CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS

2/20/10

3-1)

V0 V mp  170/ p 
a) I0 = = = = 3.60 A.
 R R 15
Vrms V m 170
b) I rms = = = = 5.66 A.
 R 2R 2(15)
c) P = I 2 R = 5.66 2 (15) = 480 W .  
�
170 �
d) S = Vrms
rms I rms
rms = � � (5.66) = 679 VA.
�2�
 P 480 W 
e) pf   = = = 0.707 = 70.7%
S 679 VA

3-2)

V 0
a) I 0 = 12 A.; I 0 = � V0 = I 0 R = (12)(20) = 240 V.  
 R
V m
Vo = ; Vm = Vop = 240 p  = 754 V .  
p 
754
Vrms = = 533 V .
2
 N 1 240
= = 0.45
 N 2 533
 N 2 12
b) I o �= Io = = 26.7 A.
 N 1 0.45
3-3)

 P P  V  s ,rms Vm V m

a ) pf = = ; I rms = ; VR , rms = ; Vs , rms =
 
S V s , rms I rms R 2 2
�V m �
V 2
/R �2 �/  R
 pf   =
 R , rms
=
� � =
2
=
1
V s , rms I rms �Vm �� V m � 2 2
� � �2 �/  R
�2� � �
b) Displa
Displacement pf   = cos(q1 - f ) = cos(0) = 1
cement
V 1 1 V m 1
 I1 = = �0; pf = cos(q1 - f 1 ) DF ; \ DF  =
 R R 2 2

3-4) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V m
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) + (sin q ) e -w t /wt 
 Z Z 
 Z = R 2 + (w L) 2 = 12 2 + (377(0.012)) 2 = 12.8 W

�w  L � �377(0.012) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 0.361 rad 
� �
 R � 12 �
w  L 377(0.012)
wt  = = = 0.377
 R 12
i (wt ) = 13.2 sin(wt - 0.361) + 4.67 e -w t /0.377 : b  = 3.50 rad = 20  1 �
b)  I avg  = 4.36 A. ( numerical integration)
c ) I rms = 6.70 A. ( numerical integration) P = I r2ms R = (6.70) 2 (12) = 538 W.  
 P  538
d ) pf   = = = 0.67
S  (120)(6.70)
3-3)

 P P  V  s ,rms Vm V m

a ) pf = = ; I rms = ; VR , rms = ; Vs , rms =
 
S V s , rms I rms R 2 2
�V m �
V 2
/R �2 �/  R
 pf   =
 R , rms
=
� � =
2
=
1
V s , rms I rms �Vm �� V m � 2 2
� � �2 �/  R
�2� � �
b) Displa
Displacement pf   = cos(q1 - f ) = cos(0) = 1
cement
V 1 1 V m 1
 I1 = = �0; pf = cos(q1 - f 1 ) DF ; \ DF  =
 R R 2 2

3-4) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V m
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) + (sin q ) e -w t /wt 
 Z Z 
 Z = R 2 + (w L) 2 = 12 2 + (377(0.012)) 2 = 12.8 W

�w  L � �377(0.012) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 0.361 rad 
� �
 R � 12 �
w  L 377(0.012)
wt  = = = 0.377
 R 12
i (wt ) = 13.2 sin(wt - 0.361) + 4.67 e -w t /0.377 : b  = 3.50 rad = 20  1 �
b)  I avg  = 4.36 A. ( numerical integration)
c ) I rms = 6.70 A. ( numerical integration) P = I r2ms R = (6.70) 2 (12) = 538 W.  
 P  538
d ) pf   = = = 0.67
S  (120)(6.70)
3-5) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V m
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) + (sin q ) e -w t /wt 
 Z Z 
 Z = R 2 + (w L) 2 = 10 2 + (377(0.015)) 2 = 11.5 W

�w  L � �377(0.015) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 0.515 rad 
� R � � 10 �
w  L 377(0.015)
wt  = = = 0.565
 R 10
i (wt ) = 14.8 sin(wt - 0.515) + 7.27 e -w t /0.565 : b  = 3.657 rad =20 9.5 �
b) I avg  = 5.05 A. ( numerical integration)
c ) I rms = 7.65 A. ( numerical integration) P = Ir2ms R = (7.65) 2 (10) = 584 W.  
 P  584
d ) pf   = = = 0.637 = 63.7%
S  (120)(7.65)

3-6) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V m
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) + (sin q ) e -w t /wt 
 Z Z 
 Z = R 2 + (w L) 2 = 152 + (377(0.08)) 2 = 33.7 W

�w  L � �377(0.08) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 1.11 rad 
� R � � 15 �
w  L 377(0.08)
wt  = = = 2.01
 R 15
i (wt ) = 10.1sin(wt - 1.11) + 9.02 e -w t /2.01 : b  = 4.35 rad = 25  0 �
b) I avg  = 4.87  A. ( numerical integration)
c ) I rms = 6.84 A. ( numerical integration) P = Ir2ms R = (6.84) 2 (15) = 701 W.  
 P  701
d ) pf   = = = 0.427 = 42.7%
S  (240)(6.84)
3-7) Using an i!a" io! #o!", $  48 & 'o an a!ag! c*!nt o' 2 +.
8.0A

Current

Iavg = 2 A fr R = 48 !ms

4.0A

(1".#00m$2.00%0)

Average Current

0A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
I(R1) AVG(I(L1))
  Time
3-8) Using Eqs. 3-22 an 3-23,

Vm V dc
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) - + Ae -wt /wt 
 Z R
� Vm V  �a /wt 
 A = �
- sin(a - q ) + dc �e
�  Z R �
 Z = R 2 + (w L)2 = 10 2 + (377(.075) 2 = 30.0 W

�w  L � �377(.075) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 1.23 rad 
� �
 R � 10 �
w  L 377(0.075)
wt  = = = 2.83
 R 10
V dc 100
a  = sin -1 = = 0.299 rad  = 17. 1�
V m 240 2
i (wt ) = 11.3sin(wt - 1.23) -10 + 21.2 e -w t /2.83; b  = 3.94 rad   �
= 226

 I avg = 3.13 A. (numerical integration) Pdc = Vdc I avg =   (100)(3.13) = 313 W .
2
b) I rms = 4.81 A. ( numerical integration) PR = I rms R = (4.81) 2 (10) = 231 W. 
 P  313 + 231
c ) pf   = = = 0.472 = 47.2%
S  (240)(4.81)
3-9) Using Eqs. 3-22 an 3-23,

Vm V dc
a ) i(wt ) = sin(wt - q ) - + Ae -wt /wt 
 Z R
� Vm V  �a /wt 
 A = �
- sin(a - q ) + dc �e
�  Z R �
 Z = R 2 + (w L) 2 = 12 2 + (377(0.12) 2 = 46.8 W

�w  L � �377(0.12) �
q  = tan -1 � �= tan -1 � �= 1.31 rad 
� R � � 12 �
w  L 377(0.12)
wt  = = = 3.77
 R 12
V dc 48
a  = sin -1 = = 0.287 rad  = 16.4 �
V m 120 2
i (wt ) = 3.63sin(wt - 1.31) - 4.0 + 7.66 e -w t /3.77; b  = 4.06 rad   �
= 233

 I avg = 1.124 A. ( numerical integration) Pdc = Vdc Iavg =   (48)(1.124) = 54.0 W .
2
b) I rms = 1.70 A. ( numerical integration) PR = I rms R = (1.70) 2 (12) = 34.5 W.  
 P  54.0 + 34.5
c ) pf   = = = 0.435 = 43.5%
S  (120)(1.70)

3-10) Using Eq. 3-33,

Vm V dc
i (wt ) = (cos a - cos wt ) + (a - wt)    
w L w L
�
V  � � 48 �
a  = sin -1 � dc �= sin -1 � �= 0.287 rad .
V 
�m � �
120 2 �
i (wt ) = 4.68 - 4.50 cos(wt) -1.23wt A.; b = 4.483
  rad   �
= 257

1 b 
 I o =
2p  �i(wt )d (w t ) = 2.00 A.; P
a 
dc = I oVdc = 2.00(48) = 96 W .
3-11)

%00&

200&
L = 0.25 

100&

0&
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
AVG(&(V'))
  Time
3-12)   0.14  'o 50  (51 ).

100&

(1"."#0m$51.15")
50&

L = 0.14 

0&
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
AVG(&(V'))
  Time
3-13) Using Eq. 3-34,

a)

Vm 120 2 V 0 54
V0 = = = 54.0 V .; I 0 = = = 4.50 A.
p p   R 12

b)

n n n n
0 54.02 12.00 4.50
1 84.85 25.6 3.31
2 36.01 46.8 0.77
4 7.20 91.3 0.08
! t!#s !on n  1 a! insigni'icant.

3-14)

$*n a tansi!nt !sons! "ong !no*g to aci!! st!a-stat! !s*"ts (!.g., 1000#s). ! !a-to-
 !a "oa c*!nt is aoi#at!" 1.48 +, so#!at "ag! tan t! 1.35 + otain! *sing on"
t! 'ist a#onic. (! in*ctanc! so*" ! s"igt" "ag!, ao*t 0.7 , to co#!nsat! 'o t!
aoi#ation o' t! ca"c*"ation.)
3-15)

a)

V m 50
 I 0 = = = 3.98 A.
p R 4p 
V 1 V m / 2 25
 I1 = = = = 0.05 I 0 = 0.199 A.
 Z 1 R 2
+ (w L)
2
R 2
+ (w L)
2

25
 R 2 + (w L) 2 = 9 + (w L) 2 = = 125 W �w L
0.199
125
 L = = 0.33 ! 
2p 60

 ) + <ic! si#*"ation *sing an i!a" io! #o!" gi!s 0.443 + - in t! st!a stat!. is
co#a!s it 2(1)2(0.199)0.398 + -.
3-16)

V m 170
a ) V0 = = = 54.1 V 
p p 
V0 - V dc 54.1 - 24
 I 0 = = = 3.01 A.
 R 10
Dio �1 A. �2 I1 � I1 = 0.5 A.
V m 170
V1 = = = 85 V 
2 2
V 1 85
 Z1 = = = 170 W = R 2 + (w L) 2 �w L
 I 1 0.5
170
 L = = 450 m! .
377
b) Pdc = IavgVdc = (3.01)(24) = 72.2 W .  

c ) P R =
2
I rms R; I rms = �I 2
 
n , rms � (3.01) 2 + (0.5 / 2) 2 = 3.12  A.
 P R = (3.12)2 (10) = 97.4 W .

3-17) a) =  $>  10310-31 s; =/  60. it = ?? , t! !on!ntia" !ca is ! s#a"" an
t! o*t*t o"tag! as "itt"! aiation.

 ) Eact !q*ations:

-1 -1
q = - tan (w R" ) + p = - tan (377) + p = 1.5573
  rad  = 90.15
V m sin q  = 200sin(90.15 �
) = 199.9993
sin a - sin q e
- (2p +a +q )/ w R" 
 
= 0 � a  = 1.391 rad   �
= 79.72

DVo = Vm (1 - sin a ) = 3.21 V .

c) +oi#ation o' Eq. 3-51:

V m 200
DVo � = = 3.33 V .
 fR"  (60)(103 )(10 -3 )
3-18) a) $  100 &: =  $> (100)10-3  0.1 s; =/  6.

-1 -1
q = - tan (w R" ) + p = - tan (37.7) + p = 1.5973
  rad  = 91.52
V m sin q  = 200sin(91.52 �
) = 199.93
sin a - sin q e
- ( 2p +a + q )/w R" 
  )
=0 � a  = 1.0338 rad = 59.23
  �
DVo = Vm (1 - sin a ) = 28.16 V . ( e#act)  
V m 200
DVo � = = 33.3 V . ( appro#imation)
 fR"  (60)(100)(10 -3 )

 ) $  10 &: =  $> (10)10-3  0.01 s; =/  .6.

-1 -1
q = - tan (w R" ) + p = - tan (3.77) + p = 1.830
  rad  = 104.9
V m sinq  = 200sin(104.9�
) = 193.3
sin a - sin q e - (2p +a + q )/w R" 
  )
=0 � a  = 0.2883 rad = 16.5
  �
DVo = Vm (1 - sin a ) = 143.2 V . ( e#act)  
V m 200
DVo � = = 333 V . ( appro#imation)
 fR"  (60)(10)(10 -3 )

n (a) it =/6, t! aoi#ation is #*c #o! !asona"! tan () !! =/0.6.

3-19) a) it >  4000 @A, $>  4 s., an t! aoi#ation o' Eq. 3-51 so*" ! !asona"!.

V m 120 2
DVo � = = 0.707 V .
 fR"  (60)(4)

 ) it >  20 @A, $>  0.02, ic is on t! o! o' on! so*c! !io. !!'o!, t!
aoi#ation i"" not ! !asona"! an !act !q*ations #*st ! *s!.

-1 -1
q = - tan (w R" ) + p = - tan ((377)(1000)(20(10) -6) + p =1.703   rad  = 97.6 )
a  = 0.5324 rad = 30.5 �( numericall$ from %&. 3 - 43)
DVo = Vm - Vm sin a  = 83.6 V.  
3-20) a) it >  4000 @A, $>  2 s., an t! aoi#ation o' Eq. 3-51 so*" ! !asona"!.

V m 120 2
DVo � = = 1.41 V .
 fR"  (60)(2.0)

 ) it >  20 @A, $>  0.01, ic is on t! o! o' on! so*c! !io. !!'o!, t!
aoi#ation i"" not ! !asona"! an !act !q*ations #*st ! *s!.

-1 -1
q = - tan (w R" ) + p = - tan ((377)(500)(20(10) -6) + p = 1.83 rad 
  =104.9 )
a  = 0.2883 rad = 16.5 �( numericall$ from %&. 3 - 43)
DVo = Vm - Vm sin a  = 121 V .  

3-21) Ao# Eq. 3-51

V m 120 2
" = = = 1,886 m F 
 fRDV o 60(750)(2)
� � DV o 1� 2 �
a  �sin -1 �
1- �= sin � 1- -
�= 1.417 rad  = 81.2
� V 
m � � 120 2 �
� sin a  �
 I D , pea' w" cos a  +
= Vm � �= 18.7 A.
�  R �
V 
 I D , avg  � m = 0.226 A.
 R

3-22) +ss*#ing o is constant an !q*a" to #,

Vo2 Vm2 V m2 (120 2) 2

 P � � � R = = = 576 W
 R R P  50

Ao# Eq. 3-51

V m 120 2
" = = = 3,270 m F 
 fRDV o 60(576)(1.5)
� � DV o 1� 1.5 �
a  �sin -1 �
1- �= sin � 1- -
�= 1.438 rad  = 82.4
� V 
m � � 120 2 �
� sin a  �
 I D, pea' w" cos a  +
= Vm � �= 28.1 A.
�  R �
V m
 I D, avg  = = 0.295 A.
 R
3-23) Using t! !'inition o' o! 'acto an #s 'o# Eq. 3-53,

2 2
 P  Vrms /R Vrms /R Vrms  
 pf   = = = =
S (V s , rms )( I s , rms ) (Vs, rms )(Vrms / R) Vs, rms 
V m a sin2a 
1- +
2 p 2p  1 a sin 2a 1 a sin 2a  
= = 1- + = - +
V m / 2 2 p 2p 2 2p 4p  

3-24)

V m 120 2
a ) Vo = (1 + cos a ) = (1 + cos 45 �
) = 46.1 V .
2p 2p 
2
Vrms V m a sin 2a 
b) P = ; V rms = 1- +
 R 2 p 2p 
120 2 0.785 sin(2(0.785))
= 1- + = 80.9 V .
2 p 2p 
80.9 2
 P = = 65.5 W .
100
�80.9 �  P  65.5
c) S = V s , rms I rms = (120) � �= 97.1 VA; pf =  =  = 0.674 = 67.4%
� �
100 S  97.1

3-25)

V m
a ) vo = I o R = (2.5)(30) = 75 V =  (1 + cos a )
2p 
�2p V  � �2p (75) �
a  = cos -1 � o - 1�= cos -1 � - 1�= 65.5 �or 1.143 rad  
�V m � �240 2 �
V o2,rms
b) P  =
 R
V m a sin 2a  240 2 1.143 sin(2(1.143))
Vo ,rms = 1- + = 1- + = 147.6 V .
2 p 2p 2 p 2p  
147.62
 P = = 726 W .
30
�
147.6 �  P  726
c) S = V s , rms I rms
  = (240) � �= 1181 VA; pf   =  = = 0.615 = 61.5%
� 30 � S  1181
3-26)

a ) i(wt ) = 5.42sin(w t - 0.646) +1.33 e -w t /0.754 A.

a = 25�= 0.524 rad , b  = 3.79 rad = 217 �( numericall$)
b 
1
b) I o =
2p  a  �
i (wt ) d (w t ) = 1.80 A.

b 
1
2p  �
2 2
c ) I rms = i (wt )d (w t ) = 2.80 A.; Po = PR = I rms R = (2.80) 2 25 = 193 W.  
a 

3-27)

a ) i(wt ) = 3.46sin(w t - 0.615) - 6.38 e -w t /0.707 A.

a = 60�= 1.047 rad , b  = 3.748 rad = 215 �( numericall$)
b 
1
b) I o =
2p  a  �
i (wt ) d (w t ) = 0.893 A.

b 
1
2p  �
2 2
c) I rms = i (wt ) d (w t ) = 1.50 A.; Po = PR = I rms R = (1.50) 2 40 = 90.3 W.  
a 

3-28) B  46C. Do a aa#!tic s!! 'o a"a. Us! t! !'a*"t (D!a) io!, an *s! $on 
0.01 'o t! sitc. +"a o' 46 !g!!s !s*"ts in aoi#at!" 2 + in t! "oa.
3-29) B  60.5C. Do a aa#!tic s!! 'o a"a. Us! t! !'a*"t (D!a) io!, an *s! $on
 0.01 'o t! sitc. +"a o' 60.5 !g!!s !s*"ts in aoi#at!" 1.8 + in t! "oa.
3-30) Ao# Eq. 3-61,

a ) i (wt ) = 4.29sin(wt - 1.263) - 4.0 + 7.43 e -w t /3.142 A., 0.873 �w t �3.95 rad  
b 
1
 I o =
2p  a  �
i (wt )d (w t ) = 1.04 A., Pdc = I oVdc = (1.04)(48) = 50.1 W .

b 
1
2p  �
2 2
b) I rms = i (wt )d (w t ) = 1.67 A.; PR = I rms R = (1.67) 212 = 33.5 W .  
a 

 P  50.1 + 33.5

c) pf   = = = 0.417 = 41.7%
S  (120)(1. 67)

3-31) Ao# Eq. 3-61,

a ) i(wt ) = 2.95sin(wt - 0.515) - 0.96 + 3.44e - w t /0.565

A., 1.047 �w t �3.32 rad  
b 
1
 I o =
�
i (wt )d (w t )
2p  a 
= 0.454 A., Pdc = I oVdc = (0.454)(96) = 43.6 W .

b 
1
2p  �
2 2
b) I rms = i (wt )d (w t ) = 0.830 A.; PR = I rms R = (0.830)2 100 = 69.0 W .  
a 

 P  43.6 + 69.0

c) pf   = = = 0.565 = 56.5%
S  (240)(0.830)
3-32) B  75C. +"a  75 !g!!s gi!s 35  in t! c o"tag! so*c!. +n $on  0.01 'o t!
sitc an n  0.001 'o t! io! (i!a" #o!").
3-33) Ao# Eq. 3-61,

a ) i(wt) = 5.99sin(wt -1.50) - 24.0 + 29.3 e

-w t /14.1
A., 0.873 �w t �4.24 rad  
b 
1
 I o =
�
i (wt )d (w t ) = 1.91 A.,
2p  a 
Pdc = I oVdc = (1.91)(48) = 91.6 W .

b 
1
2p  �
2 2
b) I rms = i (wt ) d (w t ) = 2.93 A.; PR = I rms R = (2.93) 2 2 = 17.1 W.  
a 

3-34) B  81C

3-35)

di(t )
 L = Vm sin w t - V dc
dt 
di (t ) 1
= EVm sin w t - Vdc F or  
dt L
di (w t ) 1
= EVm sin w t - V dc F
d (w t ) w L
w t 
1
i (wt ) =
w  L �
(V
a 
m sin wt - Vdc ) d (w t )  

Vm V dc
= (cos a - cos wt ) +
(a - wt )  
w L w L
i (wt) = 4.34 - 7.58cos w t - 1.82wt A., 1.309 �wt �4.249
   
b 
1
 I o =
�
i (wt )d (w t ) = 1.91  A.
2p  a 
3-36)

0  s !n <1 on, 00 !n D2 on

p 
Vo 1 V m
 I o =
 R
, Vo =
2p �
a 
Vm sin(wt ) d (wt ) =
2p 
(1 + cos a )

V m
\  I o = (1 + cos a )
2p  R

3-37)

�  I L ( s �
u = cos -1 �
1- �; ( s = w Ls = 377(1.5)(10) 3 = 0.566 -
W
� V m �
� 5(0.452) �
u = cos 1 � �= 10.47�
-
1-
� 120 2 �
V � ( L ( s � 120 2 � 5(.566) �
Vo = m � 1- �= �1- �= 53.57 V .
p � 2V m � p  � 2 2(120) �
V m
(compared to = 54.0 V .) 
p 

<ic!:

Us! a c*!nt so*c! 'o t! constant "oa c*!nt:

D1 to D2
D2 to D1

3-38) *  20C. $*n t! si#*"ation "ong !no*g 'o st!a-stat! !s*"ts. Ao# t! o! o*t*t,
t! co##*tation ang"! 'o# D1 to D2 is ao*t 20 !g!!s, an 'o# D2 to D1 is ao*t
18 !g!!s. Got! tat t! ti#! ais is cang! to ang"! in !g!!s !!.
3-39) $*n t! si#*"ation "ong !no*g 'o st!a-stat! !s*"ts. Ao# t! o! o*t*t, t!
co##*tation ang"! 'o# D1 to D2 is ao*t 16.5 !g!!s, an 'o# D2 to D1 is ao*t
14.7 !g!!s. Got! tat t! ti#! ais is cang! to ang"! in !g!!s !!.
3-40) +t Ht  I, D2 t*ns on, D1 is on !ca*s! o' t! c*!nt in < (s!! Aig. 3-17).

di D1 did 1
 VL; v LS = Vm sin w t = Ls = w LS 
dt d (w t )  
w t 
di D1 V m
d ( wt )
=
w L s �
sin(wt ) d (wt) + i
p 
 D1 (p )

V m
at wt = p + u, i D1 = 0= E- 1 - cos(p  + u)F + I L  
w  L s
Vm V m
cos(p  + u) = - cos u � 0 = (-1 + cos u) + I L = - cos u + I L  
w L s w Ls
�  I L ( s �
\u = cos -1 �
1- �
� V m �