Solutions MODULE - 3

States of Matter

8
Notes

COLLOIDS

You are familiar with solutions. They play an important role in our life. A large
number of substances such as milk, butter, cheese, cream, coloured gems, boot
polish, rubber, ink also play an important role in our daily life. They are mixtures of
special type. They are colloidal solutions. The term colloid has been derived from
two terms, namely colla and oids. ‘Kolla’ means glue and ‘Oids’ means like i.e.
glue-like. The size of the particles in colloidal solutions is bigger than the size of
particles present in solutions of sugar or salt in water but smaller than the size of
particles in suspensions. In this lesson you will learn about the methods of preparation,
properties and applications of colloidal solutions.

OBJECTIVES
After reading this lesson you will be able to:
z explain the difference between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension;
z identify phases of colloidal solution;
z classify colloidal solutions;
z describe methods of preparation of colloids;
z explain some properties of colloidal solutions;
z explain Hardy Schultz Rule;
z recognise the difference between gel and emulsion;
z cite examples of the application of colloids in daily life; and
z define nano materials and list some of their properties.

8.1 DISTINCTION BETWEEN A TRUE SOLUTION,

COLLOIDAL SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
You may recall that solution of sugar in water is homogeneous but milk is not.
When you closely look at milk you can see oil droplets floating in it. Thus, although
it appears to be homogenous it is actually heterogenous in nature. The nature of

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the solution formed depends upon the size of the solute particles. If the size of
the solute particles is less than 1 nm it will form true solution but when the size
is between 1 to 100 nm then it will form colloidal solution. When the size of
solute particles is greater than 100 nm it will form a suspension. Therefore we
may conclude that colloidal solution is an intermediate state between true solution
and suspension (Table 8.1).
Notes Table 8.1: Some important properties of true solutions, colloids
and suspensions

Name of True Solution Colloids Solution Suspension

S.No.
Property

1. Size Size of particles is Size of particles is Size of particles is

less than 1 nm between 1nm and greater than 100
100 nm. nm.
2. Filterability Pass through Pass through Do not pass
ordinary ordinary filter paper through filter paper
filter paper and also but not through or
through animal animal membrane. animal membrane.
membrane.
3. Settling Particles do not Particles do not settle Particles settle
settle down on down on their own down on their own
keeping but can be made to under gravity.
settle down by
centrifugation.
4. Visibility Particles are Particles are invisible Particles are visible
invisible to the naked eye but to the naked eye.
to the naked eye as their scattering effect
well as under a can be observed with
microscope. the help of a
microscope.
5. Separation The solute and The solute and The solute and
solvent cannot be solvent cannot be solvent can be
separated by separated separated by
ordinary filteration by ordinary filteration ordinary filteration.
or by ultra but can be separated
filteration. by ultra-filteration.
6. Diffusion Diffuse quickly Diffuse slowly Do not diffuse

8.2 PHASES OF COLLOIDS SOLUTION

Colloids solutions are heterogenous in nature and always consist of at least two
phases : the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.
z Dispersed Phase : It is the substance present in small proportion and consists
of particles of colloids size (1 to 100 nm).

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z Dispersion Medium : It is the medium in which the colloids particles are
dispersed. For example, in a colloidal solution of sulphur in water, sulphur
particles constitute the ‘dispersed phase’ and water is the ‘dispersion medium’.
Each of the two phases namely, dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be
solid, liquid or gas. Thus, different types of colloidal solutions are possible
depending upon the physical state of the two phases. Different types of colloidal
solutions and their examples are shown in Table 8.2. You should note that gases Notes
cannot form a colloidal solution between themselves, because they form
homogenous mixtures.
Table 8.2 : Types of Colloidal Solutions
S.No. Dispersed Dispersion Type of Examples
Phase Medium Colloidal Solution

1. Solid Solid Solid sol. Gemstones,

2. Solid Liquid Sol Paints, muddy water,
gold sol, starch sol,
arsenious sulphide sol.
3. Solid Gas Aerosol of solids Smoke, dust in air
4. Liquid Solid Gel Jellies, Cheese
5. Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, Cream
6. Liquid Gas Aerosol Mist, fog, cloud
7. Gas Solid Solid foam Foam rubber,
pumice stone
8. Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream

Out of the various types of colloidal solutions listed above, the most common are
sols (solid in liquid type), gels (liquid in solid type) and emulsions (liquid in
liquid type). If the dispersion medium is water then the ‘sol’ is called a hydrosol;
and if the dispersion medium is alcohol then the ‘sol’ is called an alcosol.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.1

1. Classify the following into suspension, colloidal solution and true solution.
milk, sugar in water, clay in water, blood, boot polish, sand in water, face
cream, jelly, foam.
2. Give one example each of
(a) Sol (b) Gel (c) Aerosol (d) Emulsion
3. What is the difference between an alcosol and hydrosol?
4. How does colloidal solution differ from true solution.

