HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

CHAPTER 4

PURE SUBSTANCE

1. Pure substance

2. Vaporization process at constant pressure

3. Properties diagrams for phase change processes
4. Properties of pure substance

5. Thermodynamics processes of pure substance

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

1. Pure substance:

A pure substance has a homogeneous and fixed chemical

composition throughout. It may exist in more than one phase, but the
chemical composition is the same in all phase
Homogeneous substance: a substance that has uniform
thermodynamic properties throughout is said to be homogeneous

Example: H2O, NH3, Freon ( R12, R22, R134a, R502), Propane C3H8,
Butane C4H10, Methyl Alcohol CH3OH, Ethyl Alcohol C2H5OH, and gases H2,
O2, N2, CO2, …

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Phase and phase-change

Solid
Solid, liquid, vapor (rắn)

Condensation
(ngưng tụ)
Vapor Liquid
(hơi) Vaporization (lỏng)
(bay hơi)

• Condensation: the process by which a gas changes into a liquid

• Vaporization: changing from liquid into gas
• Freezing: changing from liquid to solid
• Melting (fusion): changing from solid into liquid
• Sublimation: when a solid changes to gas without becoming liquid
• Deposition: gas changing to solid without becoming liquid
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM
Video – experiment Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvQBlRXQtWc

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

2. Vaporization process at constant pressure

1: compressed
liquid or
subcooled liquid
(lỏng chưa sôi)
2: saturated
liquid (lỏng sôi)
3: saturated
mixture or
saturated liquid-
vapor mixture
(hơi bão hòa ẩm)
4: saturated
vapor (hơi bão Vapor quality x
hòa khô) 𝐦𝐯
𝐱=
𝐦𝐯 + 𝐦𝐥
5: superheated
vapor (hơi quá x2 = 0; x4 = 1
nhiệt) 0 < x3 < 1
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

 Compressed liquid region (vùng lỏng chưa sôi)

 Saturated liquid line (đường lỏng bão hòa), x = 0
 Saturated liquid-vapor region (vùng lỏng hơi bão hòa) 0 < x < 1
 Saturated vapor line (đường hơi bão hòa khô), x = 1
 Superheated vapor (vùng hơi quá nhiệt)

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Latent heat of evaporation

p = const  process from b to d  ts = const.

 the “latent heat of evaporation” is

the heat required to change a liquid into a
vapor.

the heat required to change 1 kg saturated liquid into 1kg

saturated vapor at the constant pressure

Unit: kJ/kg

r  q bd  i d  i b r  i i
" '
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

3. Properties diagrams for phase change processes

P-v and T-s

diagram of a
pure
substance

i-s and lgp-i

diagram of a
pure
substance

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

P-T diagram of pure substances

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Pressure-volume-temperature
surface for a substance that
expands on freezing

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

4. Properties of pure substance: t, p, v, i, s

Properties use to defined the state of substance and the state of substance is complete
specified by two independent properties
Tsat, psat: saturation temperature, saturation pressure
v”, i”, s” specific volume, enthalpy, entropy at saturated vapor
v’, i’, s’ specific volume, enthalpy, entropy at saturated liquid
vx, ix, sx specific volume, enthalpy, entropy at saturated liquid-vapor mixture

Quality: x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1 at saturation condition)

G Gh: the amount of saturated vapor contains
x  h
on saturated liquid – vapor mixture
G G
l h
Gl: the amount of saturated liquid contains
x = 0: saturated liquid on saturated liquid – vapor mixture
x = 1: saturated vapor
0 < x < 1: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
vx = x.v” + (1 – x).v’
ix = x.i” + (1 – x).i’
sx = x.s” + (1 – x).s’ 11
Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Determine the state and properties of state of pure substances

Two independence properties

𝛟𝟏; 𝛟𝟐

Compressed liquid Table of ‘lỏng chưa sôi

State (phase)
superheated vapor & hơi quá nhiệt’

Saturated liquid Table of ‘nước và hơi

Saturated mixture nước bão hòa’
Saturated vapor

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Known pressure and temperature: p and t

𝝓 = 𝝓′′ Saturated vapor

p, t

Yes Saturated mixture

t = tbh 𝝓 𝝓′′ > 𝝓 > 𝝓′ 𝝓 − 𝝓′
𝒙 = ′′
𝝓 − 𝝓′
No
𝝓 = 𝝓′ Saturated liquid

Superheated
t > tbh
vapor

Compressed
t < tbh
liquid
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Known pressure and temperature: p and t

𝝓 = 𝝓′′ Saturated vapor

p, t

Yes Saturated mixture

p = pbh 𝝓 𝝓′′ > 𝝓 > 𝝓′ 𝝓 − 𝝓′
𝒙 = ′′
𝝓 − 𝝓′
No
𝝓 = 𝝓′ Saturated liquid

Compressed
p > pbh
liquid

Superheated
p < pbh
vapor
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Known pressure and enthalpy (or specific volume, entropy): p, ϕ (i, v, s)

𝝓 = 𝝓′′ Saturated vapor

p, 𝝓

Saturated mixture
𝝓′, 𝝓′′ 𝝓′′ > 𝝓 > 𝝓′ 𝝓 − 𝝓′
𝒙 = ′′
𝝓 − 𝝓′

𝝓 = 𝝓′ Saturated liquid

Compressed
𝝓 < 𝝓′
liquid

Superheated
𝝓 > 𝝓′′
vapor
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Known temperature and enthalpy (or specific volume, entropy): p, ϕ (i, v, s)

