Chapter 1

Physical World
1.Classical physics deals with ---------------(microscopic/macroscopic)
domain. Macroscopic
2.The -----------------domain includes atomic ,molecular and nuclear
phenomena.
Microscopic
3.The branch of physics which deals with motion of particles,rigid and
deformable bodies,propagation of water waves or sound waves is called
--------------- Mechanics
4.The branch of physics which deals with Electric and magnetic phenomena
associated with charged and magnetic bodies is called --------------
Electrodynamics
5. Name the branch of physics which deals with the phenomena involving
light . Optics
6. Name the branch of physics which deals with changes in internal
energy,temperatur,etc.,of the system through external work and transfer of
heat. Thermodynamics

Chapter 2
Units and Measurement
1.Name the fundamental(base) quantities and units according to SI system.

1
2.Name and state the principle used to check the correctness of an equation.

3. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is

dimensionally correct or not

4. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is

dimensionally correct or not

2
5. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is
dimensionally correct or not

6.Check the dimensional correctness of the equation E=m𝐜 𝟐

7.In the given equation v = x + at , find the dimensions of x.

(where v= velocity , a=acceleration , t=time)

8. In the given equatio x= a + bt + c𝐭 𝟐 , find the dimensions of a,b and c.

(where x is in meters and t in seconds)

3
9.Derive the equation for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving
with velocity v

10.Write any two limitations of dimensional analysis.

4
 Chapter 3
Motion in a Straight Line
1. Write the differences betwee path length(distance ) and displacement

2. A body completes one full rotation in a circular path of radius R.

Write the values of its
(a) Distance travelled
(b) Displacement
(a)2𝛑𝐑
(b) Zero
3. Define average velocity

5. Define average speed

6.Write the difference between Average Speed and Velocity

5
7.A car travels from A to B at 60km/hr and returns to A at 90km/hr . What is
the average velocity and average speed?
∆𝒙
Average velocity = =0 (since ∆𝒙 = 𝒐)
∆𝒕
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Average speed =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
𝟐𝒅 𝟐𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐
= 𝒅 𝒅 =𝒗
+ 𝟏+ 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝐱 𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟗𝟎
= =72 km/hr
𝟔𝟎+𝟗𝟎
𝟓
= 72 x = 20m/s
𝟏𝟖

8. Draw the position -time graph of an object moving with

9. The position -time graph of an object in uniform motion is-------------

Ans: A straight line inclined to the time axis

10. The slope of position-time graph gives -------------

Ans: Velocity
11. The velocity -time graph of an object in uniform motion is-------------
Ans: A straight line parallel to the time axis

6
9. The area under velocity -time graph gives ---------------
Displacement
10. The slope of velocity-time graph gives ---------------
Acceleration
11. Define average accelaration
The average acceleration over a time interval is defined as the ratio of
change in velocity to the time interval.
𝐯𝟐 −𝐯𝟏 𝚫𝐯
𝐚⃗ = = 𝚫𝐭
𝐭 𝟐 −𝐭 𝟏

12.Draw the position- time graph of an object moving with

13. Draw the velocity- time graph of an object moving with

(a) uniform positive acceleration (b) uniform negative acceleration

14. Draw the velocity- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and
comes back.

7
14. Draw the speed- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and
comes back.

15. Draw the velocity-time graph of a freely falling body.( A stone vertically
falling downwards)

16. Is it possible for a body to have zero velocity with a nonzero

acceleration. Give an example.
Yes. When a body is thrown upwards ,at the highest point of projection,
its velocity is zero , but it has an acceleration.
17. (a)Draw the velocity-time graph of a body with uniform aceeleration .
(b) Using the graph obtain
(i) Velocity - time relation
(ii) Displacement -tme relation
(iii) Displacement velocity relation

8
9
16 .An object is under freefall. Draw its (a) Acceleration -time graph
(b) Velocity- time graph
(c) Displacement-time graph

Chapter 4
Motion in a Plane

1. Differentiate scalar and vector quantities

A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction.
Eg. distance , speed, mass , temperature, time ,work ,power, energy,
pressure, frequency, angular frequency etc.

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and obeys the triangle
law of addition or the parallelogram law of addition.
Eg. displacement, velocity, acceleration , momentum, force,
angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
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2.What is the trajectory(path) followed by a projectile? Ans: Parabola
3. Draw the trajectory of a projectile

4. A stone is thrown up with a velocity u , which makes an angle 𝛉 with

the horizontal.
a) What are the magnitudes of horizontal and vertical components of
velocity?
b) How do these components vary with time?
a) Horizontal component- u cos θ and vertical component - u sin θ
b) Horizontal component- u cos θ remains constant with time.
vertical component first deceases, becomes zero at the highest point of
projection and then increases in reverse direction.
5.What are the values of these components at the highest point
of projection?
At the highest point,
Horizontal component, u cos θ remains the same.
Vertical component = zero

6. A projectile has an acceleration of 9.8m 𝒔−𝟐 in vertical direction and no

acceleration in horizontal direction

7) Show that the path of the projectile is a parabola .

Displacement of the projectile after a time t
x= ucosθ t
x
t=
ucosθ
1
y= u sinθ t − g t 2
2
x 1 x 2
y= u sinθ ( ) − 2 g (ucosθ)
ucosθ
g
y= tanθ x − x2
2 u2 cos2 θ

11
7. Derive the equation for Time of flight, Horizontal range and Maximum
height of a projectile.

Time of Flight of a projectile (T)

Consider the motion in vertical direction,
s = ut +½ at2
s=0, u = u sin θ , a =-g , t = T
0 = u sin θ T - ½ gT2
u sin θ T = ½ gT2
𝟐 𝐮 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
T=
𝐠

Horizontal range of a projectile (R)

Horizontal range = Horizontal component of velocity x Time of flight
𝟐 𝐮 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
R = u cos θ x
𝐠
𝐮𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 cos θ
R=
g
g
𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
R=
𝐠
Maximum height of a projectile (H)
It is the maximum height reached by the projectile.
Consider the motion in vertical direction to the highest point
v2 – u2 = 2as
u = u sin θ, v = 0 , a = -g , s = H
0 - u2 sin 2θ = -2 g H
𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉
H=
𝟐𝐠

12
8.What is the angle of projection for maximum horizontal range
𝟒𝟓𝟎

9. What is the maximum value of horizontal range

Range is maximum when θ=𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎
R=
𝐠
𝐮𝟐
Rmax =
𝐠

10. Find the angle of projection for which the range will be same
as that in case of θ=𝟑𝟎𝟎 for a given velocity of projection.
For a given velocity of projection range will be same for angles
𝜽 and ( 90-𝜽 )
Here θ=300
90-𝜽 =90-30 =600
The range will be same for 300 and 600 ,for a given velocity of projection.

11.A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28 m s –1 in a direction 30° above the

horizontal. Calculate (a) the maximum height, (b) the time taken by the ball
to return to the same level, and (c) the distance from the thrower to the
point where the ball returns to the same level.
(a) H = u2 sin 2θ
2g
H = 282 sin2 30
2 x 9.8
H = 10 m
(b) T = 2 u sin θ
g
T = 2x 28 sin30
9.8
T = 2.9 s
(c) R = u2 sin 2θ
g
R = 282 sin60
9.8
R = 69 m
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 Chapter 5
Laws of Motion
1.Define momentum
Momentum, P of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and
velocity v, and is denoted by p.
p=mv
2.State Newton’s Second Law f Motion. Write its mathematical expression.

𝐝𝐩
or F=
𝐝𝐭
3.Why a seasoned cricketer draws his hands backwards during a catch?
By Newton's second law of motion ,
𝐝𝐩
F= 𝐝𝐭
When he draws his hands backwards, the time interval (dt) to stop the ball
increases . Then force decreases and it does not hurt his hands.

4. Derive of Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion

By Newton's second law of motion ,

5.Define Newton

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6. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a speed of 90 m/s enters a heavy
wooden block and is stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is the average
resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet?

7.Define Impulse
Impulse is the the product of force and time duration, which is the change in
momentum of the body.
Impulse = Force × time duration
I=Fxt
Unit = kg m s−1
8. Define Impulsive force.
A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in
momentum is called an impulsive force.
Eg: A cricket ball hitting a bat
9. Using Newtons second law of motion arrive at Impulse momentum
Principle
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
By Newton's second law of motion,
dp
F=
dt
F x dt = dp
I = dp
Impulse = change in momentum
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10.A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without
changing its initial speed of 12 m 𝐬−𝟏 . If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg,
determine the impulse imparted to the ball.
Impulse = change of momentum
Change in momentum = final momentum – initial momentum
Change in momentum = 0.15 × 12–(–0.15×12)
Impulse = 3.6 N s

11.State the Law of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is
conserved.
Or
When there is no external force acting on a system of particles ,their total
momentum remains constant.

12.Proof of law of conservation of momentum Using Newton’s second law of

motion
dp
By Newton's second law of motion , F=
dt
When F = 0
dp
=0
dt
dp = 0 ,
p=constant
Thus when there is no external force acting on a system of particles, their
total momentum remains constant.

13.Explain the recoil of gun using law of conservation of linear momentum

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If pb and pg are the momenta of the bullet and gun after firing
pb + pg = 0
pb = - pg
The negative sign shows that gun recoils to conserve momentum.

14.Obtain the expression for Recoil velocity and muzzle velocity

Momentum of bullet after firing , pb = mv
Recoil momentum of the gun after firing , pg = MV
pb = - pg
mv = −MV
−mv
Recoil velocity of gun , V=
M
−MV
Muzzle velocity of bullet , v=
m
M= mass of gun, V= recoil velocity of bullet
m= mass of bullet, v=muzzle velocity of bullet

15. . Explain the collision of two bodies using law of conservation of

momentum

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Total Final momentum = Total initial momentum
i.e. , the total final momentum of the isolated system equals its total initial
momentum.
16.State the law of static friction
The law of static friction may thus be written as , fs ≤ 𝛍𝐬 𝐍
0r
( 𝐟𝐬 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝛍𝐬 𝐍
where μs the coefficient of static friction,
17.State the Law of Kinetic Friction
𝐟𝐤 = 𝛍𝐤 𝐍
where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction,

18.Show that 𝛍𝐬 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 (the coefficient of static friction is eual to the

tangent of angle of friction) when a body just begins to slide on an
inclined surface

The forces acting on a block of mass m When it just begins to slide are
(i) the weight, mg
(ii) the normal force, N
(iii) the maximum static frictional force ( 𝐟𝐬 )𝐦𝐚𝐱

In equilibrium, the resultant of these forces must be zero.

m g sin θ = ( fs )max ------------(1)
m g cos θ = N-------------(2)
But ( fs )max = μs N
Eqn (1) becomes
mg sin θ= μs N------------(3)

(3) mg sin θ μs N
Eqn(2) -------- =
m g cos θ N
𝛍𝐬 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
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19.Disadvantages of friction
In a machine with different moving parts, friction opposes relative motion
and thereby dissipates power in the form of heat, etc.
20.Advantages of friction
Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in machines and automobiles.
We are able to walk because of static friction.
The friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary external
force to accelerate the car.
21.Methods to reduce friction
(1)Lubricants are a way of reducing kinetic friction in a machine.
(2)Another way is to use ball bearings between two moving parts of a
machine.
(3) A thin cushion of air maintained between solid surfaces in relative
motion is another effective way of reducing friction.

22.Derive the expression for maximum safe speed on a curved level road

Three forces act on the car.

(i) The weight of the car, mg
(ii) Normal reaction, N
(iii) Frictional force, fs

As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction

N= mg
The static friction provides the centripetal acceleration
mv2
fs =
R
But , fs ≤ μs N
mv2
≤ μs mg (N=mg)
R
𝟐
𝐯 ≤ 𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠
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23.What do you mean by banking of curved roads?
Raising the outer edge of a curved road above the inner edge is called
banking of curved roads.

24.Obtain the expression for maximum permissible speed of a vehicle on a

banked road(speed considering force of friction)

Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force
along this direction must be zero.
N cos θ = mg +fs sin θ
N cos θ - fs sin θ =mg --------------(1)

The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal components of N andfs .

mv2
N sin θ + fs cos θ = -------------(2)
R

Eqn(1) N cos θ − fs sin θ mg

----- = mv2
Eqn(2) N sin θ + fs cos θ
R
Dividing throughout by N cos θ
f
1 − Ns tan θ Rg
f =
tan θ + Ns v2

But , fs = μs N for maximum speed

1 −μs tan θ Rg
=
tan θ + μs v2
Rg(μs + tan θ )
v2 =
1 − μs tan θ
𝐑𝐠(𝛍𝐬 +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 )
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √
𝟏 −𝛍𝐬 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
This is the maximum safe speed of a vehicle on a banked Curved road.
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25.Obtain the expression for optimum speed (without considering frictional
force) of a vehicle on a banked road

The maximum permissible speed,

𝐑𝐠(𝛍𝐬 +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 )
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √
𝟏 −𝛍𝐬 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
If friction is absent, μs = 0

Then Optimum speed, 𝐯𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 = √𝐑𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉

26.A circular racetrack of ra dius 300 m is banked at an angle of 15°. If the

coefficient of friction between the wheels of a race-car and the road is 0.2,
what is the
(a) optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear on its tyres, and
(b) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping ?

(a) (b)

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 Chapter 6
Work ,Energy and Power
1.Define work.
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the
force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.
W=𝐅⋅𝐝
2.Write the situations in which work done by a body is zero
(i) when the displacement is zero .
(ii )when the force is zero.
(iii) the force and displacement are mutually perpendicular
W=Fd cos 90 = 0.

3.Give an example for Positive Work

Workdone by Gravitational force on a freely falling body is positive

4.Give an example of Negative work

The frictional force opposes displacement and θ = 180 o .
Then the work done by friction is negative (cos 180 o = –1).

5. What is the work done by centripetal force on a body moving in circular

path
Zero. Here θ = 90 o , W =Fd cos 90 = 0.

6. 1 horse power,1HP= -----------Watt. 746W

7. 1 kilowatt-hour, 1kWh = ------------------ J 3.6 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 J

8. Kilowatt-hour is the unit of ------------- Energy

9. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called-----------
Kinetic energy

10. The energy stored by virtue of the position or configuration of a

body(state of strain) is called------------- Potential Energy.

11. Calculate the work done in lifting a body of mass 10kg to a height of 10m
above the ground
W= F x d
= mg x h =10 x 9.8 x10 =980J
22
12. Two bodies of masses 𝐦𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝟐 have same momenta. What is the ratio
of their kinetic energies?
1 p2
KE, K = mv 2 =
2 2m
p2 p2
K1 = K2 =
2 m1 2 m2

K1 / K 2 = m2 /m2

K 1 : K 2 = m2 : m2

13. A light body and heavy body have same momenta, Which one has greater
kinetic energy?
p2
KE =
2m
1
KE∝
m
Lighter body will have more Kinetic energy.

14.Power is the scalar product of force and --------------

Velocity ( P= F .v)
15.Show that the gravitational potential energy of the object at height h, is
completely converted to kinetic energy on reaching the ground.

PE at a height h, V = mgh
When the object is released from a height it gains KE
K = ½ mv 2
v 2 = u2
+ 2as
u=0, a=g , s=h
v 2 = 2gh
K = ½ m x 2gh
K= mgh

16. State and prove the law of conservation of mechanical energy for a freely
falling body.
The principle of conservation of total mechanical energy can be stated as,
The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the forces, doing
work on it, are conservative.
23
Consider a body of mass m falling freely from a height h
At Point A
PE = mgh
KE = 0 (since v=0)
Total Energy ,TE = PE + KE
= mgh + 0
TE = mgh-----------(1)
At Point B
PE = mg (h-x)
KE = ½ mv2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
u=0, a=g , s= x
v 2 = 2gx
KE = ½ m x 2gx
KE= mgx
Total Energy ,TE = PE + KE
TE = mg (h-x) + mgx
TE = mgh--------------(2)

At Point C
PE = 0 (Since h=0)
KE = ½ mv2
v 2 = u2+ 2as
u=0, a=g , s= h
v 2 = 2gh
KE = ½ m x 2gh
KE= mgh

Total Energy ,TE = PE + KE

TE = 0 + mgh
TE = mgh--------------(3)
From eqns (1), (2) and (3), it is clear that the total mechanical energy is
conserved during the free fall.

24
 Chapter 7
Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion
1.Write the relation connecting angular velocity and its linear velocity.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝝎
𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒓
⃗
2. Define Angular acceleration
Angular acceleration α⃗ is defined as the time rate of change of angular
velocity.
⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝝎
⃗⃗ =
𝜶 (unit rad/s)
𝒅𝒕
3.The rotational analogue of force is ----------------
Torque or Moment of force
4.Write the equation for torque or moment of force
𝝉 ⃗ x ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ =𝒓 𝐅
5.Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of ---------------
linear momentum.
6. Write the relation connecting angular momentum and linear momentum.
𝒍=𝐫×𝐩 ⃗
7. Write the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
𝒅𝒍
⃗ =
𝝉
𝒅𝒕
8. Deduce the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
(or) Show that the time rate of change of the angular momentum of a
particle is equal to the torque acting on it.
𝑙 =𝑟×𝑝
Differentiating
𝑑𝑙 d
= (r×p
⃗ )
𝑑𝑡 dt
𝑑𝑙 dr⃗ ⃗
dp
= ×p
⃗ + rx
𝑑𝑡 dt dt
dr⃗ ⃗
dp
⃗ = mv
p ⃗ , dt = v ⃗⃗
⃗ , dt = F
𝑑𝑙
=v ⃗ + r x ⃗⃗F
⃗ × mv
𝑑𝑡
⃗ = 0 , (r x ⃗⃗F =τ⃗ )
⃗ ×v
v
𝑑𝑙
=0 + 𝜏
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙
= 𝜏
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒍
⃗ =
𝝉
𝒅𝒕
25
9.The time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to
the --------------- acting on it.
Torque
10.State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum
If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total
angular momentum of the system is conserved i.e, remains constant.
⃗
dL
τ⃗ext =
dt