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8.3 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
Colloidal solutions can be classified in different ways :
(a) on the basis of interaction between the phases.
(b) on the basis of molecular size.

8.3.1 Classification Based Upon Interaction

Notes
Depending upon the interaction between dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium colloidal solutions have been classified into two categories.
(a) Lyophilic colloids : The word 'Lyophilic' means solvent lover. Lyophilic
colloidal solutions are those in which the dispersed phase have a great
affinity (or love) for the dispersion medium. Substances like gum, gelatine,
starch etc when mixed with suitable dispersion medium, directly pass into
colloidal state and form colloidal solution. Therefore, such solutions are
easily formed simply by bringing dispersed phase and dispersion medium
in direct contact with each other. However, these colloidal solutions have
an important property i.e. they are reversible in nature. This means that once
lyophilic colloidal solution has been formed then dispersed phase and
dispersion medium can be separated easily. Once separated these can again
be formed by remixing the two phases. These sols are quite stable.
If water is used as dispersion medium then it is termed as hydrophilic
colloid.
(b) Lyophobic Colloids : The word 'Lyophobic' means solvent hating. Lyophobic
colloidal solutions are those in which the dispersed phase has no affinity
for the dispersion medium. Metals like Au, Ag and their hydroxides or
sulphides etc., when simply mixed with dispersion medium do not pass
directly into colloidal state. These sols have to be prepared by special
methods. These sols can be readily precipitated and once precipitated they
have little tendency to go back into the colloidal state. Thus these sols are
irreversible in nature. Also they are not very stable and require a stabilizing
agent to remain in the colloidal form. In case water is used as dispersion
medium it is called as hydrophobic sol.

8.3.2 Classification Based on Molecular Size

Depending upon the molecular size the colloids have been classified as
(a) Macromolecular colloids – In this type of colloids the size of the particles of
the dispersed phase are big enough to fall in the colloidal dimension as
discussed earlier (i.e. 1–100 nm)
Examples of naturally occurring macromolecular colloids are starch,
cellulose, proteins etc.

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(b) Multi molecular colloids – Here individually the atoms are not of colloidal
size but they aggregate to join together forming a molecule of colloidal
dimension. For example sulphur sol contains aggregates of S8 molecules
which fall in colloidal dimension.
(c) Associated colloids – These are substances which behave as normal
electrolyte at low concentration but get associated at higher concentration
to form miscelle and behave as colloidal solution. Soap is an example. Soap Notes
is sodium salt of long chain fatty acid R COONa. When put in water, soap
forms RCOO— and Na+. These RCOO— ions associate themselves around
dirt particles as shown below forming a miscelle (Fig. 8.1).
+
Na
Water COO–
+ +
Na – Na
COO– COO
Miscelle
+
COO– Na
–
COO
Na+

COO– +
COO– Na
Na+ COO
–

Na+

Fig.8.1 : Aggregation of RCOO– ions to form a micelle.

8.4 PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

As discussed earlier, the lyophilic sols can be prepared directly by mixing the
dispersed phase with the dispersion medium. For example, colloidal solutions of
starch, gelatin, gum etc. are prepared by simply dissolving these substances in
hot water. Similarly, a colloidal sol of cellulose nitrate is obtained by dissolving it
in alcohol. The resulting solution is called collodion.
However, lyophobic colloids cannot be prepared by direct method.
Hence two types of methods are used for preparing lyophobic colloids. These
are:
(i) Physical methods
(ii) Chemical methods
(i) Physical methods
These methods are employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals like gold,
silver, platinum etc. (Fig. 8.2)

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+ Electrodes –

Dispersion medium

Ice-Bath
Notes

Fig. 8.2 : Preparation of colloidal solution by Bredig’s Arc Method

An electric arc is struck between the two metallic electrodes placed in a container
of water. The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into vapours, which are
condensed immediately in the cold water bath. This results in the formation of
particles of colloidal size. We call it as metal sol. e.g. gold sol.
Peptisation : Peptisation is the process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate
into colloidal form by the addition of a suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte is
called peptising agent. For example when ferric chloride is added to a precipitate
of ferric hydroxide, ferric hydroxide gets converted into reddish brown coloured
colloidal solution. This is due to preferential adsorption of cations of the electrolyte
by the precipitate. When FeCl3 is added to Fe(OH)3, Fe3+ ions from FeCl3 are
adsorbed by Fe(OH)3 particles. Thus the Fe(OH)3 particles acquire + ve charge
and they start repelling each other forming a colloidal solution.
(ii) Chemical Methods : By oxidation
Sulphur sol is obtained by bubbling H2S gas through the solution of an oxidizing
agent like HNO3 or Br2 water, etc. according to the following equation :
Br2 + H2S → S + 2 HBr
2 HNO3 + H2S → 2 H2O + 2 NO2 + S
Fe(OH)3 sol, As2 S3 sol can also be prepared by chemical methods.

8.5 PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION

When a colloidal solution is prepared it contains certain impurities. These impurities
are mainly electrolytic in nature and they tend to destabilise the colloidal solutions.
Therefore colloidal solutions are purified by the following methods:
(i) Dialysis
(ii) Electrodialysis
Dialysis : The process of dialysis is based on the fact that colloidal particles
cannot pass through parchment or cellophane membrane while the ions of the

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electrolyte can. The colloidal solution is taken in a bag of cellophane which is
suspended in a tub full of fresh water. The impurities diffuse out leaving pure
coloidal solution in the bag (Fig. 8.3). This process of separating the particles of
colloids from impurities by means of diffusion through a suitable membrane is
called dialysis.

Notes

Water

Dialysis
Bag

Fig. 8.3 : A dialyser

Electrodialysis : The dialysis process is slow and to speed up its rate, it is carried
out in the presence of an electrical field. When the electric field is applied through
the electrodes, the ions of the electrolyte present as impurity diffuse towards
oppositely charged electrodes at a fast rate. The dialysis carried out in the presence
of electric field is known as electrodialysis (Fig. 8.4).

– +

Addition of
Impure sol Water
Funnel

Electrodes

Colloid
Crystalloid
Solution of Crystalloid
in water
Cellophane bag or
Parchment paper bag

Fig. 8.4 : Electrodialysis

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The most important use of dialysis is the purification of blood in the artificial
kidney machine. The dialysis membrane allows the small particles (ions etc.) to
pass through, whereas large size particles like haemoglobin do not pass through
the membrane.

Notes INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.2

1. Name two colloids that can be prepared by Bredig’s Arc method.
2. Name two colloids that can be prepared by chemical methods.
3. Differentiate between (a) Lyophilic and Lyophobic sol. (b) macromolecular
and multimolecular colloids.
4. Explain the formation of miscelle.

8.6 PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

The properties of colloids are discussed below :
a) Heterogeneous character : Colloidal particles remain within their own
boundary surfaces which separates them from the dispersion medium. So a
colloidal system is a heterogeneous mixture of two phases. The two phases
are dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
b) Brownian movement : It is also termed as Brownian motion and is named
after its discoverer Robert Brown (a Botanist.)
Brownian Motion is the zig-zag movement of colloidal particles in continuous
and random manner (Fig. 8.5). Brownian motion arises because of the impact
of the molecules of the dispersion medium on the particles of dispersed
phase. The forces are unequal in different directions. Hence it causes the
particles to move in a zig-zag way.

Fig. 8.5 : Brownian Movement

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c) Tyndall Effect : Tyndall in 1869, observed that if a strong beam of light is
passed through a colloidal solution then the path of light is illuminated. This
phenomenon is called Tyndall Effect. This phenomenon is due to scattering
of light by colloidal particles (fig.8.6). The same effect is noticed when a
beam of light enters a dark room through a slit and becomes visible. This
happens due to the scattering of light by particles of dust in the air.

+ –
Notes

Electrode

Coagulated sol
particles

As2S3 sol
(negatively charged)

Fig. 8.6 : The Tyndall Effect

d) Electrical Properties : The colloidal particles are electrically charged and

carry the same type of charge, either negative or positive. The dispersion
medium has an equal and opposite charge. The colloidal particles therefore
repel each other and do not cluster together to settle down. For example,
arsenious sulphide sol, gold sol, silver sol, etc. contain negatively charged
colloidal particles whereas ferric hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide etc. contain
positively charged colloidal particles. Origin of charge on colloidal particles
is due to:

+ –

Electrode

Coagulated sol
particles

As2S3 sol
(negatively charged)

Fig. 8.7 : A set up for Electrophoresis

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(a) Preferential adsorption of cations or anions by colloidal particles.
(b) Miscelles carry a charge on them due to dissociation.
(c) During the formation of colloids especially by Bredig arc method,
colloidal particles capture electrons and get charged. The existence
of charge on a colloidal particle is shown by a process called
electrophoresis.
Notes
Electrophoresis is a process which involves the movement of colloidal
particles either towards cathode or anode under the influence of
electrical field. The apparatns used is as shown in Fig 8.7.

8.7 COAGULATION OR PRECIPITATION

The stability of the lyophobic sols is due to the presence of charge on colloidal
particles. If, somehow, the charge is removed, the particles will come nearer
to each other to form aggregates (or coagulate) and settle down under the force
of gravity.
The process of settling of colloidal particles is called coagulation or
precipitation of the sol.
The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out in the following ways:
(i) By electrophoresis: The colloidal particles move towards oppositely
charged electrodes, get discharged and precipitated.
(ii) By mixing two oppositely charged sols: Oppositely charged sols when
mixed in almost equal proportions, neutralise their charges and get partially
or completely precipitated. Mixing of hydrated ferric oxide (+ve sol) and
arsenious sulphide (–ve sol) bring them in the precipitated forms. This type
of coagulation is called mutual coagulation.
(iii) By boiling: When a sol is boiled, the adsorbed layer is disturbed due to
increased collisions with the molecules of dispersion medium. This reduces
the charge on the particles and ultimately lead to settling down in the form
of a precipitate.
(iv) By addition of electrolytes: When excess of an electrolyte is added, the
colloidal particles are precipitated. The reason is that colloids interact with
ions carrying charge opposite to that present on themselves. This causes
neutralisation leading to their coagulation.
The ion responsible for neutralisation of charge on the particles is called
the coagulating ion. A negative ion causes the precipitation of positively
charged sol and vice versa.

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It has been observed that, generally, the greater the valence of the
flocculating ion added, the greater is its power to cause precipitation.
This is known as Hardy-Schulze rule. In the coagulation of a negative
sol, the flocculating power is in the order:
Al3+>Ba2+>Na+
Similarly, in the coagulation of a positive sol, the flocculating power is in Notes
the order:
[Fe(CN)6]4– > PO43– > SO42– > Cl–
The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre required
to cause precipitation of a sol in two hours is called coagulating value. The
smaller the quantity needed, the higher will be the coagulating power of
an ion.

8.7.1 Coagulation of lyophilic sols

There are mainly two factors which are responsible for the stability of lyophilic
sols. These factors are the charge and solvation of the colloidal particles. When
these two factors are removed, a lyophilic sol can be coagulated. This is done
(i) by adding an electrolyte and (ii) by adding a suitable solvent. When solvents
such as alcohol and acetone are added to hydrophilic sols, the dehydration of
dispersed phase occurs. Under this condition, a small quantity of electrolyte can
bring about coagulation.

Protection of colloids
Lyophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic sols. This is due to the fact that
lyophilic colloids are extensively solvated, i.e., colloidal particles are covered
by a sheath of the liquid in which they are dispersed.

Lyophilic colloids have a unique property of protecting lyophobic colloids. When

a lyophilic sol is added to the lyophobic sol, the lyophilic particles form a layer
around lyophobic particles and thus protect the latter from electrolytes.
Lyophilic colloids used for this purpose are called protective colloids.

8.8 APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

Colloids play a very important role in our daily life. Some of these applications
are discussed below:
(i) Sewage disposal : Colloidal particles of dirt, etc. carry electric charge. When
sewage is allowed to pass through metallic plates kept at a high potential,

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the colloidal particles move to the oppositely charged electrode and get
precipitated there. Hence sewage water is purified.
(ii) Purification of Water in Wells : When alum is added to muddy water, the
negatively charged particles of the colloid are neutralized by Al3+ ions. Hence
the mud particles settle down and the water can be filtered and used.

Notes
High voltage electrode
(30000 volts or more)

Gases free from

carbon particles

Smoke
Precipitated carbon.
X X XX X X X X XXX X X X

Fig.8.8 : Cottrell smoke precipitator

(iii) Smoke Precipitation : Smoke particles are actually electrically charged

colloidal particles of carbon in air. Precipitation of this carbon is done in a
Cottrell’s Precipitator. Smoke from chimneys is allowed to pass through a
chamber having a number of metallic plates connected to a source of high
potential as shown in Fig. 8.8. Charged particles of smoke get attracted to
the oppositively charged electrode and get precipitated and hot purified air
passes out.
Other applications in day to day life are :
(i) Photography : A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatin is applied on
glass plates or celluloid films to form photo-senstive plates in photography.
(ii) Clotting of Blood : Blood is a colloidal solution and is negatively charged.
On applying a solution of FeCl3 bleeding stops and clotting of the colloidal
particles of blood takes place.
(iii) Rubber Plating : Latex is a colloidal solution of negatively charged rubber
particles. The object to be rubber plated is made the anode in the rubber
plating bath. The negatively charged rubber particles move towards the anode
and get deposited on it.

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(iv) Blue Colour of Sky : Have you ever wondered why is the sky blue? It is
because the colloidal dust particles floating about in the sky scatter blue
light, that makes the sky appear blue. In the absence of these colloidal particles
the sky would have appeared dark throughout.

8.8 EMULSION AND GEL

Emulsions are colloidal solutions in which both the dispersed phase and dispersion Notes
medium are liquids. However, the two liquids are immiscible, as miscible liquids
will form true solution.
Emulsion are of two kinds :
(a) Oil-in-water emulsion : Here the dispersed phase is oil while the dispersion
medium is water. Milk is an example of this kind as in milk liquid fats are
dispersed in water. Vanishing cream is another example.
(b) Water-in-oil emulsion : Here dispersed phase is water and dispersion
medium is oil. Butter, cod- liver oil, cold creams are examples of this type.
The liquids forming emulsion i.e. oil and water will separate out on keeping as
they are immiscible. Therefore an emulsifying agent or emulsifier is added to
stabilise the emulsion. Soap is a common emulsifier. The preparation of emulsion
in the presence of an emulsifier is called emulsification.
How does an emulsifier work? It is believed that an emulsifier gets concentrated
at the interface between oil and water i.e. the surface at which oil and water come
in contact with each other. It acts as a binder between oil and water.
Applications of Emulsions - Emulsions play very important role in our daily
life. Some of the common applications are given below :
1. The cleansing action of soap and synthetic detergents for washing clothes,
bathing etc is based upon the formation of oil in water type emulsion.
2. Milk is an emulsion of fat in water. Milk cream and butter are also emulsions.
3. Various cold creams, vanishing creams, body lotions etc. are all emulsions.
4. Various oily drugs such as cod liver oil are administered in the form of
emulsion for their better and faster absorption. Some ointments are also in
the form of emulsions.
5. The digestion of fats in the intestine occurs by the process of emulsification.
6. Emulsions are used for concentrating the sulphide ores by froth flotation
process. Finely powdered ore is treated with an oil emulsion and the mixture
is vigorously agitated by compressed air when the ore particles are carried
to the surface and removed.

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Gels - Gels are the type of colloids in which the dispersed phase is a liquid and the
dispersion medium is a solid. Cheese, jelly, boot polish are common examples of
gel. Most of the commonly used gels are hydrophilic colloidal solution in which
a dilute solution, under suitable conditions set as elastic semi solid masses. For
example 5% aqueous solution of gelatin in water on cooling forms the jelly block.
Gels may shrink on keeping by loosing some of the liquid held by them. This is
Notes known as syneresis or resetting on standing.
Gels are divided in two categories elastic gels and non elastic gels. Elastic gels
are reversible. When partly dehydrated on loosing water, they change back into
the original form on addition of water. The non elastic gels are not reversible.
Gels are useful in many ways. Silica, cheese, jelly, boot polish, curd are commonly
used gels. Solidified alcohol fuel is a gel of alcohol in calcium acetate.

8.9 NANO MATERIALS

In recent past nano materials have attracted enormous interest because of their
potential for wide ranging applications in number of fields like medicine,
electronics and various industries. They can be metals, ceramics, polymeric
materials or composite materials.
A material containing particles with dimension in the size range 1 nm – 100
nm in atleast one direction is termed as nano material. One nanometre is
10–9m which is extremely small in size. It is about the size of three to five atoms
lined up in a row.
Nano materials have been produced and in use for hundreds of years. The
beautiful ruby red colour of some types of glass is due to the presence of nano
particles of gold in it. The decorative lusture found on some articles of medieval
pottery is due to nano particles of some metals in the glaze.
Nano materials fall in two categories (i)fullerenes and (ii) inorganic nano
materials.

