UML-Class Diagrams

UML Diagram
• A UML diagram is a diagram based on the UML (Unified
Modeling Language) with the purpose of visually representing
a system along with its main actors, roles, actions, artifacts or
classes, in order to better understand, alter, maintain, or
document information about the system.
• UML diagrams describe the boundary, structure, and the
behavior of the system and the objects within it. UML is not a
programming language but there are tools that can be used to
generate code in various languages using UML diagrams.
 Order placement problem
• A Company has two types of customers,
corporate customers and personal customers.
All customers can place orders. Every order is
placed by a customer. Every order has a
unique order number and the order is
confirmed by the payment. Identify the
classes and their relationships.
 Modeling
• Describing a system at a high level of
abstraction
– A model of the system
– Used for requirements and specifications

• Is it necessary to model software systems?

Ans: Yes if you need Quality development
process
 What is UML?
• UML stands for “Unified Modeling Language”

• It is a industry-standard graphical language for

specifying, visualizing, constructing, and
documenting the artifacts of software systems

• The UML uses mostly graphical notations to

express the OO analysis and design of software
projects.

• Simplifies the complex process of software

design
 Why UML for Modeling

• Use graphical notation to communicate more clearly

than natural language (imprecise) and code(too
detailed).

• Help acquire an overall view of a system.

• UML is not dependent on any one language or

technology.

• UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.

 Class diagram
• Used for describing structure and behavior in
the use cases
• Provide a conceptual model of the system in
terms of entities and their relationships
• Used for requirement capture, end-user
interaction
• Detailed class diagrams are used for
developers
 Class representation
• Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three
compartments
– Name
– Attributes
– Operations
• Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
– ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
– ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
– ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
• By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.
 An example of Class

Name
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
Attributes
- Balance
+addFunds( ) Operations
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
 OO Relationships

• There are two kinds of Relationships

– Generalization (parent-child relationship)
– Association (student enrolls in course)
• Associations can be further classified as
– Aggregation
– Composition
 OO Relationships: Generalization

Supertype Example: Customer

Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer

Subtype1 Subtype2
or: Customer
- Generalization expresses a
parent/child relationship among related
classes.
- Used for abstracting details in several Regular Loyalty
layers Customer Customer
 OO Relationships: Association

• Represent relationship between instances of

classes
– Student enrolls in a course
– Courses have students
– Courses have exams
– Etc.
• Association has two ends
– Role names (e.g. enrolls)
– Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many students)
– Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)
 OO Relationships: Aggregation
Container Class
Class C Aggregation: expresses a relationship among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of Container-
AGGREGATION Containee
relationship.

It expresses a relationship where an instance of the

Class E1 Class E2 Container-class has the responsibility to hold and maintain
instances of each Containee-class that have been created
outside the auspices of the Container-class.
Containee Classes
Aggregation should be used to express a more informal
relationship than composition expresses. That is, it is an
appropriate relationship where the Container and its
Containees can be manipulated independently.
Example
Bag
Aggregation is appropriate when Container and
Containees have no special access privileges to each other.

Apples Milk

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

 OO Relationships: Composition
Composition: expresses a relationship among instances
Whole Class of related classes. It is a specific kind of Whole-Part
Class W relationship.

It expresses a relationship where an instance of the

Whole-class has the responsibility to create and initialize
instances of each Part-class.

Class P1 Class P2 It may also be used to express a relationship where instances

of the Part-classes have privileged access or visibility to
certain attributes and/or behaviors defined by the
Part Classes Whole-class.

Composition should also be used to express relationship where

Example instances of the Whole-class have exclusive access to and
control of instances of the Part-classes.
Automobile
Composition should be used to express a relationship where
the behavior of Part instances is undefined without being
related to an instance of the Whole. And, conversely, the
behavior of the Whole is ill-defined or incomplete if one or
more of the Part instances are undefined.
Engine Transmission

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

 Aggregation vs. Composition

•Composition is really a strong form of aggregation

•components have only one owner
•components cannot exist independent of their owner
•components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared with
other cars.

•Aggregations may form "part of" the aggregate, but may not
be essential to it. They may also exist independent of the
aggregate.
e.g. Apples may exist independent of the bag.
Order placement problem-Class diagram
 Association: Multiplicity and Roles

student
1 *

University Person

0..1 *
employer teacher

Role
Multiplicity
SymbolMeaning
1 One and only one Role
0..1 Zero or one “A given university groups many people; some
M..N From M to N (natural language)
act as students, others as teachers. A given
student belongs to a single university; a given
* From zero to any positive integer teacher may or may not be working for the
0..* From zero to any positive integer university at a particular time.”
1..* From one to any positive integer
 More Example on Class Diagram
Name Order class
-dateReceived
Multiplicity: mandatory
Attributes -isPrepaid Customer
-number :String
-price : Money
* 1 -name
-address
+dispatch() Association +creditRating() : String()
Operations +close()

1
{if Order.customer.creditRating is Generalization
"poor", then Order.isPrepaid must
be true }

Corporate Customer Personal Customer

-contactName -creditCard#
Constraint -creditRating
-creditLimit
Multiplicity: (inside braces{}}
+remind()
Many value +billForMonth(Integer)

0..1
Multiplicity:
optional *
Employee
*
OrderLine
-quantity: Integer 1
-price: Money * Product
-isSatisfied: Boolean

[from UML Distilled Third Edition]

 Association: Model to Implementation
* 4
Student Course
has enrolls

Class Student {
Course enrolls[4];
}

Class Course {
Student have[];
}
Dia tool demo
How to install dia in linux
 Where to get dia??
• Other Linux OS distributions
http://dia-installer.de/download/linux.html
• Windows OS
http://dia-installer.de/download/index.html
 About dia
• It is a Open Source cross-platform diagramming
program. It is very powerful, easy to use, and free of
charge.
• Dia is a modeling tool application that can be used to
make a large variety of diagram
• The Dia has special shapes/objects to draw the
entity- relationship diagrams, UML diagrams,
flowcharts, network diagrams, and many other
diagrams.
Dia toolbar and Blank Canvas
How to create the class “Account” in
dia?

Account
accno:int
acctype:String
name:String
balance:float
deposit(a:int):void
withdraw(a:int):int
enquire():String
Choose the option “UML”
From the select box
Select the class from the tool bar and
Drag and drop it in to the canvas

Select “class”
Double click the compartment “Class”
Edit the class name as “Account”
 Now choose the Tabbed button
“Attributes” to name the attribute
Press the button “New” to enable the
“Attribute data” fields and edit the
fields(name,type and visibility)
Now press the button “New” to add
more attributes and finally press “ok”
Similarly, choose the Tabbed button
“Operations” to add the operations
Press “New” to enable the parameter d
Adding parameters and type and press
ok
Use the same procedure to add other
methods
A sample showing the “Association”
Double click the
relationship association link
for setting the
properties
A sample showing the generalization
relationship
A sample showing the Aggregation
 A sample using Dependency
Relationship between the classes
 Further References
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXYjvLZbl
No
• http://dia-installer.de/doc/en/dia-manual.pdf
 Case study-Railway Reservation
System
(Refer the file: Railwayreservation.dia)
Class diagram-Railway reservation system