CHAPTER 1 : FUNCTIONS (REVISION)

3. Given that f(x) = x3 + ax2 – 4x + b, with (x + 2) as one of its factors. When f(x) is
4 2 2
1. Given that the polynomial f(x) = x – 8x – 8x + k is divisible by x + 4x + 5. divided by (x – 1), the remainder is – 9. Find the values of the constants a and b.
(a) Find the value of k. With these values of a and b, solve for f(x) < 0.

(b) Hence, find the range of values of x such that f(x) > 0. (x + 2) : R1 = f(– 2) = 0  – 8 + 4a + 8 + b = 0  4a + b = 0
(x – 1) : R2 = f(1) = – 9  1 + a – 4 + b = –9  a + b = –6
(a) f(x) = x4 – 8x2 – 8x + k = (x2 + 4x + 5)(x2 + ax + b)

a = 2 , b = –8
[x3] : 0 = a + 4  a = –4 [x2] : – 8 = b + 4a + 5  b=3
f(x) = x + 2x – 4x – 8 = (x + 2)(x – 4) = (x – 2)(x + 2)2
3 2 2

[x0] : k = 5b = 15
(x – 2) – –  +
(x + 2)2 + 
 + +
(b) f(x) = (x2 + 4x + 5)(x2 – 4x + 3) = (x2 + 4x + 5)(x – 1)(x – 3) –2 2 x
f(x) (–) (–) (+)
(x2 + 4x + 5) + + +
(x – 1) –  + + For f(x) < 0 : x < – 2 or – 2 < x < 2
(x – 3) – –  +
1 3 x
f(x) (+) (–) (+) 4. Given that –2 is a zero for f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 6 and f(x) leaves a
For f(x) > 0 : x < 1 or 3 < x remainder 30 when f(x) is divided by (x – 3). Find the values of a and b.
11x
Hence, express in partial fractions.
f ( x)
2. The polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + 9x + 3, where a and b are constants, has
(3x + 1) as factor, and that when p(x) is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is 49. zero = –2 : R1 = f(– 2) = 0  – 8 + 4 a – 2b + 6 = 0  2a – b = 1
Find the values of a and b. Hence, solve for p(x) ≤ 0. (x – 3) : R2 = f(3) = 30  27 + 9a + 3b + 6 = 30  3a + b = – 1
1 1 1  a = 0 , b = –1
(3x + 1 ) : R1 = p(– )=0  – a + b –3 + 3 = 0  a – 3b = 0
3 27 9  f(x) = x3 – x + 6 = (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 3)
(x – 2) : R2 = p(2) = 49  8a + 4b + 18 + 3 = 49  2a + b = 7
11x 11x A Bx  C
 a=3,b=1 = = +
f ( x ) ( x  2)( x 2 -- 2 x  3) ( x  2) ( x 2 -- 2 x  3)
p(x) = 3x3 + x2 + 9x + 3 = (3x + 1)(x2 + 3)
 11x = A(x2 – 2x + 3) + (Bx + C)(x + 2)
(3x + 1) –  +
x = –2 : – 22 = A(11) + 0  A = –2
(x2 + 3) + +
1 x [x ] 2
: 0=A+B  B=2
–
p(x) (–) 3 (+)
[x0] : 0 = 3A + 2C  C=3
1 11x 2x  3 2
For p(x) < 0 : x≤–  = 2 –
3 f ( x) x -- 2 x  3 x 2

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5. Solve for x using an algebraic method, given that 2 log2 x 2 + 3 log x 2 = 4. 9. Find x and y given that 2e x – e y = 1 and 4e 2 x + e 2 y = 25, expressing each
log x 2 answer in exact form.
2 log2 x 2 + 3 log x 2 = 4  2( ) + 3 log x 2 = 4 [Let u = log x 2 ]
log x 2 x 2e x – e y = 1  e y = 2e x – 1
u  4e 2 x + e 2 y = 25  4e 2 x + ( 2e x – 1)2 = 25
 2(
u 1
) + 3u = 4  u2 + 4u + 5 = 0
4  8e 2 x – 4e x – 24 = 0  4( 2e x + 3)( e x – 2) = 0
 (u – 1)(3u + 4) = 0  u = 1 or – = log x 2
3 3
 ex = – or 2  [Since e x > 0] : ex = 2  ey = 3
3 -- 3 4
 log2 x = 1 or –  x = 2 or 2 4  x = ln 2 , y = ln 3
4

