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Power System Protection (EE 703-N) : Chapter:1 INTRODUCTION

System protection detects problems on the power system like short circuits, equipment failures, and abnormal conditions to minimize damage and ensure stability. Protective relays monitor currents and voltages using current transformers and potential transformers to detect faults. Key components that require protection include generators, transformers, transmission lines, buses, and capacitors. Common protection methods include differential relays, distance relays, directional relays, line current differential relays, and voltage monitoring relays.

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ayan Patel
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73 views

Power System Protection (EE 703-N) : Chapter:1 INTRODUCTION

System protection detects problems on the power system like short circuits, equipment failures, and abnormal conditions to minimize damage and ensure stability. Protective relays monitor currents and voltages using current transformers and potential transformers to detect faults. Key components that require protection include generators, transformers, transmission lines, buses, and capacitors. Common protection methods include differential relays, distance relays, directional relays, line current differential relays, and voltage monitoring relays.

Uploaded by

ayan Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System Protection

(EE 703-N)

Chapter:1 INTRODUCTION
What is System Protection?

System protection is the art and science of detecting problems with


power system components and isolating these components.

Problems on the power system include:


1. Short circuits
2. Abnormal conditions
3. Equipment failures
Purpose of System Protection

• Protect the public


• Improve system stability
• Minimize damage to equipment
• Protect against overloads
• Employ relay techs and engineers
Power System Diagram
What Components (Equipment) do we protect ?

•Generators

•Transformers, Reactors

•Lines

•Buses

•Capacitors
Basics components used in protection

Protective relays monitor the current and/or voltage of the


power system to detect problems with the power system.

Currents and voltages to relays are supplied via CT’s and PT’s.
Current Transformer (CT)
A device which transforms the current on the power system from
large primary values to safe secondary values. The secondary
current will be proportional (as per the ratio) to the primary
current.
Potential Transformer (PT)
A device which transforms the
voltage on the power system
from primary values to safe
secondary values, in a ratio
proportional to the primary value.
Generator Protection

A. Construction & Theory of


Operation
Types of Power System Faults

• TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM FAULTS


Generator Protection

What can go wrong?


A. Stator WindingProblems
(1) Winding-winding short
(2) Stator ground
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
How Do We Protect the Stator?
A. Differential Protection (what goes in must come out)
1. Detects phase-phase faults
B. Stator Ground Protection
1. 59N (95% of Stator)
2. Third Harmonic Voltage Method (100% of Stator)
3. Signal Injection (100% of Stator)
Generator Protection

What can go wrong?

B. Rotor Problems
1. Loss of field
2. Field ground
a. First ground
b. Second ground
=TROUBLE
Generator Protection

Rotor
Generator Protection

How Do We Protect the


Rotor?

1. Loss of Field
a. Impedance
Generator Protection

How Do We Protect the Rotor?

2. Field ground
a. DC voltage relay (64F)
The field ground relay is connected from the negative side
of the field to DC ground. Detects voltage from the field to
ground.
Generator Protection

What else can go wrong?

C. Abnormal Conditions
1. Over/Under Frequency
2. Over Excitation
3. Reverse Power
4. Out of Step
5. Unbalance Current
XFMR Protection
Power transformers are expensive, and are a long lead-time item
(1 year or longer) so protection must be effective
Transformer Protection

What can go wrong?

● Winding-to-winding faults

● Winding-to-ground faults

● Bushing faults
Transformer Protection

Protection Methods
● Fuse

● Overcurrent

● Differential
Transformer Protection

High Side Fuse


Transformer Protection

Overcurrent Relays
Transformer Protection
Differential Protection:
What goes in must come out….. P-in = P-out
Transformer Protection

Microprocessor Relays

187T1-T
Wraps transformer

187T1-B
Wraps transformer and bus
Transformer Protection

187 T1-T
Zone of
Protection
Transformer Protection

187 T1-B
Zone of
Protection
Transmission Line Protection
Transmission Line Protection

Ice Storm

What Can Go Wrong?


FAULTS (Short Circuits)

Some causes of faults:


● Trees
● Lightning
● Animals (birds, squirrels, snakes)
● Weather (wind, snow, ice)
● Natural Disasters (earthquakes,
floods)
● Faulty equipment (switches,
insulators, clamps, etc.)
Transmission Line Protection

Faults
“Faults come uninvited and seldom go away voluntarily.”

Fault Types:

●Single line-to-ground
● Line-to-line
● Three Phase
● Line-to-line-to-ground
Transmission Line Protection

How Do We Protect Transmission Lines?

A. Overcurrent
B. Directional Overcurrent
C. Distance (Impedance)
D. Pilot
1. DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking
2. POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip)
E. Line Current Differential
Transmission Line Protection

Distance Protection
A distance relay measures the impedance of a lineusing
the voltage applied to the relay and the current
applied to the relay.

When a fault occurs on a line, the current rises


significantly and the voltage collapses significantly.

The distance relay (also known as impedance relay)


determines the impedance by Z = V/I. If the
impedance is within the reach setting of the relay, it
will operate.
Transmission Line Protection

Distance Relay

CT and PT
Connections
Transmission Line Protection
LINE DIFFERENTIAL
No fault or external fault, current at each end is balanced
The current going into the line is going out at other end
Bus Protection

Bus Differential:
Current into bus must equal current out of bus
Bus Protection

Bus Fault
Bus Protection

Single bus with XFMR


Bus Protection

Double bus,
breaker-and-a-
half
Capacitor Protection

Purpose of capacitors:

Shunt capacitors raise the voltage on a bus or line to a


higher level, thus helping keep the voltage at desired
level

Series capacitors cancel out the inductive reactance of a


line, thus making the line appear shorter increasing load
flow on the line.
Capacitor Protection

Capacitors are connected in series and parallel combination


to obtain the desired total capacitance for the bank
Capacitor Protection
Capacitor Protection

Voltage across cap bank is determined by current flow and impedance


(capacitive reactance) of bank.

If a capacitor fuse blows or if a capacitor shorts, the voltage drop across


the bank changes due to a change in capacitive reactance of the bank.

A voltage relay detects the higher voltage and trips the breaker

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