(i) Fullerenes
Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon which are hollow carbon spheres consisting
of large number of carbon atoms bonded chemically like C60.

(ii) Inorganic nano particles

Inorganic nano particles are made of metals, semiconductors or oxides with
peculiar electrical, mechanical, optical or chemical properties.

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Properties
Nanomaterials are available in great variety and the range of their properties
and possible applications is enormous.
(i) They are used for making miniature batteries, super absorbents, extremely
tiny electronic devices, parts of automobiles and as packaging films.
(ii) Nanocapsules and nanodevices present new possibilities for drug delivery,
Notes
gene therapy, and medical diagnostics.
(iii) Nanocomposites are obtained by mixing a small quantity of nano material
to polymers. For example, adding such small amounts as 2% by volume
of silicate nanoparticles to a polyimide resin increases the latter’s strength
by 100%. Addition of nanoparticles not only improves the mechanical
properties, but has also been shown to improve thermal stability.
(iv) Nano materials generally have high plasticity.
(v) Due to their large surface, nanoparticles made of transition element oxides
exhibit catalytic properties
(vi) Magnetic nanoparticles show super paramagnetism and have lead to the
discovery of a new class of permanent magnetic materials.

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

z Size of the particles in the colloidal state is intermediate between that of
suspension and true solution.
z There are eight different types of colloidal systems.
z Sols are classified on the basis of (a) interaction between dispersed phase and
dispersion medium (b) molecular size of dispersed phase.
z Colloidal solutions are prepared by physical and chemical methods.
z The zig zag motion of colloidal particles is called Brownian motion.
z Colloidal size particles scatter light and so the path of light becomes visible in
a semi darkened room due to dust particles.
z Colloidal particles may carry electric charge.
z A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in another liquid is called an emulsion.
z A colloidal solution of a liquid dispersed in a solid medium is called a gel.
z Colloids are extremely useful to mankind both in daily life and in industry.
z Nano materials contain particles with dimension of 1–100 mm in atleast in
one direction. They have special properties and find many applications.

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TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. List three differences between a true solution and a colloidal solution.
2. Describe one method of preparation of
(a) a lyophilic colloid (b) a lyophobic colloid
Notes
3. What are associated colloids?
4. What is Brownian motion? How does it originate?
5. Why bleeding from a fresh cut stops on applying alum?
6. Two beakers A and B contain ferric hydroxide sol and NaCl solution
respectively. When a beam of light is allowed to converge on them, (in a
darkened room), beam of light is visible in beaker A but not in breaker B.
Give the reason. What is this effect called?
7. Define the following terms and give two examples of each
(i) Gel (ii) Sol
8. Describe two important applications of colloidal solutions.
9. Give two examples of emulsions used in daily life.
10. Explain the role of emulsifier in an emulsion?
11. What are nano materials? Give their three applications.

ANSWERS TO THE INTEXT QUESTIONS

8.1
1. Suspension – Clay in water, Sand in water
Colloidal – Milk, Blood, Boot polish, Face Cream, Jelly, Foam.
True Solution – Sugar in water
2. Sol – Starch in water
Gel – Silica gel
Aerosol – Fog
Emulsion – Milk
3. Alcosol – When alcohol is the dispersion medium.
Hydrosol – When water is the dispersion medium.

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4. True solution Colloidal solution
1. Size of solute in less than 1 nm. 1. Particle size (1–100) nm.
2. Form transparent solution and 2. Path of light becomes visible.
allows light to pass through them.

8.2
1. Gold sol, Platinum sol Notes

2. As2S3, Fe(OH)3 (Arsenious sulphide sol, ferric hydroxide sol)

3. (a) Lyophilic sol :
1. easy to prepare
2. affinity between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
3. Reversible
Lyophobic
1. special method used for preparation
2. No affinity between the two phases.
3. Not reversible
(b) Macromolecular – The size of the colloidal particles large enough to fall in
the colloidal dimensions.
Multimolecular – Individually the particles are not of colloidal dimensions
but they aggregate to join together to form molecules of colloidal size.
4. Refer to section 8.3.2 (c)

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09. Chemical Thermodynamics

10. Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions