Lab Report Eca

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PROJECT REPORT
Electric machines
LAB REPORT
Prepared for
ENGR.ABDULLAH SHOUKAT
COMSATS University
Prepared by
SYED TAHIR
OSAMA QAISER
DANIAL AHMED KHAN
SPEED CONTROL OF AC MOTOR
USING TRIAC
GROUP MEMBERS:
 SYED TAHIR 4BEE-058

 DANIAL AHMED KHAN 4BEE-018
 USAMA QAISER 4BEE-107
FOOD FOR THOUGHT:
Inverters are often needed at places where it is not possible to

get AC supply from the Mains. An inverter circuit is used to
convert the DC power to AC power. Inverters can be of two
types True/pure sine wave inverters and quasi or modified
inverters. These true /pure sine wave inverters are costly, while
modified or quasi inverters are inexpensive.
BASIC PRINCIPLE:
The basic principle behind every inverter circuit is to produce

oscillations using the given DC and apply these oscillations
across the primary of the transformer by amplifying the current.
This primary voltage is then stepped up to a higher voltage
depending upon the number of turns in primary and secondary
coils.
COMPONENTS:
THE BASIC COMPONENTS USE IN THIS PROJECT ARE:
 CAPACITORS-(0.1UF)
 RESISTORS-(10KOHMS,100KOHMS POTS)
 TRIAC-(BT136) TRIODE
 DIAC-(DB3)
 SUPPLY 220 AC
 INDUCTION MOTOR-(200 WATTS)
INVERTER:
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or

circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depend on the design of the specific
device or circuitry.
FACT:
Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more

complicated. One method of DC-to-DC conversion first converts
power to AC (using a device called aninverter), then uses
a transformer to change the voltage, and finally rectifies power
back to DC.
TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from
one circuit to another by magnetic coupling with no moving
parts. A transformer comprises two or more coupled windings,
or a single tapped winding and, in most cases, a magnetic core to
concentrate magnetic flux.
Transformers alone CANNOT convert AC to DC or DC to AC;
they cannot change the voltage or current of DC; they cannot
change the AC supply frequency. However transformers are
used as components in systems that perform these functions.
CENTER TAPED TRANSFORMER:
A Centre Tapped transformer works in more or less the same

way as a usual transformer. The difference lies in just the fact
that its secondary winding is divided into two parts, so two
individual voltages can be acquired across the two line ends.
The internal process is the same, which is when an alternating
current is supplied to the primary winding of the transformer it
creates a magnetic flux in the core, and when the secondary
winding is brought near, an alternating magnetic flux is also
induced in the secondary winding as the flux flows through the
ferromagnetic iron core and changes its direction with each and
every cycle of the alternating current. In this way an
alternating current also flows through the two halves of the
secondary winding of the transformer and flows to the external
circuit.
12+12 Volt Transformer:
A centre-tapped transformer also known as two phase three
wire transformer is normally used for rectifier circuits. When a
digital project has to work with AC mains a Transformer is used
to step-down the voltage (in our case, to 24V or 12V) and then
convert it to DC by using a rectifier circuit. In a center-tapped
transformer the peak inverse voltage is twice as in bridge
rectifier hence this transformer is commonly used in full wave
rectifier circuits.
NMOs:
NMOS is nothing but negative channel metal oxide
semiconductor; it is pronounced as en-moss. It is a type of
semiconductor that charges negatively. So that transistors are
turned ON/OFF by the movement of electrons. In contrast,
Positive channel MOS -PMOS works by moving electron
vacancies.
NMOS Inverter:
An inverter circuit o/p a voltage representing the opposite logic-
level to its i/p. The NMOS inverter diagram is shown below
which is constructed using a single NMOS transistor coupled
with a transistor.
NMOS
CENTER TAPPED
EXPLANATION:
The circuit can be divided into three parts: oscillator, amplifier

and transformer. A 50Hz oscillator is required as the frequency
of AC supply is 50Hz.This can be achieved by constructing an
Astable multivibrator which produces a square wave at 50Hz. In
the circuit, R1, R2, R3, R4, C1, C2, T2 and T3 form the
oscillator.Each transistor produces inverting square waves. The
values of R1, R2 and C1 (R4, R3 and C2 are identical) will
decide the frequency. The formula for the frequency of square
wave generated by the astable multivibrator is
F = 1/(1.38*R2*C1)
The inverting signals from the oscillator are amplified by the

Power MOSFETS T1 and T4. These amplified signals are given
to the step-up transformer with its center tap connected to 12V
DC. The turns ratio of the transformer must be 1:19 in order to
convert 12V to 220V. The transformer combines both the
inverting signals to generate a 220V alternating square wave
output.
Switching Circuit Design:
Our main aim is to develop an AC signal of 220V. This requires

use of high power transistors to allow the flow of maximum
amount of current to the load. For this reason we use a power
transistor TIP41 with a maximum collector current of 6A, where
the base current is given by the collector current divided by the
DC current gain. This gives a bias current of about 0.4A *10,
i.e.4A. However since this current is more than the maximum
base current of the transistor, we prefer a value less than the
maximum base current. Let us assume the bias current to be 1A.
The bias resistor is then given by
Rb = (Vcc – VBE(ON))/Ibias
Output Load Design:
Since the output from the switching circuit is a pulse width

modulated output, it might contain harmonic frequencies other
than the fundamental AC frequency. For this reason, an
electrolyte capacitor needs to be used to allow only the
fundamental frequency to pass through it. Here we use an
electrolyte capacitor of 2200uF, large enough to filter out the
harmonics. Since it is required to get 220V output, it is preferred
to use a step up transformer. Here a 12V/220V step up
transformer is used.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 1:circuit diagram
Figure 2:component level diagram

:
SIMULUTIONS:
FIGURE:proteus implement
APPLICATIONS OF 12V TO 220V
CONVERTER/INVERTER
 This circuit can be used in cars and other vehicles to charge

small batteries.
 This circuit can be used to drive low power AC motors
 It can be used in solar power system.
FIGURE:CIRCUITRY

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 SYED TAHIR 4BEE-058

Inverters are often needed at places where it is not possible to

The basic principle behind every inverter circuit is to produce

THE BASIC COMPONENTS USE IN THIS PROJECT ARE:

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or

Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more

A Centre Tapped transformer works in more or less the same

The circuit can be divided into three parts: oscillator, amplifier

The inverting signals from the oscillator are amplified by the

Switching Circuit Design:

Our main aim is to develop an AC signal of 220V. This requires

Rb = (Vcc – VBE(ON))/Ibias

Output Load Design:

Since the output from the switching circuit is a pulse width

Figure 1:circuit diagram

Figure 2:component level diagram

 This circuit can be used in cars and other vehicles to charge

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