568.4
5 Blade fuses 6 14.02 84.12
6 Total Cost - - 25045.25
Cost Estimation of Components

Table 4. Cost Estimation of Components

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CHAPTER SIX

6. References
[1] A text book of machine design R.S. Khurmi; J.K. Gupta; Eurasia publishing house
(PVT.) LTD
[2] Joseph_E._Shigley, _John_Joseph_Uicker] _Theory of_ (BookFi.org)
[3] Introduction to Design of Helical Springs; Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur
[4] International journal of advance and technology; a review on design of hydraulic disc
brakes, calculations and design www.ijarnd.com
[5] Basics of mechanical engineering: Integrating science, technology and common sense;
Paul D. Ronney Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of
Southern California http://ronney.usc.edu/ame101/
[6] Erik Coelingh, LottaJakobsson, Henrik Lind, Magdalena Lindman (2013) Collision
Warning With Auto Brake – A Reallife Safety Perspective, Volvo Car Corporation
Sweden Paper Number 07-0450
[7] http://pressroom.toyota.com/Releases/Viewplain?id=TYT2006091184540
[8] http://world.honda.com/ASV
[9] http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/afternoon.php
[10] www.prevent-ip.org
[11] www.bmw.com
[12] www.mazdausa.com
[13] www.trw.com
[14] www.bosch.co.jp/automotive/en/products/catalog/pdf/38_39
[15] www.bosch.com.cn/start/en/report2.htm
[16] http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/technology/safety/e/abs.html
[17] http://www.contionline.com/generator/www/us/en/continentalteves/continentalteves/them
es/products/brake_actuation_folder/brake_assist_en.html

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