2 3
6. Solve the equation log2 (4 x  24 -- x ) = 4 + log4 125 – log8 4 x . 10. Solve the simultaneous equations 2 xy = 83 and log x y + 3 log y x = 4.
3 2
2 3
log2 (4 x  24 -- x ) = 4 + log4 125 – log8 4 x 2 xy = 83 = 29  xy = 9
3 2
2 3 log2 5 3 2 x log2 2
=4+ (
3 2 log2 2
)– (
2 3 log2 2
) = 4 + log2 5 – x = log2 5(24 -- x ) log x y + 3 log y x = 4  log x y + 3 (
1
)= 4 [Let u = log x y]
log x y
 4 x + 24 -- x = 5(24 -- x ) ----- x ( 2 x )  8 x + 24 = 5(24)
 u2 – 4u + 3 = 0 = (u – 1)(u – 3)  u = 1 or 3 = log x y
 x
8 = 64 = 8 2
 x=2
 y = x or y = x3  x(x) = 9 or x(x3) = 9
[Since x > 0] : x = 3 or 3  x=3,y=3 or x= 3 ,y=3 3
7. Find the value of x satisfying the equation 2 ln (x – 4) – ln x = ln 2.
2 ln (x – 4) – ln x = ln 2  ln (x – 4)2 = ln (2x)
 (x – 4)2 = 2x  x2 – 10x + 16 = 0 11. Solve the simultaneous equations 2 xy -- 1 = 32 and log xy 6 xy + logx 2 = 4.
 (x – 2)(x – 8) = 0  x = 2 or 8
2 xy -- 1 = 32 = 25  xy – 1 = 5  xy = 6
[Since (x – 4) > 0] : x=8

log xy 6 xy + logx 2 = 4  log6 36 + logx 2 = 4

8. Solve the equation 2 ln x = ln (2x + 1) + 1. 1 1
 2+ =4  log2 x =
log2 x 2
2 ln x = ln (2x + 1) + 1  ln x2 = ln [e(2x + 1)]
 x2 = 2ex + e  (x – e)2 – e2 = e  x= 2 , y=3 2

 x = e ± e2  e  [Since x > 0] : x = e + e2  e

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 14. The function f is defined by f : x → 3 – 2x – x2, for x ≥ 0.
12. The function f is defined as f : x → x2 – 4x – 12, for x  .
(a) Show that the inverse function of f exists.
(a) Prove that f does not have an inverse function.
(b) If the domain of f is further restricted to x ≤ k, Find f −1 and, state its domain and range.

(i) state the largest integer value of k for which the function f −1 exist. (b) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs f and f −1, showing clearly
the relationship between the graphs.
(ii) with this value of k, find f −1 and, state the domain and range of f −1.
(a) f(x) = 3 – 2x – x2 = 4 – (x + 1)2, y
(a) For x  : f(0) = –12 = f(4)  f is a many to one function 3
Since does not exists line y = k
 f is not one to one  f does not have an inverse function
that can cuts y = f(x) at more
than one point
(b) (i) f(x) = x2 – 4x – 12 = (x – 2)2 – 16
 f is 1 – 1 0
1
 f −1 exist for x ≤ 2  kmax. = 2 x
−1
 f exists
(ii) Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = x  f(u) = (u – 2)2 – 16 = x y = f(x)

 u=2± x  16  [Since u ≤ 2] : u=2– x  16

 f −1 : x → 2 – x  16 , for x ≥ –16
 Domain of f −1 : x ≥ –16 , Range of f −1 : y ≤ 2
y
Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = x
3
5 x -- 3 (b)
13. Function f is defined by f : x → , x ≠ a, where a is a constant,
x -- 5 y = f −1(x)
 f(u) = 4 – (u + 1)2 = x
(a) State the value of a and explain why this value has to be excluded from the
domain of f.  u = –1 ± x -- 4 1
 
x
(b) Show that f is self-inverse.  [Since u ≥ 0] : u = – 1 + x -- 4 01
 
3
(c) Find the exact values of k such that f 4(k) – 2 = f –1(k).  f −1 : x → – 1 + x -- 4 , for x ≤ 3 y = f(x)
y=x
(a) a = 5 ; 5 has to be excluded from the domain of f as it does not have an
image under f, which will then mean that f is not a function
5u -- 3  Domain of f −1 : x ≤ 3
(b) Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = x  f(u) = =x
u -- 5 Range of f −1 : y ≥ 0
 5u – 3 = ux – 5x  u(x – 5) = 5x – 3
5 x -- 3
 u=  Since f −1(x) = f (x), f is self-inverse
x -- 5
5k -- 3
(c) f 4(k) – 2 = f –1(k)  (k) – 2 = [Since f 4(k) = f 2 f 2(k) = f 2(k) = k]
k -- 5
 k2 – 12k = –13  (k – 6)2 – 36 = –13  k = 6 ± 23

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15. The function f is defined by f : x x2 – 6x + 10, for x < 2. 16. The function f is defined by f : x x2 – 4x, | x | < 1.
Show that the inverse function of f exists. (a) Show that f –1 exists, and find f –1 in a similar form.
Find f −1 and, state its domain and range. (b) Sketch the graphs of f and f –1 on the same coordinate axes.
Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f –1(x) on the same diagram,
showing clearly the relationship between the two graphs. (a) Since does not exists line y = k 
(–1, 5)  y

that can cuts y = f(x) at more

f(x) = x2 – 6x + 10 = (x – 3)2 + 1 than one point y = f(x)
y
 f is 1 – 1
Since does not exists line y = k
that can cuts y = f(x) at more 10   f −1 exists
than one point
 f is 1 – 1 y = f(x) f(x) = x2 – 4x = (x – 2)2 – 4

 f −1 exists Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = f(u) = x 0

 x
 (u – 2)2 – 4 = x
 (2, 2)  x4
u=2±
 (1, –3)
0
 [Since | u | < 1] : u = 2 – x  4
x
 f −1 : x → 2 – x  4 , for –3 < x < 5
−1 −1
Let u = f (x) : ff (x) = f(u) = x y (b)
(b)
 2
(u – 3) + 1 = x
 u=3± x -- 1 10  
(–1, 5)  y

 [Since u < 2] : u = 3 – x -- 1 y = f(x) y=x

y = f(x)
 f −1 : x → 3 – x -- 1 , for x > 2 y=x

 (2, 2) 
(–3, 1)
 Domain of f −1 : x > 2 y = f −1(x)
x
Range of f −1 : y < 2 0

0
 x
(5,–1)
−1 
y = f (x )

 (1, –3)

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17. The functions f and g are defined by
18. The functions f and g are defined as
f : x → x2 + 2x – 2, x ≥ 0 and g : x → ln x, k ≤ x ≤ e.
f : x → 2 ln x , x > 0 and g : x → x , x ≥ 0
(a) Find the range of f.
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f –1 on the same diagram. (a) Sketch the graph of f, and give a reason why the inverse function f −1 exists.

(c) Define. in a similar form, the inverse function of f. (b) Find f −1, and state its domain and range.

(d) Given that the function fg exists. Find the least value of k. (c) Find the composite function gf −1, and state its domain and range.
Hence Define. in a similar form, the function of fg.
(a) y
2 2 Since does not exists line y = k that can
(a) f(x) = x + 2x – 2 = (x + 1) – 3
 Df : x ≥ 0  Rf : y ≥ –2 cuts y = f(x) at more than one point
 f is 1 – 1
(b)
y  f −1 exists
y = f(x) (c) Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = f(u) = x 0 1 x
 2
(u + 1) – 3 = x
 u = –1 ± x  3 y = f(x)
 –1
y = f (x )  [Since u ≥ 0] : u = –1 + x  3

–2 0 x  f −1 : x → –1 + x  3 , for x > ≥ –2
x
(b) f f −1(x) = x : 2 ln [f −1(x)] = x  f −1(x) = e 2
y=x x
–2   f −1 : x → e 2 , x 

 D : x and R : (0 .  )
(d) For fg exists : Rg  Df  { x | ln k ≤ x ≤ 1 }  { x | x ≥ 0 } f --1 f --1
x x x
 ln k ≥ 0  k≥1
(c) gf −1(x) = g[ e 2 ] = e2 = e4
 least value of k = 1 x
2
fg(x) = f [g(x)] = f [ ln x ] = (ln x) + 2 ln x – 2  gf −1 : x → e 4 , x 

 fg : x → (ln x)2 + 2 ln x – 2, k ≤ x ≤ e  D : x and R : (0 .  )

gf --1 gf -- 1

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 
 1 -- ( x -- 1) 2 ,x 1
19. The function f is deflned by f(x) = 

 x 1 ,x 1 20. The functions f and g are defined by
(a) State the range of f. f:x e -- 2 x , for x  and g : x x2 – 4x + k, for x < 2, where k is a constant.
–1
(b) Show that f is a one-to-one function. Hence. define f in similar form.
(a) Find an expression for f –1(x) in similar form.
(c) Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f –1(x) on the same diagram, showing (b) Find the range of g in terms of k. Hence, find the least value of k, such that the
clearly the relationship between the two graphs.
composite function f –1g exists.
(a) Rf : { x | x ≤ 1 or 2 < x } With this value of k,
(b) (i) express f –1g in similar form, and state its range,
y Since does not exists line y = k
(ii) express g–1 in similar form, and state its range.
y=x+1 that can cuts y = f(x) at more than
one point 1
(a) Let u = f −1(x) : f f −1(x) = f(u) = x  e -- 2 u = x
 (1,2)  f is 1 – 1
 u=–
2
ln x

 (1,1) For x ≤ 1 : Let u = f −1(x)  f –1: x –

1
2
ln x , x > 0

0 x
f f −1(x) = f(u) = x
 1 – (u – 1)2 = x (b) g(x) = x2 – 4x + k = (x – 2)2 – 4 + k

y = 1 – (x – 1)2  u = 1 ± 1 -- x For Dg : (–  , 2)  Rg : (k – 4 , )

 [Since u ≤ 1] : u = 1 – 1 -- x For f –1g exists : Rg  D  (k – 4 , )  (0 , )

f --1
 1 -- 1 -- x ,x 1  k–4≥0  k≥4  (k)min. = 4
 f −1(x) = 
 x -- 1 ,x  2
1 1
(i) f –1g(x) = f –1[g(x)] = – ln g(x) = – ln (x – 2)2 = – ln | x – 2 |
(c) 2 2
y y = f(x)  f –1g : x – ln (2 – x) , x < 2

: (–  , 2)  : (–  , )

(1,2) For D R
y = f –1(x) f --1g f --1g

  (2,1)
(1,1)
(ii) Let u = g −1(x) : gg −1(x) = g(u) = x  (u – 2)2 = x
0 x  u=2± x
y = f –1(x)
–1
 [Since u ≤ 2] : u=2– x  g :x 2– x , x>0
y=x
For D : (0 ,  )  R : (–  , 2)
g--1 g--1
y = f(x)

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21. Express 2 3 cos x – 2 sin x in the form r cos (x + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  . 23. Express cos x + sin x in the form r cos (x – ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  ,
2 2
giving the value of  correct to 3 decimal places.
2 3 cos x – 2 sin x = r cos (x + ) = r (cos x. cos  – sin x. sin )
Hence, in each of the following cases, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 find the values of x which
 r cos  = 2 3 and r sin  = 2
satisfies the equation,
2 
 tan  =  = and r = (2 3 )2  22 = 4 (a) cos x + sin x = 1, (b) cos x (cos x + sin x) = 1.
2 3 6
 cos x + sin x = r cos (x – ) = r (cos x. cos  – sin x. sin )
 2 3 cos x – 2 sin x = 4 cos (x – )
6
 r cos  = 1 and r sin  = 1
 tan  = 1  =  and r cos  = 1  r= 2
4 4
22. Express 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x in the form r sin (x + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  .
2  cos x + sin x = 2 cos (x –  )
4
Sketch the curve of y = 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(a) cos x + sin x = 1  2 cos (x –  )=1
Hence, solve the inequality 0 < 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x < 3 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. 4
 cos (x –  x –  = –  ,  , 7
1
)= 
3 sin x + 3 3 cos x = r sin (x + ) = r (sin x. cos  + cos x. sin ) 4 2 4 4 4 4

 r cos  = 3 and r sin  = 3 3  x = 0 ,  , 2

3 3  
1 1
 tan  =  = and r= (3 3 )2  3 2 = 6 (b) cos x (cos x + sin x) = 1 (1 + cos 2x) + sin 2x = 1
3 3 2 2
  cos 2x + sin 2x = 1  2 cos (2x –  )=1
 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x = 6 sin (x + ) 4
3
cos (2x –  2x –  = –  ,  , 7 , 9 , 15 
1
 )= 
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
y
6 ● A
 x = 0 ,  ,  , 5  , 2
4 4
3 3● ● ● 
xA  0
=
2 6

 xA =
3
0 
●
2 7
●5 2 x
6 3 6 3

–6 ●
y = 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x

 2 5
For 0 < 3 sin x + 3 3 cos x < 3 3 : {x| 3
<x<
3
or
3
< x < 2 }
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 (c)
 y
24. Express 3 sin θ – cos θ in the form r sin (θ – ), where 0 <  < and r > 0.
2 2
Hence, for 0 < θ < 2, 2 ● ●
(a) solve the equation 3 sin θ – cos θ = 2 . 5
8 0 3 2
(b) Determine the smallest and largest values of , and find
3 sin θ  cos θ  6 5 2 11 x
x A  2 5
–1 12 3 12 =
the corresponding values of θ when these occurs.
● ● ● 2 3
A 4
(c) sketch the graph of y = 3 sin θ – cos θ, and deduce the range of  xA =
3
–2
values of θ such that –1 < 3 sin θ – cos θ < 2 .

5 11 4
3 sin x – cos x = r sin (x – ) = r (sin x. cos  – cos x. sin ) For –1 < 3 sin θ – cos θ < 2 : {x|0<x< 12
or
12
<x<
3
}
 r cos  = 3 and r sin  = 1
1 
 tan  =  = and r = ( 3 )2  12 = 2
3 6 25. Express 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ in the form r cos (θ – ), where r > 0

 3 sin x – cos x = 2 sin (x – ) and 0 <  <  , giving the value of  correct to 3 decimal places.
6 2
Hence, in each of the following cases, find the smallest positive angle θ which
 satisfies the equation
(a) 3 sin x – cos x = 2  2 sin (x – )= 2
6 (a) 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = – 4, (b) 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = 2 3 .
2 2
 2   3 5 11
 sin (x – )=  x– = or  x= or 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = r cos (θ – ) = r (cos θ. cos  – sin θ. sin )
6 2 6 4 4 12 12
 r cos  = 6 and r sin  = 10
 
(b) Since –1 ≤ sin (x – )≤1  4 ≤ 2 sin (x – )+6≤8  tan  =
10
  = 0.912 and r = ( 6 )2  ( 10 )2 = 4
6 6 6
 4 ≤ 3 sin x – cos x + 6 ≤ 8  1≤ 8 ≤2  6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = 4 cos (θ – 0.912)
3 sin θ  cos θ  6
 (a) 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = – 4  4 cos (θ – 0.912) = – 4
Smallest 8 = 1, when sin (x – )=1
3 sin θ  cos θ  6 6  cos (θ – 0.912) = – 1  θ – 0.912 = 

  2  θ = 4.054 (3 dp)
 x– =  x= θ
6 2 3 (b) 6 cos θ + 10 sin θ = 2 3  4 cos ( – 0.912) = 2 3
2 2 2
8 
Largest = 2, when sin (x – ) = –1
6  cos ( θ – 0.912) =
3
 θ – 0.912 = – 
3 sin θ  cos θ  6
2 2 2 6
 3 5
 x– =  x=  θ = 0.777 (3 dp)
6 2 3

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