If external torque, τ⃗ext = 0 ,

⃗
dL
=0
dt
⃗L = constant
11.Write an example of a motion in which angular momentum remains
constant
Motion of planets around sun.
12. Moment of Inertia is the rotational analogue of ------------
Mass.
13.The rotational analogue of mass is called---------------------
Moment of Inertia
14. Mass is a measure of ------------------ and moment of inertia is a measure
of -------------------------
Inertia , Rotational inertia
15. Writ the expression for moment of inertia of a particle of mass m
rotating about an axis
I =m𝐫 𝟐
16. Write the equation for rotational kinetic energy
𝟏
Rotational 𝐤𝐄 = 𝐈𝛚𝟐
𝟐
17. What do you mean by radius of gyration
The radius of gyration can be defined as the distance of a mass point from
the axis of roatation whose mass is equal to the whole mass of the body and
whose moment of inertia is equal to moment of inertia of the whole body
about the axis.
I =Mk 2
𝐈
𝐤=√
𝐌

26
18.What is a flywheel
A disc with a large moment of inertia is called a flywheel. It is used in
machines, that produce rotational motion.
19.State perpendicular axes theorem
The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about z axis is equal to the sum of
its moments of inertia about x-axis and y-axis, if the lamina lies in xy plane.

𝐈𝐳 = 𝐈𝐱 + 𝐈𝐲

20. State Parallel Axes Theorem

The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the
moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its
centre of mass and the product of its mass and the square of the distance
between the two parallel axes.

𝐈𝐳′ = 𝐈𝐳 + 𝐌𝐚𝟐

21. The moment of inertia of a ring about an axis passing through its centre
and perpendicular to its plane is 𝐌𝐑𝟐 .Determine its moment of inertia
about a diameter.
By perpedicular axes theorem Iz = Ix + Iy
But Ix = Iy
Iz = 2Ix
Iz
Ix =
2

But Iz = MR2
𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝐈𝐱 =
𝟐
27
22.The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through its centre
𝐌𝐑𝟐
and perpendicular to its plane is .Determine its moment of inertia about
𝟐
a diameter.
By perpedicular axes theorem Iz = Ix + Iy
But Ix = Iy
Iz = 2Ix
Iz
Ix =
2
MR2
But Iz =
2
𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝐈𝐱 =
𝟒

23. The moment of inertia of a ring about an axis passing through its
𝐌𝐑𝟐
diameter is .Determine its moment of inertia about a tangent.
𝟐

By parallel axes theorem Iz′ = Iz + Ma2

Itangent = Idiameter + MR2
MR2
Idiameter =
2
MR2
Itangent = + MR2
2
𝟑
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝟐

24. The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through its
𝐌𝐑𝟐
diameter is .Determine its moment of inertia about a tangent.
𝟒

By parallel axes theorem Iz′ = Iz + Ma2

Itangent = Idiameter + MR2
MR2
Idiameter =
2
MR2
Itangent = + MR2
2
𝟑
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝟐
28
25.The moment of inertia of a rod of mass M, length l about an axis passing
Ml2
through its centre and perpendicular to it is . Find its moment of inertia
12
about an axis perpendicular to it through one end.
Iz′ = Iz + Ma2
𝑙
Iend = Imid point + M( )2
2
𝑀𝑙 2
But Imid point =
12
𝑀𝑙 2 𝑀𝑙 2
Iend = +
12 4
𝑴𝒍𝟐
𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐝 =
𝟑

Chapter 8
Gravitation
1.State Universal Law of Gravitation
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them .
𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
𝐅=𝐆 𝟐
𝐫
2. The value of Gravitational Constant.
G = 6.67×1𝟎−𝟏𝟏 N 𝐦𝟐 /𝐤𝐠 𝟐
3.Define acceleration due to gravity of the Earth
The acceleration gained by a body due to the gravitational force of earth
is called acceleration due to gravity.
4. Obtain the expression for acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
earth (or) Obtain the relation connecting g and G.
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R.
The gravitational force between body and earth is given by
GMm
F= -----------(1)
R2
By Newton’s second law
F=mg
where g is acceleration due to gravity
F
g=
m
𝐆𝐌
From Eq (1) g=
𝐑𝟐

29
5.The average value of g on the surface of earth is -------.
9.8m𝐬 −𝟐 .
6. Acceleration due to gravity is independent of------------( mass of the
body/mass of earth).
mass of the body
7.A man can lift a mass of 15kg on earth.What will be the maximum mass
that can be lifted by him by applying the same force on moon.
6x15 =90kg
𝟏
(Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is times that on earth.
𝟔
So he can lift 6 times massive objects on the surface of moon)

8.A mass of 30kg is taken from earth to moon. What will be its mass and
weight on the surface of moon
Mass on the moon=30kg (mass remains the same)
𝟑𝟎
Weight on the moon = =5kg
𝟔
9.Obtain the expression for Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above
the surface of the earth.
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface
of earth
GM
g= ------------(1)
R2
Acceleration due to gravity at a height
above the surface of earth

GM
gh = ----------(2)
(R+h)2
For , h << R
GM
gh = h
R2 (1+R)2

GM h
gh = (1 + )−2
R2 R
Substituting from eq(1)
h
g h = g(1 + )−2
R
Using binomial expression and neglecting higher order terms.
𝟐𝐡
𝐠 𝐡 ≅ 𝐠 (𝟏 − )
𝐑

30
10.Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below
the surface of the earth

We assume that the entire earth is of uniform density. Then mass

of earth
Mass =volume x density
4
M= πR3 ρ ------------(1)
3
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of
earth
GM
g= -------------(2)
R2
Substituting the value of M in eq(2)
G 4
g= ( πR3 ρ)
R2 3

4
g = πRρG ---------------(3)
3
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface of earth
4
g d = π(R − d)ρG ---------(4)
3

4
eq(4) gd π(R−d)ρG
3
------ = 4
eq(3) g πRρG
3

gd (R−d)
=
g R
𝐝
𝐠 𝐝 = 𝐠(𝟏 − )
𝐑

11.The acceleration due gravity ---------------(decreases/increases) , as we go

above earth’s surface and ---------------(decreases/increases) ,as we go down
below earth’s surface.
Decreases ,Decreases.
12.The acceleration due gravity is ---------------------at the centre of earth.
Zero

31
 Chapter 9
Mechanical Properties of Solids
1.Define Stress
The restoring force per unit area is known as stress.
If F is the force applied and A is the area of cross section of the body,
𝐹
Stress =
𝐴
The SI unit of stress is N 𝑚−2 or pascal (Pa)
2.Define Strain
Strain is defined as the fractional change in dimension.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Strain =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Strain has no unit and dimension.

3.Wrte three types of stress and strain.
1. Longitudinal Stress and Longitudinal Strain
2. Shearing Stress and Shearing Strain
3. Hydraulic Stress and Hydraulic Strain (Volume Strain)
4. Define Longitudinal strain
Longitudinal strain is defined as the ratio of change in length(ΔL) to original
length(L) of the body .
Change in length
Longitudinal strain =
Original length

ΔL
Longitudinal strain =
𝐿

5.Define Shearing strain

Shearing strain is defined as the ratio of relative displacement of the faces

Δx to the length of the cylinder L
Δx
Shearing strain = =tanθ = θ
𝐿

32
6.Volume strain (hydraulic strain)
Volume strain(hydraulic strain) is defined as the ratio of change in volume
(ΔV) to the original volume (V).
Change in volume
Volume strain=
Original volume
ΔV
Volume strain=
V

7.State Hooke’s Law

For small deformations the stress is directly proportional to strain. This is
known as Hooke’s law.
Stress ∝ Strain
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
=𝒌
𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
The constant k is called Modulus of Elasticity.
The SI unit of modulus of elasticity is N 𝑚−2 or pascal (Pa)

8.The stress-strain curve for a metal is given in figure. Mark

1)Elastic limt (or) yield point 2) Fracture point 3) Proportional limit
4)Elastic region 5) Plastic region 6)permanent set
7) yield strength (𝑺𝒚 ) 8) ultimate tensile strength (𝑺𝒖 )

33
9.The stress-strain graph for three materials A B and C are shown below

Which is more elastic A ,B or C. Justify

your answer.

Material A is more elastic

stress
Modulus of elasticity = = slpoe of the graph
strain
Slope of graph for material A is greater than that of B and C
So material A is more elstic.

10.The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in Figure.

The graphs are drawn to the same scale.

(a) Which of the materials is more elastic?
(b) Which of the two is the stronger material?
(c) Which of the two materials is more ductile?
(a) Slope of graph for material A is greater than that of B.
So material A is more elstic than B
(b) Strength of a material is determined by the amount of stress
required to cause fracture.
The fracture point is greater for material A.
So material A is stronger than B
(c) The fracture point is far apart for material A than B.
So material A is more ductile than B.

34
 Chapter 10
Mechanical Properties Of Fluids

1.State Pascal’s law for transmission of fluid pressure.

Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a
vessel, it is transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions.
2.Briefly explain the working of hydraulic lift.

The pressure on smaller piston

F1
P= --------------(1)
A1
This pressure is transmitted to the larger cylinder with a larger piston of
area A2 .
Upward force on A2 , F2 = P A2

F1
Substituting from eq(1), F2 = A2
A1
𝐀𝟐
𝐅𝟐 = 𝐅𝟏 𝐀𝟏

4. State and prove Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of
the pressure , the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy
per unit volume remains a constant.
𝟏
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐

35
 Proof

Consider the flow of an ideal fluid in a pipe of varying cross section, from
region (1) to region (2). The fluid in the two region is displaced a length of
v1 Δt and v2 Δt in time Δt.
The work done on the fluid at left end (BC) is
W1 =F1 Δx1 = P1 A1 (v1 Δt)
(A1 v1 Δt = ΔV ,volume)
W1 = P1 ΔV.
The work done by the fluid at the end (DE) is
W2 = F2 Δx2 = P2 A2 (v2 Δt)
W2 = P2 ΔV.
(or)The work done on the fluid at the end (DE) is
W2 = −P2 ΔV.
So the total work done on the fluid is
W1 + W2 = P1 ΔV - P2 ΔV
𝐖𝟏 + 𝐖𝟐 = (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )ΔV-------------(1)
Part of this work goes into changing the kinetic energy of the fluid, and part
goes into changing the gravitational potential energy.
The change in its kinetic energy is
1
ΔK =. m(v22 − v12 )
2
m=ρΔV
𝟏
ΔK = 𝛒𝚫𝐕(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 ) -------------(2)
𝟐
The change in gravitational potential energy is
ΔU= mg(h2 -h1 )
m=ρΔV
ΔU = 𝛒𝚫𝐕𝐠(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )----------------(3)

36
By work – energy theorem
W1 + W2 = ΔK + ΔU
Substituting from eq(1),(2) and (3)
𝟏
(𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )ΔV = 𝛒𝚫𝐕(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 )+ 𝛒𝚫𝐕𝐠(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )-------------(4)
𝟐

Divide each term by ΔV to obtain

1
P1 - P2 = ρ(v22 − v12 )+ ρg(h2 -h1 )
2
1 1
P1 – P2 = ρv22 − ρv12 + ρgh2− ρgh1
2 2
1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgh2
2 2
𝟏
𝐏 + 𝟐 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
1.Expression for coefficient of linear expansion
𝚫𝐥
𝜶𝒍 =
𝒍 𝚫𝐓
2.Expression for coefficient of area expansion
𝚫𝐀
𝛂𝐚 =
𝐀 𝚫𝐓
3.Expression for coefficient of volume expansion
𝚫𝐕
𝛂𝐯 =
𝐕𝚫𝐓
4. Obtain the relation between 𝛂𝐥 and 𝛂𝐚
ΔA
αa =
A ΔT
ΔA = (𝑙 + 𝛥𝑙)2 - 𝑙 2
ΔA =2 l Δl (Neglecting term (Δl)2 )
A= 𝑙 2
2 𝑙 𝛥𝑙
𝛼𝑎 =
𝑙 2 𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑙
𝛼𝑎 = 2
𝑙 𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑙
𝑙 𝛥𝑇
=𝛼𝑙
𝜶𝒂 = 𝟐 𝜶𝒍
37
5.Relation between 𝛂𝐥 and 𝛂𝐯
ΔV
αv =
VΔT
ΔV = (𝑙 + Δl)3 - 𝑙 3
ΔV = 3 𝑙 2 Δl (Neglecting terms (Δl)2 and (Δl)3 )
V = 𝑙3
3 𝑙 2 𝛥𝑙
𝛼𝑣 =
𝑙 3 𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑙
𝛼𝑣 = 3
𝑙 𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑙
𝑙 𝛥𝑇
= 𝛼𝑙
𝜶𝒗 = 𝟑 𝜶𝒍

6.What is the ratio of 𝛂𝐥 , 𝛂𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛂𝐯

𝛂𝐥 : 𝛂𝐚 : 𝛂𝐯 = 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑
7.Based on the graph given below explain the anomalous expansion of
water.

Water exhibits an anomalous behavour; it contracts on heating from 0 °C to

4 °C. When it is heated after 4 °C ,it expands like other liquids. This means
that water has minimum volume and hence maximum density at 4 °C .
8.Why the bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first?
This is due to anomalous expansion of water. water has minimum volume
and hence maximum density at 4 °C .
As a lake cools toward 4 °C, water near the surface becomes denser, and
sinks. Then the warmer, less dense water near the bottom rises. When this
layer cools below 4 °C, it freezes, and being less dense, remain at the
surfaces.
38
9.The change of state from solid to liquid is called ---------------
melting ,
10. The change of state from liquid to solid is called ------------------.
Fusion
11.The temperature at which the solid and the liquid states of the substance
coexist in thermal equilibrium with each other is called its -------------
melting point.
12.Melting point ------------ with increase in pressure .
decreases
13. The change of state from liquid to vapour (or gas) is called ------------------
vaporisation
14.The temperature at which the liquid and the vapour states of the
substance coexist in thermal equilibrium is called its---------------
boiling point.
15. The boiling point increases with increase in pressure and decreases with
decreases in pressure.
16 .Cooking is difficult on hills. Give reason
The boiling point decreases with decreases in pressure. At high altitudes,
atmospheric pressure is lower, boiling point of water decreases as
compared to that at sea level. So cooking is difficult.

17.Cooking is faster using a pressure cooker. Give reason

The boiling point increases with increase in pressure.
Boiling point is increased inside a pressure cooker by increasing the
pressure. Hence cooking is faster.

18.Define Sublimation. Give an example of a substance that sublime.

The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the
liquid state is called sublimation.
Eg: Dry ice (solid CO2) , Iodine.

19.Define Latent Heat

The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the
substance is called latent heat of the substance for the process.
𝐐
L=
𝐦
SI unit of Latent Heat is J k𝑔−1
39
20.Why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling
water?
For water, the latent heat of vaporisation is 𝐋𝐯 = 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 .
That is 22.6 × 105 J of heat is needed to convert 1 kg of water to steam at
100 °C. So, steam at 100 °C carries 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 more heat than water
at 100 °C. This is why burns from steam are usually more serious than those
from boiling water.
21.The graph given below represents the temperature versus heat for water
at 1 atm pressure. Answer the following questions.

Fill up the table

Graph Process Phase(state)
BC ------------ Ans:Melting ------------- Ans: solid + liquid
DE ------------ Ans: Vaporisation -------------Ans: liquid + gas

Graph Phase
AB ---------- Ans: Solid (ice)
CD ---------- Ans: Liquid(water)
EF ---------- Ans: Gas(steam)
The heat energy corresponding to BC is called ------------
Latent heat of fusion
The heat energy corresponding to DE is called ------------
Latent heat of Vaporisation
The slope of AB and CD are different.Why?
Different slopes indicates that specific heat capacity of ice and water are
different.
When slope of graph is less, it indicates a high specific heat capacity .
Slope of CD is less than that of AB ,i.e., specific heat capacity of water is
greater than that of ice.
40
 Chapter 12
Thermodynamics
1.State first law of Thermodynamics
The heat supplied to the system is partly used to increase the internal
energy of the system and the rest is used to do work on the environment .
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
2.Different thermodynamic processes

3.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process

PV = constant
4.Write the equation of state for an adiabatic process
P𝐕 𝛄 = constant

41
5.Derive the expression for work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal
process
Consider an ideal gas undergoes a change in its state isothermally (at
temperature T) from (P1 ,V1 ) to the final state (P2 , V2 ).
ΔW = P ΔV
In the limit ΔV → 0
dW = P dV

v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV= μRT
μR T
P=
V
v μR T
W =∫v 2 dV
1 V
v 1
W =μ R T ∫v 2 dV
V 1

v
W = μR T [ln V]v21

W = μR T [ln V2 − ln V1 ]
𝐕
W = 𝛍𝐑𝐓 𝐥𝐧 [ 𝟐]
𝐕𝟏

6.Derive the expression for workdone by an Ideal gas during an Adiabatic

Process
Consider an ideal gas undergoes a change in its state adiabatically from
(P1 ,V1 ) to the final state (P2 , V2 ).
v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV γ = k
k
P=
Vγ

P=k V −γ
v
W = k ∫v 2 V −γ dV
1

v2
V−γ+1
W = k[ ]
−γ+1 v
1

42
 k
W= [v21−γ − v11−γ ]
1−γ
1 k k
W= [ γ−1 − ]
1−γ v2 v1 γ−1
PV γ = k
P1 V1 γ = P2 V2 γ=k
1 P2 V2 γ P1 V1 γ
W= [ − ]
1−γ v2 γ−1 v1 γ−1

𝟏
W= [ 𝐏𝟐 𝐕𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 𝐕𝟏 ]
𝟏−𝛄

𝛍𝐑
(or) W = 𝟏−𝛄 [ 𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ]

7.Workdone in an isochoric process is ------------

Zero
8.Work done by the gas in an Isobaric process
Δ W=P ΔV
W = P (𝐕𝟐 − 𝐕𝟏 )
9.Heat engines convert heat energy into -------------------
mechanical energy.
10.Draw a schematic diagram of a heat engine

11. Obtain the equation for efficiency of heat engine

The efficiency (η) of a heat engine is defined by
𝐖
𝛈=
𝐐𝟏
Q1 is the heat absorbed by the system from the source
W is the work done by the system on the environment in a cycle.
W =𝐐𝟏 − 𝐐𝟐

𝐐𝟏 − 𝐐𝟐
𝛈= 𝐐𝟏
𝐐
𝛈 = 𝟏 − 𝐐𝟐
𝟏

43
12.Is it possible for an engine to have 100% efficiency.
Q
No,. Efficiency, η = 1 − 2
Q1
For η = 1 or 100% , Q2 should be zero , which is not possible.
13.Give an example for an external ombustion engine
Eg: steam engine
14.Give an example of an internal combustion engines
Eg: Petrol engine ,Diesel engine.
Chapter 13
Kinetic Theory
1.Write any four postulates of kinetic theory of an Ideal Gas
• A given amount of gas is a collection of a large number of molecules
that are in random motion.
• At ordinary pressure and temperature, the average distance between
molecules is very large compared to the size of a molecule (2 Å).
• The interaction between the molecules is negligible.
• The molecules make elastic collisions with each other and also with
the walls of the container .
• As the collisions are elastic , total kinetic energy and total momentum
are conserved .
• The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas.
2.Derive the expression for pressure of an ideal gas

A gas is enclosed in a cube of side 𝑙

Consider a molecule moving in positive x direction makes an elastic collision
with the wall of thecontainer.
Momentum before collision = mvx
Momentum after collision = −mvx
The change in momentum of the molecule = −mvx −mvx
= −2 mvx
44
By the principle of conservation of momentum
Momentum imparted to wall in the collision = 2mvx

Distnace travelled by the molecule in time Δt = vx Δt

Volume covered by the molecule = Avx Δt
No of molecules in this volume = n Avx Δt
(n is number density of molecules)
Only half of these molecules move in +x direction
1
No of molecules = nA vx Δt
2

The number of molecules with velocity vx hitting the wall in time Δt

1
= nA vx Δt
2

The total momentum transferred to the wall

1
Q = (2mvx ) ( nA vx Δt )
2

Q = nmAvx 2 Δt
Q
The force on the wall, F =
Δt

F = nmAvx 2
F
Pressure, P =
A

P = nmvx 2
All molecules in a gas do not have the same velocity; so average velocity is to
be taken
P= nmv̅̅̅
2
x
̅̅̅
v 2 = ̅̅̅
vx2 + ̅̅̅
vy2 + ̅̅̅
vz2
̅̅̅
vx2 = ̅̅̅
vy2 = ̅̅̅
vz2
̅̅̅
v 2 = 3 ̅̅̅
vx2
̅̅̅ 1 2
vx2 = ̅̅̅
v
3

2 1 ̅̅̅
but v̅̅̅ 2
x = v 3
𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟐
P= nm𝐯
𝟑

45
3.Show that the average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas;
1
P= nmv̅̅̅2
3
1
PV= nVmv̅̅̅2
3
N
n= , N=nV
V
1
PV= Nmv̅̅̅2
3
where N is the number of molecules in the sample.
2 1
PV= (N mv̅̅̅2 )
3 2
The quantity in bracket is the average translational kinetic energy of the
molecules in the gas.
1
N mv̅̅̅2 =E
2
2
PV= E---------------------(1)
3

Ideal gas equation, PV =Nk B T -------------------(2)

2
From eq(1)and (2) E = Nk B T
3
3
E = Nk B T
2
𝟑
E/N = 𝟐 𝐤 𝐁 T
The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
temperature

4.Obtain the expression for Root Mean Square (rms) Speed of a molecule of
an ideal gas
𝟑
E/N = 𝐤 𝐁 T
𝟐
1 3
mv̅̅̅2 = k B T
2 2
3k T
v̅̅̅2 = B
m

𝟑𝐤 𝐁 𝐓
𝐯𝐫𝐦𝐬 = √
𝐦
46
 Chapter 14
Oscillations
1.Define Simple Harmonic Motion(SHM)
Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle subject to a
force, which is proportional to the displacement of the particle and is
directed towards the mean position.
2.Write a mathematical expression for an SHM
x (t) = A cos (ωt + 𝛟)
x (t) =displacement, A=amplitude , ω =angular frequency,
(ωt + ϕ) = phase ,ϕ=phase constant or initial phase angle
3.Write the expression for angular frequency
2𝜋
ω= or ω =2𝜋𝜈
𝑇
where T=period, 𝜈= frequency
Unit of ω is rad/s
Angular frequency is a scalar quantity
𝝅
4.An SHM is given by x = 8 sin(10𝝅𝒕 + ) m
𝟒
Find the (i) amplitude (ii)Angular frequency (iii)period
(iv)frequency(v) initial phase angle or phase constant
𝜋
x = 8 sin(10𝜋𝑡 + )
4
Comparing with general expression for SHM
x (t) = A cos (ωt + ϕ)
(i)Amplitude , A=8 m
(ii)Angular frequency , ω = 10𝜋 rad/s
2𝜋
(iii)ω =
𝑇
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period , T = = =1/5 s
ω 10𝜋
1 5
(iv)Frequency , 𝜈 = = =5Hz
T 1
𝜋
(v)Initial phase angle, ϕ = rad
4

47
5.Derive the expression for period of oscillations of a simple pendulum

The radial component, mg cos𝛉 is cancelled by the tension,T.

The tangential component, mg sin𝛉 produces a restoring torque,
τ = –L (mg sinθ ) --------------(1)
(Where the negative sign indicates that the torque acts to reduce θ.)
For rotational motion we have,
τ = I α -----------------(2)
α is angular acceleration.
From eqn (1) and (2)
I α = –L mg sinθ
–mgL
α= sinθ (since θ is very small, sinθ≈θ)
I
–mgL
α= θ ---------------(3)
I

Acceleration of SHM , a=– ω2 x -------------------(4)

Comparing eqns (3) and (4)
mgL
ω2 =
I
I =mL2
mgL
ω2 =
mL2
g
ω2 =
L
g
ω=√
L

2π 2π
Period, T= =
ω g
√L

𝐋
T = 𝟐𝛑√
𝐠

48
6.What is the length of a simple pendulum, which ticks seconds? Or
What is the length of a seconds pendulum ?
L
T = 2π√
g
l
T 2 = 4π2
g

T2 g
L=
4π2

For seconds pendulum ,T = 2s

22 x 9.8
L=
4 x 3.142

L=0.994≈ 1m

Chapter 15
Waves
1.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along
the positive direction of the x-axis .
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx – ωt + ϕ)

2.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along

the negative direction of the x-axis.
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx +ωt + ϕ)

3.The magnitude of the maximum displacement of the elements from their

equilibrium positions as the wave passes through them is called -----------
Amplitude
4.Define propagation constant or angular wave number
Propagation constant or Angular Wave Number is defined as
𝟐𝝅
k= 𝝀
Its SI unit is radian per metre or rad 𝑚−1
49
5.A wave travelling along a string is described by,
y(x, t) = 0.005 sin (80.0 x – 3.0 t), in which the numerical constants are in
SI units (0.005 m, 80.0 rad 𝒎−𝟏 , and 3.0 rad 𝒔−𝟏 ). Calculate
(a) the amplitude,
(b) the wavelength,
(c) the period and frequency of the wave.
(d) Calculate the displacement y of the wave at a distance
x = 30.0 cm and time t = 20 s ?
Answer
y(x, t) = 0.005 sin (80.0 x – 3.0 t)
Comparing with the general expression for a travelling wave
y (x,t ) = a sin (kx – ωt + ϕ)
(a) Amplitude , a=0.005m

(b) k=80 rad 𝑚−1

2𝜋
but , k=
𝜆
2𝜋
= 80
𝜆
2𝜋
𝜆= =0.0785 m
80

𝝀 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒄𝒎
(c) ω=3
2𝜋
but, ω =
𝑇
2𝜋
=3
𝑇
2𝜋
Period , 𝑇 = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 𝐬
3

Frequency, 𝜈 = 1/T =1/2.09 = 0.48 Hz

(d) y(x, t) = 0.005 sin (80.0 x – 3.0 t)

x = 30.0 cm =0.3m
t = 20 s

50
 y(x, t) = 0.005 sin (80.0 x 0.3 – 3.0 x20)
= (0.005 m) sin (–36 )
= (0.005 m) sin (–36 + 12 𝜋)
12 π is added ,so tht (–36 + 12 π) becomes positive
= (0.005 m) sin (1.699)
= (0.005 m) sin (970 )
= 5 mm
6.Obtain the expression for Speed of a Travelling Wave
Consider a wave propagating in positive x direction with
initial phase ϕ =0
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx – ωt )

Here (kx – ωt ) =constant

𝑑
(kx – ωt ) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
k −ω =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 ω
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑘
𝛚
v=
𝒌
ω = 2𝜋𝜈
2𝜋
k=
𝜆
2𝜋𝜈
v= 2𝜋
𝜆
v=𝝂𝝀
7.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string
𝑻
v=√𝛍
μ = linear mass density or mass per unit length
T=tension on string
8.Write the expression for speed of propagation of a longitudinal wave in a
fluid
𝑩
v=√ 𝛒
B= the bulk modulus of medium
ρ = the density of the medium
51
9.Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar
𝒀
v=√𝛒

Y =Young’s modulus
ρ=density of the medium,
10.Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑷
v=√ 𝛒

P= Pressure of gas
ρ = density of gas
11. Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal
wave in an ideal gas
𝜸𝐏
v=√ 𝛒
P= Pressure of gas
ρ = density of gas
𝐶𝑃
γ=
𝐶𝑉
12.Obtain Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑩
v=√
𝛒

Newton assumed that, the pressure variations in a medium during

propagation of sound are isothermal.
For isothermal process
PV = constant
VΔP + PΔV = 0
−VΔP
=P
ΔV
B =P
𝑷
v=√ 𝛒

52
13.Obtain Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a
longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑩
v=√
𝛒

Laplace that the pressure variations in the propagation of sound waves are
so fast that there is little time for the heat flow to maintain constant
temperature. These variations, therefore, are adiabatic and not isothermal.
For adiabatic processes
P𝑉 𝛾 = constant
Δ P𝑉 𝛾 =0
P𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 - 𝑉 𝛾 Δ P =0
P 𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 ΔV = 𝑉 𝛾 Δ P
−𝑉 𝛾 ΔP
𝛾P=
𝑉 𝛾−1 ΔV
−VΔP
𝛾P= =B
ΔV
B=𝛾P
𝜸𝐏
v=√ 𝛒

14.The speed of sound in air at STP = ---------------

331.3 m 𝒔−𝟏

53