𝝓 = 𝝓′′ Saturated vapor

t, 𝝓

Saturated mixture
𝝓′, 𝝓′′ 𝝓′′ > 𝝓 > 𝝓′ 𝝓 − 𝝓′
𝒙 = ′′
𝝓 − 𝝓′

𝝓 = 𝝓′ Saturated liquid

Compressed
𝝓 < 𝝓′
liquid

Superheated
𝝓 > 𝝓′′
vapor
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Determine state and properties of state of water and

steam in some case as below:

1/ t1 = 50oC; i1 = 209,3kJ/kg
2/ t2 = 80oC; x=1
3/ p3 = 30bar; v3 = 0,035m3/kg
4/ p4 = 10bar; t4 = 300oC
5/ p5 = 6bar; t5 = 120oC
6/ p6 = 20bar; s6 = 1,6kJ/kgđộ
7/ p7 = 120bar; s7 = 5,6kJ/kgđộ

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Linear interpolation: determine properties of C (ϕ1C;ϕ2C) when A (ϕ1A;ϕ2A),

B(ϕ1B;ϕ2B) are very close and next to C
𝝓𝟏

𝑩 𝛟𝟐𝐂 − 𝛟𝟐𝐀
𝝓𝟏𝑩 𝛟𝟏𝐂 = 𝛟𝟏𝐁 − 𝛟𝟏𝐀 + 𝛟𝟏𝐀
𝛟𝟐𝐁 − 𝛟𝟐𝐀
𝝓𝟏𝑪 𝑪
𝛟𝟏𝐂 − 𝛟𝟏𝐀
𝝓𝟏𝑨 𝑨 𝛟𝟐𝐂 = 𝛟𝟐𝐁 − 𝛟𝟐𝐀 + 𝛟𝟐𝐀
𝛟𝟏𝐁 − 𝛟𝟏𝐀

𝝓𝟐𝑨 𝝓𝟐𝑪 𝝓𝟐𝑩 𝝓𝟐

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Homework: Complete this table for H2O

p t v i u s
No. x Phase description
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
1 50 Saturated vapor
2 1,8 0
3 19 0,4
4 60 7.5
5 1 60
6 130 500
7 40 167,5
8 250 1143,2
9 8 8,132
10 10 2778
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Homework: Complete this table for H2O

p t v i u s
No. x Phase description
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
1 272 Saturated liquid
2 195 Saturated vapor
3 400 3006,5
4 14,5 0,5
5 240 310

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Determine state and properties of state for some refrigerants:

The same method of water, but need to check the right table for each substance
Môi chất NH3:
Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của NH3 (R717) ở trạng thái bão hòa (Hoàng
Đình Tín – Lê Chí Hiệp, Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật – NXB ĐHQG TP.
HCM – 2011, tr 413 – 421)
Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của hơi quá nhiệt NH3 (R717) (Hoàng Đình
Tín – Lê Chí Hiệp, Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật – NXB ĐHQG TP.
HCM – 2011, tr 422 – 436)
Môi chất R22:
Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của R22 ở trạng thái bão hòa (Hoàng Đình
Tín – Lê Chí Hiệp, Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật – NXB ĐHQG TP.
HCM – 2011, tr 447 – 452)
Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của hơi quá nhiệt R22 (Hoàng Đình Tín – Lê
Chí Hiệp, Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật – NXB ĐHQG TP. HCM – 2011,
tr 453 – 467)
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Môi chất R134a

Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của R134a ở trạng thái bão hòa”
(Hoàng Đình Tín – Bùi Hải, Bài tập Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật
và truyền nhiệt – NXB ĐHQG TP. HCM – 2004, tr 357 – 359)

Bảng “Tính chất nhiệt động của hơi quá nhiệt R134a” (Hoàng
Đình Tín – Bùi Hải, Bài tập Nhiệt động luật học kỹ thuật và
truyền nhiệt – NXB ĐHQG TP. HCM – 2011, tr 360 – 391)

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

5. Thermodynamic processes of pure substance

Isobaric process: p = const
Internal energy
u  u 2  u1
u  i 2  p 2 v 2   i1  p1v1 
𝟐
u  i 2  i1   pv 2  v1  𝟏
Boundary work
2
w b   pdv  pv 2  v1 
1

Shaft work
ws  0
Heat
q  i 2  i1

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Isochoric process: v = const

Internal energy
u  u 2  u1
u  i 2  p 2 v 2   i1  p1v1 
u  i 2  i1   vp 2  p1  𝟏

Boundary work
wb  0

Shaft work 𝟐
w s   v(p 2  p1 )
Heat
q  u

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Isothermal process: T = const

Internal energy
u  u 2  u1
u  i 2  p 2 v 2   i1  p1v1 

Boundary work
q  u  w b  w b  q  u

Shaft work 𝟐
𝟏
q  i  w s  w s  q  i
Heat
dq
ds   dq  Tds
T
q  Ts 2  s1 
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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Adiabatic process: q = 0, s = const

Internal energy
u  u 2  u1
u  i 2  p 2 v 2   i1  p1v1 

Boundary work
q  u  w b  w b  u

Shaft work
q  i  w s  w s  i
Heat
q0

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

Be healthy and stay safe

See you on the next chapter!

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Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan